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鼻內(nèi)鏡下不同徑路在兒童腺樣體肥大切除術(shù)中的應(yīng)用

2020-04-30 06:45:38吳海導(dǎo)胡永成陳國鋒鄧成柳
中外醫(yī)學(xué)研究 2020年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:鼻內(nèi)鏡出血腺樣體

吳海導(dǎo) 胡永成 陳國鋒 鄧成柳

【摘要】 目的:對比鼻內(nèi)鏡下經(jīng)鼻腔徑路和口腔徑路行腺樣體肥大切除術(shù)的效果,分析兩種徑路的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),為臨床制定更有效的治療方案提供參考。方法:選取2016年7月-2019年8月筆者所在醫(yī)院收治的腺樣體肥大患兒42例,隨機(jī)分為A組和B組,各21例。A組經(jīng)口腔徑路行腺樣體肥大切除術(shù),B組經(jīng)鼻腔徑路行腺樣體肥大切除術(shù)。對兩組術(shù)中出血量、疼痛評分、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果:術(shù)后,兩組臨床癥狀完全緩解;術(shù)后7 d復(fù)查,兩組均無腺樣體殘留且恢復(fù)正常通氣;A組術(shù)中出血量少于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后1 d疼痛評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);B組術(shù)后輕度間歇鼻塞2例,中度懸雍垂水腫1例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為14.29%,顯著高于A組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:經(jīng)口腔徑路行兒童腺樣體肥大切除術(shù),能夠確保刀口朝向腺樣體方向,邊切割邊利用吸引力將腺體組織吸入吸切器,操作簡單方便,術(shù)野清晰,創(chuàng)面光滑,能夠有效保護(hù)周圍正常組織,減少并發(fā)癥,值得推廣。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 腺樣體 鼻內(nèi)鏡 出血 并發(fā)癥

doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2020.08.011??文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼 B??文章編號 1674-6805(2020)08-00-03

Application of Different Approaches under Nasal Endoscope in Adenoid Hypertrophy Resection in Children/WU Haidao, HU Yongcheng, CHEN Guofeng, DENG Chengliu. //Chinese and Foreign Medical Research, 2020, 18(8): -30

[Abstract] Objective: To compare the effect of adenoid hypertrophy resection through nasal and oral approaches under nasal endoscope, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches were analyzed to provide a reference for the clinical development of more effective treatment programs. Method: From July 2016 to August 2019, 42 children with adenoid hypertrophy admitted to our hospital were randomly divided into the group A and the group B, 21 cases in each group. Adenoid hypertrophy resection through oral approaches was performed in the group A, and adenoid hypertrophy resection through nasal approaches was performed in the group B. The intraoperative blood loss, pain score and postoperative complications of the two groups were analyzed. Result: After operation, the clinical symptoms of the two groups were completely relieved, and reexamination after operation showed that there was no residual adenoids in the two groups and normal ventilation was restored. The intraoperative blood loss in the group A was less than that of the group B, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The pain scores 1 d after operation compared between the two groups, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In the group B, there were 2 cases with mild intermittent nasal obstruction and 1 case with moderate uvula edema after operation, and the incidence of complications was 14.29%, which was higher than that of the group A (P<0.05). Conclusion: Adenoid hypertrophy resection through oral approaches in children can ensure the knife edge is toward the direction of the adenoid, and the adenoid tissue is inhaled into the aspirator by attraction while cutting, which is simple and convenient to operate, clear operative field, smooth wound, and can effectively protect the surrounding normal tissue, reduce the complications, which is worth popularizing.

