李善美
閱讀是語言輸入的重要來源,是學(xué)生積累詞匯、習(xí)得話題語塊、了解文章謀篇布局的重要途徑。而寫作是語言輸出的重要方式之一,是學(xué)生英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的集中體現(xiàn)。正如韋伯(Webb)在談到讀寫關(guān)系時(shí)所指出的:閱讀從某種意義上說是寫的彩排,閱讀材料為寫提供了彩排的道具(轉(zhuǎn)引自李漫,2017)。閱讀材料中的話題語塊便是一個(gè)個(gè)鮮活的道具。
閱讀中話題語塊的提取為學(xué)生的語言表達(dá)提供了鮮活的道具,能極大地提高學(xué)生英語表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性和得體性。實(shí)踐證明:基于話題語塊的英語讀寫課對學(xué)生寫作能力的提高有重要意義。那么,在高中英語教學(xué)中,教師如何指導(dǎo)學(xué)生提取語塊?提取哪些話題語塊,才有助于學(xué)生寫作水平的提高呢?下面結(jié)合一堂公開課,簡單介紹基于話題語塊的高中英語讀寫課的教學(xué)過程,以及語塊提取的內(nèi)容和方法。
本堂課的課型是讀寫課,教學(xué)內(nèi)容為人教版高中《英語》必修一Unit 4 A Night The Earth Didn’t Sleep。
【W(wǎng)hat】就主題語境而言,本篇閱讀材料是人與自然,涉及自然災(zāi)害、災(zāi)后重建,以及防震救災(zāi)等相關(guān)知識。就語篇類型而言,本篇閱讀材料是一篇新聞報(bào)道,文章講述了1976 年7 月28 日凌晨發(fā)生在河北省唐山市的大地震。全文共分為四段:第一段講地震前夕,唐山地區(qū)的一系列反?,F(xiàn)象,這些“怪事”其實(shí)都是地震前的預(yù)兆,卻沒有引起人們的注意和警覺。第二段描述唐山大地震發(fā)生時(shí)的情景。短短15 秒鐘的地震就幾乎將整個(gè)城市夷為平地,傷亡人數(shù)達(dá)到40 多萬。第三段講地震后城市一片凄慘,幸存者感到悲哀的同時(shí)又產(chǎn)生了驚恐與不安。第四段講在人民解放軍的救援和全國各地的幫助下,被地震摧毀的城市得以重建。
【W(wǎng)hy】本篇閱讀材料旨在介紹唐山大地震的有關(guān)情況,幫助學(xué)生認(rèn)識到:了解地震,并能提前作好準(zhǔn)備,就可以減少或避免不必要的損失。同時(shí)教育學(xué)生:面對災(zāi)難,要團(tuán)結(jié)一心,樹立“一方有難,八方支援”的價(jià)值觀。
【How】本篇閱讀材料通過兩條線索展開。其明線按照時(shí)間順序,介紹地震前的跡象,地震發(fā)生時(shí)對人、建筑物、公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,以及動物帶來的毀滅性破壞,以及地震發(fā)生后的災(zāi)后救援。時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)明確,文章結(jié)構(gòu)鮮明。其暗線通過闡述人們對地震的認(rèn)識:從漠不關(guān)心到恐懼、絕望,再到震后積極投身家園重建的歷程,突出了災(zāi)難無情人有情,謳歌了“一方有難,八方支援”的價(jià)值觀。
本篇閱讀材料為新聞報(bào)道,文章語言簡潔、生動。在獲取與自然災(zāi)害描述相關(guān)的話題語塊的同時(shí),也需要關(guān)注語言的特點(diǎn)。標(biāo)題采用擬人的修辭手法,既表達(dá)了文章的主旨,又能吸引讀者。文章第一段運(yùn)用生動形象的動詞描述了震前的異常現(xiàn)象,突出了自然界在震前的不平靜。第二、三段運(yùn)用具體的數(shù)字反映地震造成的破壞程度,增加了文章的真實(shí)性。而第四段副詞soon、slowly、again 的使用充分體現(xiàn)了人們救援的及時(shí)和給唐山帶來了新的希望。
本堂課的重點(diǎn)是完成reading for structure,理清文章結(jié)構(gòu),以及reading for language,積累話題語塊,為讀后的語言輸出作好鋪墊。
教學(xué)對象為高中一年級的學(xué)生,他們的智力發(fā)展趨于成熟,認(rèn)知能力比初中階段有了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展,能在教師的引導(dǎo)下用英語獲取信息、處理信息。但受到語言基礎(chǔ)的限制,學(xué)生的主動表達(dá)欲望不強(qiáng),不善于運(yùn)用獲取的語塊進(jìn)行遷移運(yùn)用。學(xué)生習(xí)慣了初中時(shí)被動接受的教學(xué)模式,缺乏主動探索精神。因此,在本堂課上,教師要結(jié)合學(xué)生的特點(diǎn),積極引導(dǎo)他們用英語進(jìn)行思維,積累大量的話題語塊,為語言輸出搭建支架。
在本堂課結(jié)束時(shí),學(xué)生能夠:
1.找出文章中有用的詞塊,并用它們來報(bào)告其他自然災(zāi)害。
2. 使用一些生動的動詞、數(shù)字、be+done/be+adj.結(jié)構(gòu)及修辭手法潤色文章。
