劉蓓,丁長(zhǎng)青,宋峰,孫惠芳
[摘要] 目的 分析首診為聽(tīng)力下降的成人顱內(nèi)病變的臨床及MRI特征。方法 回顧性分析該院2014年9月—2018年12月該院以聽(tīng)力下降為首診原因的55例成人顱內(nèi)病變的臨床和影像學(xué)資料。所有患者均行顱腦軸位T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR、DWI及矢狀位T2WI掃描,28例行MRA、4例行MRV檢查,10例行MRI增強(qiáng)掃描。結(jié)果 該組臨床確診為急性腦梗死31例,側(cè)竇血栓伴靜脈性梗死1例,16例為聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤,顱內(nèi)感染4例,腦白質(zhì)病2例,膠質(zhì)瘤放療后1例。MRI可明確提示病變,MRA均見(jiàn)腦動(dòng)脈硬化癥(該組伴基底動(dòng)脈狹窄18例),1例MRV可見(jiàn)側(cè)竇栓塞伴靜脈性梗死。結(jié)論 以聽(tīng)力下降的成人顱腦病變多樣,頭顱MRI檢查多可提示診斷,可避免漏誤診,值得應(yīng)用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 聽(tīng)力下降;顱內(nèi)病變;多排螺旋CT;磁共振成像;診斷
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R816 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1674-0742(2020)02(a)-0195-04
Clinical and MRI Characteristics Analysis of Intracranial Lesions in Adults with Hearing Loss
LIU Bei1,DING Chang-qing2,SONG Feng1,SUN Hui-fang2
1.Department of ENT,People's Hospital of Fengxian,F(xiàn)engxian,Jiangsu Province,221700 China;2.Department of Imaging,People's Hospital of Fengxian,F(xiàn)engxian,Jiangsu Province,221700 China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical and MRI features of adult intracranial lesions with hearing loss. Methods The clinical and images data of 55 adult patients with intracranial lesions in the hospital from September 2014 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent axial T1WI,T2WI,F(xiàn)LAIR,DWI and sagittal T2WI scans,28 patients underwent MRA scans,4 cases underwent MRV and 10 cases underwent enhanced MRI scans. Results 31 cases were clinically diagnosed as acute cerebral infarction,1 case was glioma after radiotherapy and 1 case was lateral sinus thrombosis with venous infarction,16 cases were acoustic neuroma,4 cases were intracranial infection,2 cases were leukoencephalopathy. MRA showed cerebral arteriosclerosis in all the MRA scans (18 cases were with basilar artery stenosis) and one case showed lateral sinus thrombosis with venous infarction in MRV. Conclusion Brain lesions in adults with hearing loss are various,and cranial MRI examination can indicate the diagnosis and can reduce false and missed diagnosis,which is worthy of application.
