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中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值及紅細(xì)胞分布寬度在評(píng)估急性胰腺炎嚴(yán)重程度中的研究進(jìn)展

2020-04-01 04:44黃斌何池義
中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2020年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:粒細(xì)胞淋巴細(xì)胞中性

黃斌 何池義

[摘要]急性胰腺炎,特別是重癥急性胰腺炎是一種劇烈的系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)。部分患者病程進(jìn)展快,病死率高。因此,早期識(shí)別重癥急性胰腺炎意義重大。目前評(píng)估急性胰腺炎嚴(yán)重程度的方法如急性生理與慢性健康(APACHE-Ⅱ)評(píng)分系統(tǒng)、Ranson評(píng)分系統(tǒng)、改良Marshall評(píng)分等大都過程繁復(fù),操作困難。越來越多的研究表明中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度能有效評(píng)估急性胰腺炎的嚴(yán)重程度,本文就中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度在評(píng)估急性胰腺炎嚴(yán)重程度中的研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。

[關(guān)鍵詞]急性胰腺炎;中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值;紅細(xì)胞分布寬度;嚴(yán)重程度

[中圖分類號(hào)] R576.04? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)2(a)-0029-04

Progress in the research of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and red blood cell distribution width in evaluating the severity of acute pancreatitis

HUANG Bin? ?HE Chi-yi▲

Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Anhui Province, Wuhu? ?241000, China

[Abstract] Acute pancreatitis is a severe systemic inflammatory response, especially in severe acute pancreatitis. The course of the disease progresses rapidly and the mortality rate is high in some patients. Therefore, early identification of severe acute pancreatitis is of great significance. Currently, methods for evaluating the severity of acute pancreatitis such as acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE-Ⅱ) scoring system, Ranson scoring system, and modified Marshall score are complicated and difficult to operate. More and more studies have shown that neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and red blood cell distribution width can be regarded as effective indexes to assess the severity of acute pancreatitis. This article reviews the progress in the research of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and red blood cell distribution width in evaluating the severity of acute pancreatitis.

[Key words] Acute pancreatitis; Neutorphil-lymphocyte ratio; Red blood cell distribution width; Severing

急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)是一種常見的急腹癥,由膽管結(jié)石、酒精、高血脂、藥物、自身免疫性破壞等多種原因引起的胰腺局部腺泡細(xì)胞損傷,并由此而引發(fā)的一系列炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)。盡管大多數(shù)AP都是輕癥并可以自愈,但仍有20%~30%的患者會(huì)進(jìn)展到重癥AP(SAP),表現(xiàn)為嚴(yán)重的局部并發(fā)癥,如胰周膿腫伴感染、全身系統(tǒng)炎癥反應(yīng)、多器官功能衰竭等,會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響患者的生存率和生活質(zhì)量[1-2]。因此,早期識(shí)別SAP并進(jìn)行干預(yù),預(yù)防嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生極為重要。目前評(píng)估AP嚴(yán)重程度的指標(biāo)有很多,如急性生理與慢性健康(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation,APACHE-Ⅱ)評(píng)分系統(tǒng)、Ranson評(píng)分系統(tǒng)、修正CT嚴(yán)重指數(shù)(modified CT severity index,MCTSI)、床旁AP嚴(yán)重度評(píng)分(bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis, BISAP)、改良Marshall評(píng)分等,這些評(píng)分系統(tǒng)雖然特異度及靈敏度均很高,但具有涉及項(xiàng)目眾多、操作復(fù)雜、等待時(shí)間長等不足之處[3]。因此,尋找一個(gè)簡單、獲取方便而又有效的指標(biāo)顯得非常必要。越來越多的研究表明,中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度(red blood cell distribution width,RDW)在預(yù)測AP的嚴(yán)重程度及器官是否發(fā)生衰竭上靈敏度和特異度均較高[4]。