3.明白自然災(zāi)害是無情的,而人類是善良的,團(tuán)結(jié)可以克服任何困難的道理。
教學(xué)重點(diǎn):收集自然災(zāi)害相關(guān)詞塊,了解新聞報(bào)道的特點(diǎn),學(xué)會如何報(bào)道自然災(zāi)害。
教學(xué)難點(diǎn):報(bào)告另一自然災(zāi)害——臺風(fēng)“溫比亞”(Rumbia)。
語言學(xué)家邁克爾·劉易斯(Michael Lewis)提出,語言不是由詞匯化的語法構(gòu)成,而是由語法化的詞匯構(gòu)成。人們在使用語言時(shí),不是靠語法把單詞組織起來的,而是使用頭腦中已經(jīng)存儲的一些預(yù)先編制好的語塊。這些語塊的存儲可以使語言輸出變得方便、快捷和流利。
在語言知識的學(xué)習(xí)中,要更多地關(guān)注話題語塊,積累強(qiáng)化。一方面,話題語塊的積累有助于閱讀理解能力的提升;另一方面,大量存儲的話題語塊能逐步提高書面表達(dá)質(zhì)量。話題語塊的積累離不開閱讀文本。孤立的語塊灌輸不能把文本中的語言現(xiàn)象與學(xué)生的體驗(yàn)感受結(jié)合起來,如果學(xué)生缺乏感知語言、探究語言的過程,就扼殺了他們學(xué)習(xí)的主動性和積極性。正如余文森所說:學(xué)生學(xué)到的脫離語境的、孤立的、凌亂的詞匯或語塊是沒有活性、不能遷移、更不能應(yīng)用的(轉(zhuǎn)引自賴朝暉、劉曉燕,等,2013)。
本堂課的教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)主要遵循“感知—?dú)w納—運(yùn)用”的思路啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考,鼓勵(lì)其在閱讀文本的過程中感知、積累話題語塊,在真實(shí)情境中遷移運(yùn)用語塊。
Step 1:導(dǎo)入
Activity:Ask students to watch the video to feel the power of the earthquake and highlight the learning task:learn to report a natural disaster.(播放地震視頻,引出本課的話題:地震。明確本課的教學(xué)任務(wù):學(xué)習(xí)報(bào)道自然災(zāi)害。)
師生互動如下:
T:What was happening in the video?
S1:Earthquake.
T:How do you feel after watching the video?
S2:Earthquake is so powerful and people are so powerless faced with the earthquake.
T:Excellent!Today we’ll read one passage about the earthquake. Let’s learn how to describe the earthquake vividly.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】視頻導(dǎo)入能夠讓學(xué)生直觀感受到地震的危害,易于引起他們的共情,激發(fā)他們的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,盡快導(dǎo)入本課主題。導(dǎo)入新課后,提出本課的任務(wù)目標(biāo),讓學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)更有針對性。
Step 2:閱讀關(guān)注文章標(biāo)題與文章結(jié)構(gòu)
Activity 1:Ask students to compare the title with“a night the earthquake happened”,and tell which one can attract your attention.Ask them to think of a good title for Typhoon Rumbia.(要求學(xué)生關(guān)注文章標(biāo)題。通過標(biāo)題的比較,了解它的修辭表達(dá),可以使文章更加生動形象。提供相似情景,要求學(xué)生自己創(chuàng)作能夠吸引讀者的文章標(biāo)題。)
Activity 2:Read the whole passage quickly and pick out all the chunks about time.Divide the passage into several parts according to the time chunks.(要求學(xué)生閱讀文本,借助時(shí)間語塊理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu),即按照時(shí)間順序:震前—震中—震后。)
師生互動如下:
T:Why did the earth not sleep at that night?
