曾蘋 劉維 張淑敏 陸航 趙龍梅 李德婕
【摘 要】 目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),干燥綜合征的發(fā)病可能與輔助性T細(xì)胞(Th1)、Th2、Th17、調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)及Th9細(xì)胞活化并釋放大量細(xì)胞因子有關(guān)。主要從干燥綜合征關(guān)于CD4+ T細(xì)胞的臨床、實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,綜述CD4+ T細(xì)胞亞群及其相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子與干燥綜合征的關(guān)聯(lián)機(jī)制,以期為今后探討干燥綜合征的發(fā)病機(jī)制提供理論依據(jù)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 干燥綜合征;CD4+ T細(xì)胞;細(xì)胞因子;作用機(jī)制;綜述
干燥綜合征(Sj?gren's syndrome,SS)是一種侵犯涎腺、淚腺等外分泌腺體為主的自身免疫性疾病,淋巴細(xì)胞和漿細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)致各器官功能受損為特征[1],目前確切發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明了。CD4+ T細(xì)胞在SS的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起著重要作用,其不同亞群的異常表達(dá)與SS密切相關(guān)。本文將CD4+ T細(xì)胞的不同亞群在SS的作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述。
1 初始CD4+ T細(xì)胞分化
CD4+ T細(xì)胞即輔助性T細(xì)胞(Th),在細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答反應(yīng)及免疫調(diào)節(jié)中發(fā)揮著重要作用,按照免疫學(xué)功能、分化條件及分泌因子的不同,將CD4+ T細(xì)胞分為Th1、Th2、Th17、調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)、Th9、Th22等亞群。不同的細(xì)胞亞群通過分泌干擾素(INF)、白細(xì)胞介素(IL)、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(TGF)、干擾素調(diào)節(jié)因子(IRF)等參與細(xì)胞毒、移植排斥反應(yīng)、遲發(fā)型超敏炎癥反應(yīng)及自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展。不同的細(xì)胞亞群之間相互協(xié)同,相互抑制,共同維護(hù)機(jī)體免疫平衡,在復(fù)雜的免疫應(yīng)答中起著重要作用[2-4]。近年來研究表明,在SS患者外周血及SS動(dòng)物模型外周血、涎腺組織中均發(fā)現(xiàn)以上各型T細(xì)胞都有不同程度的表達(dá)或改變,參與了SS的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[5-7]。
2 CD4+ T細(xì)胞亞群在SS發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用
2.1 Th1/Th2細(xì)胞 Th1/Th2細(xì)胞在機(jī)體內(nèi)相互制約,共同維持機(jī)體免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)。若這種動(dòng)態(tài)平衡被打破,則會(huì)促進(jìn)多種細(xì)胞因子分泌如INF-γ、TNF-α、IL-6等,促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致SS的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[8-9]。研究表明,Th1/Th2細(xì)胞失衡參與了SS的發(fā)病,其中INF-γ不僅促進(jìn)Th1細(xì)胞增殖,同時(shí)還抑制Th2細(xì)胞表達(dá),使得IL-10分泌減少,導(dǎo)致炎癥反應(yīng)加重[10],并將INF-γ/IL-4的比值作為反映Th1/Th2免疫平衡的參考[11]。SS患者由于T淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)眼結(jié)膜及唾液腺組織導(dǎo)致IFN-γ mRNA以及血清IFN-γ表達(dá)升高[12]。NEZOS等[13]
通過對(duì)SS患者唇腺檢測(cè),提出將INF-γ/α比率作為SS生物標(biāo)志物。周強(qiáng)等[14]研究表明,由于Th1/Th2細(xì)胞失衡,導(dǎo)致SS患者唇腺組織INF-γ/IL-4比值升高,從而加重自身免疫反應(yīng),使唇腺組織呈典型淋巴細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)表現(xiàn)。SS動(dòng)物模型實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果顯示,通過調(diào)節(jié)Th1/Th2細(xì)胞平衡,抑制相關(guān)炎癥因子的表達(dá),能夠達(dá)到治療SS的目的,緩解SS動(dòng)物模型頜下腺組織免疫損傷[6,15]。