[Key words] Hearing loss; Intracranial lesions; Multi-slice spiral CT; Magnetic resonance imaging
聽(tīng)力下降多為單側(cè),女性相對(duì)更為常見(jiàn),可為先天性的或后天性的,并且聽(tīng)力損失分為感覺(jué)神經(jīng)性,傳導(dǎo)性或混合性[1]。感染、血液循環(huán)障礙、腫瘤、中樞性病變、創(chuàng)傷、免疫及精神異常等可致耳蝸、聽(tīng)神經(jīng)及其傳導(dǎo)徑路、大腦皮層聽(tīng)覺(jué)中樞功能下降,繼而引起聽(tīng)力下降或耳聾[2]。單憑臨床及專(zhuān)科檢查易于造成漏誤診,甚至延誤治療,造成不良預(yù)后[3]。CT和MRI在尋找病因診斷和指導(dǎo)治療方法中起到了關(guān)鍵作用。顳骨高分辨率CT掃描(high-resolution computed tomography,HRCT)在評(píng)估傳導(dǎo)性聽(tīng)力下降中很重要,是評(píng)估骨質(zhì)異常的首選成像方式, MR成像是評(píng)估感覺(jué)神經(jīng)性聽(tīng)力下降的首選方式,尤其MRI可發(fā)現(xiàn)顱內(nèi)微小的責(zé)任病變[4]?;仡櫺苑治鲈撛?014年9月—2018年12月該院以聽(tīng)力下降為首診原因的55例成人顱內(nèi)病變的臨床和影像學(xué)資料,旨在探討首診為聽(tīng)力下降的成人顱內(nèi)病變的臨床及MRI特征。報(bào)道如下。
1 ?資料與方法
1.1 ?一般資料
該院以聽(tīng)力下降為首診原因的55例成人顱內(nèi)病變患者中,男31例,女24例;年齡26~58歲,平均年齡(38.5±4.23)歲。臨床均以聽(tīng)力下降就診(約占同期該科門(mén)診以此就診的7%),伴面部麻木17例、頭暈11例,輕微偏癱7例、頭痛4例,低熱3例。入組病例均經(jīng)臨床及影像學(xué)隨訪(fǎng)證實(shí)(聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤病例均經(jīng)手術(shù)證實(shí))。排除病例:顱腦MRI檢查偽影較大不能診斷者;臨床或MRI診斷急慢性中耳乳突炎、單純內(nèi)耳病變者;腫瘤未經(jīng)手術(shù)病理診斷者;梗死灶、感染灶及腦白質(zhì)病DWI非為急性責(zé)任病灶者及未經(jīng)臨床及影像學(xué)隨訪(fǎng)證實(shí)者。該研究獲得院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)委員會(huì)審查批準(zhǔn)及患者本人的知情同意。
1.2 ?MRI檢查及評(píng)價(jià)方法
均行飛利浦1.5T MRI 軸位T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR、DWI及矢狀位T2WI序列掃描,27例行噴酸葡胺(Gd-DTPA)增強(qiáng)掃描。由兩位高年資MRI診斷醫(yī)師共同閱片、協(xié)商一致,重點(diǎn)觀察責(zé)任病變位置、形態(tài)大小、信號(hào)及強(qiáng)化特點(diǎn)等。
1.3 ?統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
使用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料采用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05 為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 ?結(jié)果
2.1 ?臨床診斷
該組臨床確診為急性腦梗死31例(56.3%),側(cè)竇血栓伴靜脈性梗死1(1.8%)例,16例(29.1%)為聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤,顱內(nèi)感染4例(7.3%),腦白質(zhì)病2例(3.6%),膠質(zhì)瘤放療后1例(1.8%)。與臨床最終診斷結(jié)果比較,該組術(shù)前MRI檢查定位及定性的準(zhǔn)確率為100.0%。
2.2 ?MRI表現(xiàn)
急性腦梗死31例,主要位于腦干、頂枕葉及顳島葉,多呈多部位新鮮病變,其中左側(cè)19例,右側(cè)12例;MRI上呈片狀T1WI低信號(hào),T2WI、FLAIR及DWI高信號(hào),ADC低信號(hào);行MRA掃描中均見(jiàn)腦動(dòng)脈硬化癥(該組伴基底動(dòng)脈狹窄18例)。側(cè)竇血栓伴靜脈性梗死1例,梗死位于左側(cè)枕頂葉,MRI上呈片狀T1WI低信號(hào),T2WI、FLAIR及DWI高信號(hào),ADC低信號(hào),MRV可見(jiàn)側(cè)竇栓塞。聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤16例,其中右側(cè)9例,左側(cè)7例;均位于橋小腦角區(qū)、內(nèi)聽(tīng)道內(nèi)外生長(zhǎng),患側(cè)內(nèi)聽(tīng)道多呈“喇叭口樣”擴(kuò)大,病灶呈“啞鈴狀”“蘑菇征”等;增強(qiáng)呈較均勻強(qiáng)化3例,不均勻強(qiáng)化13例。顱內(nèi)感染4例,左右側(cè)各2例,位于顳枕葉2例,頂枕葉2例,MRI上呈邊緣模糊的片狀T1WI低信號(hào),T2WI、FLAIRI高信號(hào),DWI中高信號(hào),ADC低信號(hào)。腦白質(zhì)病2例,MRI上為位于兩側(cè)側(cè)腦室前后腳周?chē)?、兩放射冠、半卵圓中心及顳頂葉皮層下的斑片狀T1WI低信號(hào),T2WI、FLAIRI高信號(hào),DWI呈高信號(hào),ADC低信號(hào),增強(qiáng)輕度強(qiáng)化。膠質(zhì)瘤放療后1例,位于左側(cè)顳枕葉,不均勻片狀T1WI低信號(hào),T2WI、FLAIRI高信號(hào),DWI呈中等信號(hào),ADC中高信號(hào),呈不規(guī)則片狀強(qiáng)化,周?chē)樗[。
3 ?討論
突發(fā)性聽(tīng)力下降可見(jiàn)于耳部病變、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病、感染及免疫性等病變,其中部分病變?nèi)舨荒芗皶r(shí)明確診斷、積極干預(yù),可出現(xiàn)致殘甚至致死的并發(fā)癥。因此,對(duì)于以聽(tīng)力下降為首診的患者,仔細(xì)查體及MRI或CT等影像學(xué)檢查,是對(duì)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病因診斷及鑒別診斷的關(guān)鍵[3]。在一組對(duì)年輕健康成人測(cè)聽(tīng)中,證實(shí)部分受試者存在不對(duì)稱(chēng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)性聽(tīng)力下降,其中0.3%存在可解釋的顱內(nèi)MRI異常[5]。
橋臂、顳上回、島蓋、枕葉、額上回、左小腦、海馬、中央前回在中樞異常所致的聽(tīng)力下降中多可檢測(cè)到病變[6-8]。后循環(huán)動(dòng)脈缺血可影響內(nèi)聽(tīng)動(dòng)脈供血不足,內(nèi)耳灌注減少,進(jìn)而聽(tīng)力下降。因此,突發(fā)性聽(tīng)力下降可為某些中樞病變的早期表現(xiàn)[5]。 在一組健康的年輕成人中,經(jīng)過(guò)聽(tīng)力測(cè)定證實(shí)的不對(duì)稱(chēng)感覺(jué)神經(jīng)性聽(tīng)力損失(asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss,ASNHL),0.3%有放射學(xué)證實(shí)的顱內(nèi)病理學(xué)解釋了聽(tīng)力損失。而該組也多以聽(tīng)力下降為首診表現(xiàn),約占同期該科門(mén)診以此就診的7%,宜引起臨床醫(yī)師尤其是耳鼻喉科專(zhuān)科醫(yī)師的注意。Susac綜合征是一種小動(dòng)脈閉塞和節(jié)段性血管病變,影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),視網(wǎng)膜和耳蝸,導(dǎo)致三聯(lián)癥腦病,分支視網(wǎng)膜動(dòng)脈閉塞和聽(tīng)力喪失[9]。崔智慧等[10]報(bào)道一組急性橋臂梗死病例,其中35%患者的可出現(xiàn)位聽(tīng)神經(jīng)根受損害等表現(xiàn)的橋臂綜合征,該組56.3%為動(dòng)脈狹窄病變?cè)斐傻穆?tīng)覺(jué)中樞缺血所致,提示動(dòng)脈缺血可能為中樞性病變所致的聽(tīng)力下降的首要原因。靜脈竇血栓形成及靜脈性梗死也可有耳聾表現(xiàn)[11],該組1例,宜引起臨床重視。
聽(tīng)神經(jīng)瘤(該組29.1%)是橋小腦角最常見(jiàn)的腫瘤,患者通常伴有聽(tīng)力喪失和耳鳴以及多種的顱神經(jīng)功能障礙。MRI平掃及增強(qiáng)可為治療提供極其有價(jià)值的信息,對(duì)治療具有重要意義[12-13]。內(nèi)耳道和橋小腦角區(qū)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜,臨床表現(xiàn)多與瘤灶大小及性質(zhì)、周?chē)鷫浩然蚯址傅难苌窠?jīng)等相關(guān),單憑臨床無(wú)法正確診斷。顳骨HRCT及MRI對(duì)該區(qū)域病變的定性及定位各具優(yōu)勢(shì),術(shù)前顳骨高分辨率CT及MRI檢查診斷準(zhǔn)確率為93.5%[14],該組術(shù)前MRI平掃結(jié)合增強(qiáng)對(duì)該區(qū)域腫瘤定位及定性的準(zhǔn)確率為100%。MRI還易于與好發(fā)于該區(qū)的以下腫瘤鑒別:源于三叉神經(jīng)、外展神經(jīng)、面神經(jīng)等的神經(jīng)鞘瘤,腦膜瘤,膽脂瘤,蛛網(wǎng)膜囊腫、轉(zhuǎn)移瘤等[15-16]。