S1:The earthquake happened.
T:So our passage is about earthquake. Why did the author not use a night the earthquake happened as the title?
T:Who needs to sleep?
S2:People.
T:The night was like a person who didn’t sleep because of the earthquake. This is called personification.It’s more vivid and can attract the readers’attention.
(啟發(fā)學(xué)生思考文章標(biāo)題的巧妙之處,感受文章標(biāo)題的語言魅力。)
T:Now can you think of a good title for the report about the typhoon Rumbia?
(適時(shí)提供相似情景,讓學(xué)生仿寫標(biāo)題。臺風(fēng)“溫比亞”是發(fā)生在市內(nèi)影響比較大,造成損失比較嚴(yán)重的一次自然災(zāi)害。選取學(xué)生身邊過的事情易于激發(fā)他們的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,引起其情感共鳴。)
T:“Night”can tell us the time when the earthquake happened. There are some chunks about time.Now read the passage quickly and pick them out.
S2:For three days...,3:00 a.m. on July 28...,1976,3:42 a.m....,later that afternoon...,soon after the quakes....
T:So,according to time,how many parts can we divide our passage into?
S2:Three.
T:Yes. It’s about things before the earthquake,during the earthquake and after the earthquake.Timeline is helpful to make the structure of the passage clear.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】學(xué)生在閱讀體驗(yàn)中感知話題語塊的表達(dá)魅力及功能作用,為完成本課的任務(wù)積累話題語塊。同時(shí),閱讀中關(guān)注文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu),可以幫助學(xué)生迅速理清自己的創(chuàng)作思路。
Step 3:閱讀積累話題語塊,學(xué)習(xí)語言特征
Activity:Read the passage part by part and pick out word chunks about strange signs,damage and rescue.(要求學(xué)生精讀課文,按照學(xué)案要求提取相關(guān)語塊。)
師生互動如下:
Part 1:
T:What happened before the earthquake?
S1:Strange things.
T:What are they?
S2:Water...rose and fell,rose and fell...
T:Excellent!What part of speech are they?
S4:They are verbs.
T:Why did the author use these verbs?
S5:Vivid verbs can impress the readers greatly.
T:Yes.
(通過閱讀提取與震前奇異現(xiàn)象有關(guān)的語塊,體會語言特征。)
T:Faced with so many strange things,what did people do?
S1:They went to bed as usual. They thought little of these events.
T:What a Pity! They paid no attention to them.A big earthquake was on the way.
(引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考震前人們的反應(yīng),培養(yǎng)他們的思維品質(zhì)。)
Part 2:
T:As we know,the author said it was the greatest earthquake in 20th century.How did the author prove it was the greatest?
S1:He used numbers.
T:Can you pick all the numbers out in part 2?
S2:It was felt in Beijing,...200 kilometers...1/3 of the nation felt it. ...8 kilometers... ...30 meters wide...In 15 terrible seconds...in ruins.
...
T:Perfect! Why did the author use 200,1/3 etc instead of using many,a lot of?
S3:Exact numbers can make the description convincing.Make the readers believe it was true.
(引導(dǎo)學(xué)生提取與損失相關(guān)的數(shù)字語塊,體會新聞報(bào)道文章使用數(shù)字的功能。)
T:You are absolutely right.Oh,the damage was so serious.Did the survivors believe it was natural?
S4:No.
T:Why?What was destroyed?
S5:...hospitals,... factories and buildings and ...homes were gone.
T:Yes,in this sentence the author use“were gone”structure. Can you find other sentences that include the similar structures(be done/be+adj.)?
S6:The bridges...were not... ...safe ...pigs...chickens were dead.
Rescue workers... were trapped. Water,food ...were hard to get.
T:Good job.Why did the author use this kind of structures?
S7:To show people were passive.
(一方面,用問題引領(lǐng)學(xué)生梳理地震對人類造成的巨大破壞,積累表達(dá)地震破壞的話題語塊。另一方面,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)描述有關(guān)地震破壞的語塊特點(diǎn),為學(xué)生語言輸出搭建支架。)
T:Can you find one sentence to describe people’s feelings in this paragraph 2?