2.2 Th17/Treg細(xì)胞 國(guó)內(nèi)外研究認(rèn)為,Th17與Treg相互抑制,保持動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,一旦Th17/Treg失衡,則可能引起自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生,Th17/Treg的失衡同樣在SS發(fā)病過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。其中Th17在維甲酸相關(guān)孤核受體γ(RORγt)誘導(dǎo)下分泌IL-17,IL-17是強(qiáng)力的促炎因子,能協(xié)同產(chǎn)生其他炎性因子如IL-1、IL-6和IL-8等,促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)。Th17不僅參與了SS的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,且與疾病持續(xù)時(shí)間呈正相關(guān)。Treg細(xì)胞具有免疫抑制作用,能夠有效抑制CD4+ T及CD8+ T淋巴細(xì)胞,對(duì)維持機(jī)體免疫平衡、避免自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生等起到重要作用[16-19]。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SS患者外分泌腺主要被CD4+ T淋巴細(xì)胞持續(xù)浸潤(rùn),引起慢性炎癥,從而導(dǎo)致腺體萎縮及功能喪失[20-23]。Treg細(xì)胞能夠通過分泌IL-10和TGF-β等免疫抑制因子調(diào)節(jié)自身免疫[24]。Treg對(duì)自身免疫的調(diào)節(jié)作用與其數(shù)量及功能相關(guān),若其數(shù)量及功能下降,則可導(dǎo)致激活的自身反應(yīng)性T淋巴細(xì)胞增多[25]。趙浩等[26]研究表明,通過調(diào)節(jié)Th17/Treg平衡,改善免疫功能,能夠有效緩解SS患者口、眼干燥的臨床癥狀。SS動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,通過刺激Treg細(xì)胞應(yīng)答,能夠有效抑制Th17細(xì)胞,從而減少IL-17的分泌,減輕頜下腺炎癥反應(yīng),達(dá)到治療SS的目的[7,27]。
2.3 Th9細(xì)胞 Th9細(xì)胞于2008年由KUCHROO和STOCKINGER報(bào)道[28],是在IL-4和TGF-β聯(lián)合誘導(dǎo)下由初始CD4+ T細(xì)胞分化而來,或由TGF-β單獨(dú)誘導(dǎo)Th2細(xì)胞分化而來。Th9細(xì)胞屬于CD4+輔助性T細(xì)胞亞群中的一員,具有調(diào)控復(fù)雜,功能強(qiáng)大的特點(diǎn),主要分泌IL-9,參與多種自身免疫性疾病的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[29-30]。Th9細(xì)胞與多種自身免疫性疾病相關(guān),例如在類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎患者外周血清及關(guān)節(jié)液中發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-9的高表達(dá)[31-32];系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡小鼠模型脾組織中Th9細(xì)胞、血清IL-9含量明顯增高[33];銀屑病患者受Th9細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的IL-9的影響,皮膚損傷加重等[34]。近年來,Th9細(xì)胞正被許多研究自身免疫性疾病領(lǐng)域的專家、學(xué)者關(guān)注,尤其是Th9細(xì)胞與Th17細(xì)胞在自身免疫性疾病中的相互聯(lián)系更是引起大家重視。研究表明,Th9與Th17共同參與了自身免疫性疾病的病理過程,共同介導(dǎo)了炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生[35-41]。Th17和Treg的細(xì)胞亞群在某些疾病狀態(tài)下也可產(chǎn)生IL-9[42-44],且Th9細(xì)胞在特定細(xì)胞因子環(huán)境下亦可獲得Th2、Th17的相關(guān)表型,從而分泌IL-4、IL-17等細(xì)胞因子[45]。Th2與Th9在正常人外周血中呈正相關(guān),在TGF-β作用下,Th2亦可分泌IL-9[46-48]。說明Th9與Th2、Th17在某些特定環(huán)境中可相互轉(zhuǎn)化,相互作用。由于Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg細(xì)胞都證實(shí)與SS的發(fā)生、發(fā)展相關(guān),且Th9細(xì)胞無論細(xì)胞功能還是細(xì)胞分化,都與上述CD4+ T細(xì)胞有著密切的聯(lián)系,因此我們推測(cè)Th9與SS的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有著密切的關(guān)系。
3 結(jié) 語
SS是一種臨床常見以侵犯外分泌腺為主的自身免疫性疾病,研究表明,SS患者外周血和涎腺組織中CD4+ T細(xì)胞異常分化,分泌大量炎性因子,但CD4+ T細(xì)胞的調(diào)控及表達(dá)機(jī)制尚未明確。初始CD4+ T細(xì)胞能夠在不同細(xì)胞因子的誘導(dǎo)下向不同細(xì)胞亞群分化,主要包括Th1、Th2、Th17及Th9細(xì)胞之間相互協(xié)同,相互抑制,共同維護(hù)機(jī)體免疫平衡,在復(fù)雜的免疫應(yīng)答中起著重要作用。目前,Th1/Th2及Th17/Treg細(xì)胞的失衡,以及其分泌的細(xì)胞因子,都已證實(shí)在SS的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起著重要作用;但Th9細(xì)胞對(duì)SS的影響,在SS的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中扮演怎樣的角色,其與Th2和Th17細(xì)胞在SS發(fā)病中的作用和相互關(guān)系值得進(jìn)一步深入研究,為SS的發(fā)病機(jī)制和治療提供依據(jù)。
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收稿日期:2020-05-09;修回日期:2020-06-06