[Key words] Adenoid Nasal endoscope Bleeding Complications

First-authors address: Yunfu Peoples Hospital, Yunfu 527300, China

腺樣體肥大是兒童常見病和多發(fā)病,對于被確診為腺樣體肥大且伴有嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的患兒應(yīng)盡早行腺樣體肥大切除術(shù)[1]。在我國,多數(shù)醫(yī)院均能開展腺樣體肥大切除術(shù),但限于設(shè)備條件等因素,手術(shù)方法各不相同,療效亦有差別。傳統(tǒng)的腺樣體刮除術(shù)很難在直視下進(jìn)行,手術(shù)成功與否與操作者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)密切相關(guān),若操作不當(dāng)極易導(dǎo)致腺樣體組織殘留,進(jìn)而增加術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率[2]。本研究擬對比鼻內(nèi)鏡下使用電動吸切器經(jīng)不同徑路治療腺樣體肥大的效果,以指導(dǎo)臨床制定更有效的治療方案,報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取2016年7月-2019年8月筆者所在醫(yī)院收治的腺樣體肥大患兒42例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)經(jīng)纖維鼻咽鏡和多導(dǎo)睡眠呼吸監(jiān)測等專科檢查確診為腺樣體肥大[3];(2)于筆者所在醫(yī)院接受腺樣體肥大切除術(shù)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并其他器質(zhì)性病變;(2)合并精神類疾病;(3)無法耐受手術(shù)治療。使用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為A組和B組,各21例。A組男13例,女8例;平均年齡(5.5±1.6)歲。B組男11例,女10例;平均年齡(5.7±1.4)歲。兩組均有不同程度的鼻塞、流膿涕、睡眠時(shí)打鼾、耳悶脹感、聽力下降和注意力不集中等臨床表現(xiàn)。兩組一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。監(jiān)護(hù)人對研究知情并簽署知情同意書。

1.2 方法

麻醉成功后,采用Davis開口器撐開口腔,將兩條軟質(zhì)細(xì)醫(yī)用橡膠導(dǎo)尿管經(jīng)鼻腔及口腔將軟腭懸吊以擴(kuò)大咽腔,充分敞開鼻咽部。A組經(jīng)口腔伸入直徑為4 mm的70°硬性鼻內(nèi)鏡,直視下觀察腺樣體形狀、大小,確定咽鼓管圓枕等重要標(biāo)志,經(jīng)口咽部將電動切割吸引器用45°反向吸切頭送入鼻咽腔,從腺樣體側(cè)緣開始切割,注意刀頭的切割面背向咽鼓管圓枕,逐漸移向中央及后鼻孔方向,逐漸切除肥大腺樣體。B組采用直徑為3 mm的0°硬性鼻內(nèi)鏡進(jìn)入鼻腔,用直吸切頭切除肥大腺樣體。術(shù)中常規(guī)采用生理鹽水紗布塊壓迫止血,若對出血較多患者無效,可采用鼻內(nèi)鏡下直視雙極電凝止血。同時(shí),注意術(shù)中勿切除過深,避免損傷椎前筋膜引起出血。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

觀察兩組術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后疼痛評分及并發(fā)癥情況。術(shù)中出血量根據(jù)吸引器吸出量和紗布塊增重量計(jì)算。術(shù)后第1天,采用面部表情量表進(jìn)行疼痛評分,0分為無疼痛,1分為略有疼痛,2分為輕微疼痛,3分為明顯疼痛,4分為嚴(yán)重疼痛,5分為劇烈疼痛[4]。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

使用SPSS 19.0軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后1 d疼痛評分對比

術(shù)后,兩組臨床癥狀完全緩解;術(shù)后7 d復(fù)查,兩組均無腺樣體殘留且恢復(fù)正常通氣;A組術(shù)中出血量少于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后1 d疼痛評分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。

2.2 兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率對比

A組術(shù)后無并發(fā)癥;B組術(shù)后輕度間歇鼻塞2例,中度懸雍垂水腫1例,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為14.29%(3/21),顯著高于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=7.341,P<0.05)。經(jīng)對癥治療后,B組并發(fā)癥均消失。

3 討論

腺樣體肥大是兒童常見病和多發(fā)病,是引起兒童鼻炎、鼻竇炎、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征和分泌性中耳炎的主要原因之一,長期鼻咽部的通氣障礙和缺氧可導(dǎo)致腺樣體面容并影響神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育[5]。因此,應(yīng)對腺樣體肥大且伴有嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的患兒盡早行腺樣體肥大切除術(shù)。腺樣體肥大切除術(shù)方式較多,如鼻內(nèi)鏡下射頻、微波、吸割、等離子等,療效也不盡相同[6-7]。為進(jìn)一步分析腺樣體肥大的最佳治療方式,更為深入探討鼻內(nèi)鏡下使用電動吸切器經(jīng)不同徑路治療腺樣體肥大的臨床效果,特開展本研究,以指導(dǎo)臨床制定更有效的治療方案。