S8:It seemed as if the world was at an end.T:Was the world really at an end?
Ss:No.
S2:The author used exaggeration.
T:Yes,it is one kind of figure of speech. Figure of speech(修 辭)can help to express feeling seffectively.
T:Do you know other figures of speech?
S4:Simile,parallel,personification and repetition,etc.
T:Yes. Can you find one sentence in paragraph 3 that uses simile?
Ss:Bricks covered the ground like...
T:Why did the author compare bricks to red autumn leaves?
S1:There were a lot of bricks.
S2:They were painted by people’s blood.
T:Excellent. It means not only the bricks but also the blood of people covered the ground. The author used this sentence to show a large city was in ruins.
(以問題引領(lǐng)學(xué)生積極思考,關(guān)注閱讀文本中的修辭表達(dá),讓其在積累語塊的同時(shí)感受修辭的魅力。)
Part 3:
T:Did people lose hope?
S1:No.All hope was not lost.
T:Who brought hope for them? What did they do?
S2:The army and rescue workers. The army organized...dig out...who were trapped... to bury...workers built shelters for survivors...
(引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積累有關(guān)抗震救災(zāi)的話題語塊。)T:How did people feel now?
S3:They felt hopeful.
T:Which sentence can tell us people were hopeful now?
S4:All hope was not lost.
T:What else?
S5:Slowly,the city began to breathe again.
(引導(dǎo)學(xué)生關(guān)注人們在震前、震中及震后情感的變化,體會文章傳達(dá)的情感態(tài)度價(jià)值觀,明白情感的表達(dá)對寫作的重要作用。)
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】讓學(xué)生在問題的引領(lǐng)下閱讀文本,提取描述震前奇異現(xiàn)象、震中破壞程度及震后救助的話題語塊,同時(shí)體會語言特征,學(xué)習(xí)描述自然災(zāi)害時(shí)可以使用數(shù)字、被動結(jié)構(gòu)、系表結(jié)構(gòu)及修辭等使描述更可信、生動,在描述自然災(zāi)害時(shí)穿插個(gè)人情感的表達(dá)則能使文章更有吸引力和感染力。
Step 4:總結(jié)概括新聞報(bào)道的寫作方法
Activity:Ask students to summarize what they learned.(要求學(xué)生總結(jié)本堂課所學(xué)的主要內(nèi)容。)
師生互動如下:
T:How can we report a natural disaster?
S1:First,think of a good title.
S2:Timeline can be used to organize the passage.
S3:The vivid verbs,numbers,be done/adj.,and figure of speech can help us to describe vividly and express our opinions effectively.
T:Excellent. Now collect all the chunks about the earthquake by yourself and try to memorize them.These chunks can help us to describe the natural disasters.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】引導(dǎo)學(xué)生自主反思/總結(jié)本堂課所學(xué)的內(nèi)容,運(yùn)用思維導(dǎo)圖整理出與自然災(zāi)害相關(guān)的語塊,為語言輸出作好鋪墊。
Step 5:小組合作報(bào)道自然災(zāi)害
Activity:Show a video and some pictures about Typhoon Rumbia. Ask students to observe carefully and work in groups to report it by using the chunks that we have learned.(展示臺風(fēng)“溫比亞”的視頻和圖片,要求學(xué)生自主觀察,小組合作運(yùn)用本堂課所學(xué)報(bào)道臺風(fēng)“溫比亞”。)
師生互動如下:
T:It’s your turn to use what we learnt today.Are you familiar with Typhoon Rumbia? It also caused great damage to our city.Now work in groups and try to describe Typhoon Rumbia.
學(xué)生展示如下:
S1:In the early morning,it was cloudy and hot.The sky was so dark that it looked as if it was covered with a dark cloth.Later that afternoon,the wind began to blow heavily. Some plastic bags and bottles were flying in all directions. Some big trees were blown down and cars were trapped under the trees. At 5:00 p.m.,we heard the drip of the rain. After a short while,a sharp rain was beating against the windows.Early the next morning,the rain stopped.A lot of cars were drowned in the water.Some old houses fell.The rescue workers came to help the trapped and the injured.With the help of volunteers,the city began to breathe again.
T:Excellent. Can you think of a title for your report?
S1:A day the sky cried.