1 NLR與AP的關(guān)系

1.1 AP與中性粒細(xì)胞的關(guān)系

在各種原因?qū)е乱裙軌毫υ龈邥r(shí),胰腺局部腺泡細(xì)胞受損。受損的腺泡細(xì)胞作為一種炎癥趨化因子,將誘導(dǎo)大量的中性粒細(xì)胞激活并聚集在胰腺受損區(qū)域。聚集的中性粒細(xì)胞與血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞黏附,將導(dǎo)致微血管瘀滯,形成微血栓,進(jìn)而引起胰腺微循環(huán)障礙,加重胰腺損傷,這也是AP發(fā)生胰腺出血壞死的重要環(huán)節(jié)[5]。另外,活化的中性粒細(xì)胞,壽命將大大延長,并釋放出高濃度的氧自由基和蛋白水解酶,使胰腺局部組織損傷明顯加劇。隨著炎癥的進(jìn)展,中性粒細(xì)胞跨越內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞滲透到胰腺組織間隙達(dá)到極致。同時(shí),炎癥因子隨著血流運(yùn)往全身各處,引起全身系統(tǒng)炎癥反應(yīng)(systemic inflammatory response,SRIS),或者過度的炎癥反應(yīng),造成遠(yuǎn)處器官損傷及多器官功能衰竭(multiple organ failure,MODS)[6]。所以筆者認(rèn)為促進(jìn)中性粒細(xì)胞凋亡,有利于炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)的阻斷,從而加速AP的愈合。

1.2 AP與淋巴細(xì)胞的關(guān)系

目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SAP時(shí),淋巴細(xì)胞明顯減少。具體機(jī)制尚不明確,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為與淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān)。細(xì)胞凋亡對(duì)于淋巴細(xì)胞的功能和數(shù)量上的平衡非常重要,而外周免疫系統(tǒng)中的B淋巴細(xì)胞及T淋巴細(xì)胞的分化、成熟、激活和凋亡主要通過Fas/FasL信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)。Pinhu等[7]研究表明,在重癥胰腺炎小鼠組,特別是合并有感染并發(fā)癥的小鼠組,其Fas所表達(dá)的mRNA及相應(yīng)的FasL蛋白明顯增加,這一研究結(jié)果也支持這一觀點(diǎn)。當(dāng)淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯減少后,機(jī)體的免疫防御功能減弱,容易引起細(xì)菌、病毒等微生物的感染,當(dāng)發(fā)生感染并發(fā)癥后,將大大延長AP的病程及影響預(yù)后。

1.3 NLR對(duì)AP嚴(yán)重程度的預(yù)測價(jià)值

NLR作為外周血中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值,這一指標(biāo)在炎癥、腫瘤、感染等疾病病情評(píng)估方面都有廣泛的應(yīng)用。近些年來,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者十分關(guān)注其在AP嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)估中的價(jià)值。Tae等[8]通過觀察輕、重度AP患者血NLR在入院后第0(NLR0)、24(NLR1)、48(NLR2)、72(NLR3)h的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)在入院后兩組患者的NLR均隨時(shí)間呈逐漸下降趨勢(shì),而重癥組的NLR0、NLR1、NLR2、NLR3均高于輕癥組,合并有器官衰竭組的NLR均高于無器官衰竭組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。而國內(nèi)學(xué)者最新研究也表明NLR在AP嚴(yán)重程度預(yù)測方面有一定的價(jià)值[9-10]。陳雪等[11]研究表明入院0及24 h的NLR與高甘油三酯血癥性AP嚴(yán)重程度成正相關(guān)。部分學(xué)者進(jìn)行了更為細(xì)致的研究,Wang等[12]研究表明,NLR顯著預(yù)測SAP,ROC曲線下面積為0.891,最優(yōu)臨界值確定為10,對(duì)應(yīng)于敏感度為90%,特異性為82%,而Huang等[13]研究則認(rèn)為NLR只能預(yù)測高脂血癥性AP的嚴(yán)重程度,而對(duì)于酒精性AP,重癥組與輕癥組之間的差異無明顯統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。總之,目前研究認(rèn)為NLR可以作為預(yù)測AP嚴(yán)重程度的有效指標(biāo)。