兒童腺樣體肥大切除術(shù)的基本原則為在徹底切除病變組織的基礎(chǔ)上,盡量減少術(shù)中出血量及避免咽鼓管等周圍組織損傷[8-9]。鼻內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)擁有分辨率高、術(shù)野清晰、光線明亮等優(yōu)勢,能夠幫助操作者準(zhǔn)確觀察病變范圍,并從不同角度了解腺樣體在鼻咽部的情況及周圍解剖結(jié)構(gòu),能夠有效避免傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)的盲目性[10-11]。在本研究中,與經(jīng)鼻腔徑路相比,接受經(jīng)口腔徑路的A組術(shù)中出血量更少,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率更低,推測可能與以下原因相關(guān):(1)與成人鼻腔相比,兒童鼻腔更加狹長,導(dǎo)致經(jīng)鼻腔徑路損傷鼻黏膜的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。而經(jīng)口腔徑路可以避免相關(guān)并發(fā)癥[12];(2)經(jīng)口腔徑路操作的術(shù)野比經(jīng)鼻腔徑路更大,易于操作,既可以減少因腺樣體殘留導(dǎo)致的復(fù)發(fā),又可以保護(hù)鄰近器官、組織[13];(3)小兒麻醉清醒后難以配合治療,導(dǎo)致經(jīng)鼻腔徑路術(shù)后的徹底清理工作較困難[14]。

綜上所述,經(jīng)口腔徑路行兒童腺樣體肥大切除術(shù)能夠確保刀口朝向腺樣體方向,邊切割邊利用吸引力將腺體組織吸入吸切器,操作簡單方便,術(shù)野清晰,創(chuàng)面光滑,能夠有效保護(hù)周圍正常組織,減少并發(fā)癥,值得推廣。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] Gao Y Y,Wang H J,Wu Y.Superficial punctate keratopathy in a pediatric patient was related to adenoid hypertrophy and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome:a case report[J].Bmc Ophthalmology,2018,18(1):55.

[2] Cakabay T,?stün S B,Bayramoglu S E,et al.Evaluation of choroidal thickness in children with adenoid hypertrophy[J].European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology,2018,275(2):439-442.

[3]高永平.小兒腺樣體肥大與分泌性中耳炎[J].中華耳科學(xué)雜志,2014,12(1):106-108.

[4]劉瑩,劉天婧,王恩波.不同年齡段兒童疼痛評估工具的選擇[J].中國疼痛醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2012,18(12):752-755.

[5] Ahmed O G,Lambert E M.Obstructive sleep apnea in a 5 month old with tonsillar hypertrophy secondary to congenital neutropenia:case report and literature review[J].International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,2017,96(Complete):103.

[6] Babademez M A,Gul F,Muz E,et al.Impact of partial and total tonsillectomy on adenoid regrowth[J].Laryngoscope,2017,127(3):753-756.

[7] Hong S C,Min H J,Kim K S.Refractory sleep apnea caused by tubal tonsillar hypertrophy[J].International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,2017,96(5):84-86.

[8] Holzki J,Brown K A,Carroll R G,et al.The anatomy of the pediatric airway:has our knowledge changed in 120 years?A review of historic and recent investigations of the anatomy of the pediatric larynx[J].Paediatr Anaesth,2017,28(1):515.

[9] Huang Y D,Tan J J,Han X Y,et al.Study on the correlation between adenoid hypertrophy and laryngopharyngeal reflux in children[J].Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology,Head,and Neck Surgery,2018,32(12):899.

[10] ?zda? T,?zda? S,Babademez M A,et al.Significant association between SCGB1D4 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to adenoid hypertrophy in a pediatric population[J].Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences,2017,47(1):201-210.

[11] Sikorska?uk M,Bochnia M.Halitosis in children with adenoid hypertrophy[J].Journal of Breath Research,2017,12(2):121-124.

[12] Lai D,Qin G,Pu J,et al.Pre-operative and post-operative application of acoustic rhinometry in children with otitis media with effusion and with or without adenoid hypertrophy-a retrospective analysis[J].International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,2017,96(3):51-54.

[13] Tuhaniolu B,Erkan S O.Evaluati on of the effects of montelukast,mometasone furoate,and combined therapy on adenoid size:a randomized,prospective,clinical trial with objective data[J].Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences,2017,47(6):1736-1743.

[14] Pachêcopereira C,Alsufyani N,Major M,et al.Correlation and reliability of cone-beam computed tomography nasopharyngeal volumetric and area measurements as determined by commercial software against nasopharyngoscopy-supported diagnosis of adenoid hypertrophy[J].American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,2017,152(1):92-103.

(收稿日期:2019-11-18) (本文編輯:李盈)

基金項(xiàng)目:廣東省云浮市衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育局科研項(xiàng)目

(項(xiàng)目編號:2018B03)

①云浮市人民醫(yī)院 廣東 云浮 527300

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