S2:The city became a river.
T:Good job.After class,help your group to polish your report.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】引導(dǎo)學(xué)生展示自己的報(bào)道,同學(xué)之間相互學(xué)習(xí)。引導(dǎo)學(xué)生仿照所學(xué)想出恰當(dāng)?shù)念}目,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的發(fā)散思維。
Step 6:Homework
Finish your own composition and share it with your classmates.
【設(shè)計(jì)說明】通過作業(yè),讓學(xué)生在課堂上即時(shí)運(yùn)用學(xué)到的語塊,從而達(dá)到鞏固提升的目的。
1.教學(xué)主題突出
本堂課的主題是在閱讀中積累與自然災(zāi)害有關(guān)的話題語塊,然后運(yùn)用話題語塊進(jìn)行語言輸出。這改變了過去孤立地關(guān)注文本中的重點(diǎn)詞匯、脫離語境講解語塊的方式。這樣能使學(xué)生在語境中、在感知體驗(yàn)中盡快積累與話題相關(guān)的語塊。而相似情景的即時(shí)演練也有利于話題語塊的拓展運(yùn)用和鞏固提升。
2.教學(xué)目標(biāo)明確
導(dǎo)入新課后,直截了當(dāng)?shù)靥岢隽吮咎谜n的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo):學(xué)會報(bào)道自然災(zāi)害。教學(xué)目標(biāo)是在充分分析了學(xué)情和文本特征之后制訂的,對知識、技能及情感態(tài)度價(jià)值觀都有描述。而讀后任務(wù)的設(shè)置選取的是發(fā)生在學(xué)生身邊的、印象深刻的一次自然災(zāi)害,易于引起學(xué)生共鳴。
3.以學(xué)生為主體
本堂課教師引導(dǎo)學(xué)生積極閱讀,主動思考,使用問題鏈啟發(fā)學(xué)生積極動腦,積累話題語塊,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)文本語言之美。在教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造“使用語言來學(xué)習(xí)語言”的機(jī)會(陳東紅2016)。在教學(xué)過程中,教師沒有直接告訴學(xué)生答案,而是引導(dǎo)他們積極思考,小組討論,合作探究,完成文章結(jié)構(gòu)梳理、語塊提取、語言賞析及寫作方法的總結(jié),從而為自然災(zāi)害的新聞報(bào)道搭建必要的支架。
4.注重思維品質(zhì)培養(yǎng)
《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017 年版)》要求教師在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生獲取語言知識的同時(shí),還要注重培養(yǎng)其思維品質(zhì)。本堂課注重學(xué)生的語言輸出,啟發(fā)學(xué)生自主觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)話題語塊,感悟語言魅力。在總結(jié)梳理時(shí)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的邏輯思維和總結(jié)概括能力,在小組合作報(bào)道自然災(zāi)害時(shí)引導(dǎo)他們運(yùn)用發(fā)散性思維和創(chuàng)造思維。
1.搭建的語言支架不足
雖然在讀的過程中理清了文章的脈絡(luò),強(qiáng)化了話題語塊的輸入,但學(xué)生在語言輸出時(shí)仍然不夠順暢。這就表明教師提供的道具不夠充分,搭建的支架不夠完整。這時(shí)需要用問題引領(lǐng)學(xué)生積極思考,激活他們已有的知識,以說帶寫,從而保證目標(biāo)任務(wù)的順利完成。
2.讀的重點(diǎn)不夠突出
讀寫課中讀是寫的基礎(chǔ),是為寫服務(wù)的。想在短短45 分鐘內(nèi)既完成讀,又積累語塊,進(jìn)行話題寫作,就要大膽取舍,有重點(diǎn)地讀,而不是從頭到尾,面面俱到地讀。本堂課在設(shè)置讀的任務(wù)時(shí)沒有突出重點(diǎn)。其實(shí)在完成本堂課的寫作任務(wù)“報(bào)道臺風(fēng)‘溫比亞’”時(shí),應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的是臺風(fēng)給城市交通、農(nóng)業(yè),以及人們的財(cái)產(chǎn)和生活造成的重大影響。而這部分內(nèi)容的描述應(yīng)提取和模仿的是閱讀文本的第二、三段。因此,在學(xué)生寫作和展示環(huán)節(jié),時(shí)間明顯不夠用,從而導(dǎo)致學(xué)生沒有充分展示。