2 RDW與AP的關(guān)系

2.1 RDW在AP中的預(yù)測價(jià)值

RDW是一種反映紅細(xì)胞異質(zhì)性的指標(biāo)。過去10年間,RDW被很多人用于心血管疾病、貧血、腎衰竭、腫瘤等疾病診斷中及評(píng)估[14-17]。近年來,越來越多的研究表明,RDW與AP預(yù)后有著密切的關(guān)系。Yao等[18]的研究表明,伴隨有高RDW的AP患者,往往也同時(shí)合并有低鈣、清蛋白減少等表現(xiàn),這些患者擁有更高的死亡率,其RDW在ROC曲線下的面積為0.846,RDW預(yù)測AP患者死亡率的臨界值為14.2,其敏感性及特異性分別為75.0%、89.8%。一項(xiàng)包含976例AP患者的回顧性研究[19]表明,RDW能較好預(yù)測AP患者的死亡率,其敏感性及特異性分別為67%及90%。值得注意的是,也是通過使用ROC曲線分析,許多學(xué)者研究了部分公認(rèn)的AP嚴(yán)重程度的評(píng)分系統(tǒng),包括APACHE-Ⅱ評(píng)分[20]、Glasgow評(píng)分表[21]、Ranson評(píng)分[22]等,這些評(píng)分系統(tǒng)在ROC曲線下面積約為0.80[23-24],與RDW相當(dāng)。這些結(jié)果表明RDW是AP的強(qiáng)預(yù)后因子。另外,部分學(xué)者則把關(guān)注點(diǎn)放在RDW與AP并發(fā)癥上。Peng等[25]認(rèn)為RDW能有效預(yù)測AP患者并發(fā)急性肺損傷。AP出現(xiàn)的并發(fā)癥,如急性肺損傷、SIRS、急性呼吸窘迫綜合征、肝腎衰竭等與AP嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān),故RDW能間接預(yù)測AP嚴(yán)重程度。

2.2生理機(jī)制

RDW與AP之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)潛在的病理生理機(jī)制目前尚不完全清楚。目前認(rèn)為炎癥反應(yīng)介導(dǎo)是聯(lián)系二者的一種有效的思維。首先,RDW已被證實(shí)是一種炎癥標(biāo)志物;其次,AP會(huì)增加炎性細(xì)胞因子,而這些細(xì)胞因子如腫瘤壞死因子α,白細(xì)胞介素-1和白細(xì)胞介素-6已被證明可以抑制紅細(xì)胞的成熟,進(jìn)入外周血中較大的網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞會(huì)導(dǎo)致RDW升高[26]。最后,炎癥標(biāo)志物如C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)和腫瘤壞死因子等已被證實(shí),可用作評(píng)估AP嚴(yán)重程度的指標(biāo)??傊?,這些研究至少部分地支持炎癥反應(yīng)介導(dǎo),是影響RDW數(shù)值及AP嚴(yán)重程度的關(guān)鍵因素。

3研究的局限性

雖然現(xiàn)有研究表明NLR及RDW是評(píng)估AP嚴(yán)重程度及預(yù)后的有用指標(biāo),但這些研究的一些局限性值得一提。首先,進(jìn)行觀察性研究時(shí)應(yīng)該考慮混淆因素。但是,大多數(shù)研究都未能調(diào)整混淆因素[27-28],如未考慮NLR、RDW也直接受到高血壓、冠心病、高脂血癥及酒精攝入的影響,而酒精是AP的第二大常見原因[29]。其次,所有可用的研究都是觀察性的回顧性設(shè)計(jì),因此,結(jié)果的可靠性受到樣本代表性的極大影響。第三,對(duì)于RDW,這些研究大部分都調(diào)查了RDW對(duì)AP患者死亡率預(yù)測價(jià)值,僅少量研究[30]用RDW直接預(yù)測AP嚴(yán)重程度??傊F(xiàn)有證據(jù)支持NLR、RDW是預(yù)測AP嚴(yán)重程度的有用指標(biāo),但需設(shè)計(jì)更合理、更科學(xué)的前瞻性研究探索NLR、RDW在AP嚴(yán)重程度中的評(píng)估價(jià)值。

4小結(jié)與展望

NLR與RDW作為血常規(guī)檢測的的一部分,獲取非常的迅速、方便,且價(jià)格相對(duì)低廉,便于動(dòng)態(tài)觀察指標(biāo)變化,能有效預(yù)測AP嚴(yán)重程度,便于醫(yī)者早期發(fā)現(xiàn)重癥胰腺炎,早期干預(yù)提高胰腺炎的療效。但是,目前尚缺乏多中心、大樣本的前瞻性試驗(yàn),其具體的價(jià)值有待進(jìn)一步研究。

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(收稿日期:2019-07-02? 本文編輯:陳文文)

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