細(xì)菌性、病毒性腦炎或結(jié)核性腦膜炎等顱內(nèi)感染性病變(該組7.3%)可以聽(tīng)力下降為首診表現(xiàn)。臨床上對(duì)于聽(tīng)力明顯下降,伴發(fā)熱、頭痛、眩暈等癥狀者應(yīng)行顱腦MRI及腰穿等檢查明確診斷[17]。
MRI優(yōu)良的灰白質(zhì)分辨能力,易于發(fā)現(xiàn)白質(zhì)病變(該組3.6%)。以聽(tīng)力下降為首診的腦白質(zhì)病患者應(yīng)常規(guī)行顱腦MRI檢查,以免漏診病變[18]。肩肱型肌營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良(facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy,F(xiàn)SHD)是全世界最常見(jiàn)的肌營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良癥之一,為一種常染色體顯性遺傳為主的遺傳性骨骼肌疾病,可伴聽(tīng)力喪失和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)受累[19]。Fabry病是一種X-連鎖的溶酶體蓄積病,感覺(jué)異常,聽(tīng)力損失和中風(fēng)是典型的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)。MRI上類(lèi)似多發(fā)性硬化癥,臨床漏誤診率高[20]。
該組1例為膠質(zhì)瘤放療后腦壞死,腦膠質(zhì)瘤是顱內(nèi)最常見(jiàn)的原發(fā)惡性腫瘤,DWI、MR 灌注成像(perfusion weighted imaging,PWI)及磁共振波譜(MR spectroscopy,MRS)在膠質(zhì)瘤中有較高應(yīng)用價(jià)值,其中以DWI 應(yīng)用最廣泛。ADC值與腫瘤細(xì)胞密度呈負(fù)相關(guān),根據(jù)ADC值可協(xié)助判斷療效、鑒別放療后壞死與復(fù)發(fā)[21]。
引起聽(tīng)力減退的顱內(nèi)病變還有中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表面鐵質(zhì)沉積癥,其系反復(fù)蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血所致含鐵血黃素在腦表面的沉積,可表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性聽(tīng)力損失、共濟(jì)失調(diào)、多系統(tǒng)功能障礙癥狀,MRI磁敏感加權(quán)成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)比T2WI更能敏感的發(fā)現(xiàn)病變而提示診斷[22-23]。
顱腦MRI可檢測(cè)到腦脊液耳瘺造成的聽(tīng)力下降[24],也可診斷急性中耳炎伴發(fā)漿液性迷路炎[25],薄層MRI成像可評(píng)估梅尼埃病、耳硬化癥中內(nèi)淋巴積水狀態(tài)[26-27],從而協(xié)助判斷聽(tīng)力下降的病因。對(duì)于蝸后聾,MRI對(duì)聽(tīng)神經(jīng)(約占聽(tīng)力下降病例總數(shù)的2.35%)、聽(tīng)中樞病變的診斷遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)于HRCT[28]。
綜上所述,以聽(tīng)力下降的成人顱腦病變多樣,頭顱MRI檢查多可提示診斷,可避免漏誤診,值得應(yīng)用。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] ?Salata TM, Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, et al.Hearing disorders - findings on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: pictorial essay[J].Radiol Bras,2019,52(1):54-59.
[2] ?Van Beeck Calkoen EA, Merkus P, Goverts ST,et al.Evaluation of the outcome of CT and MR imaging in pediatric patients with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss[J].Int J Pediatr Otorhi nolaryngol, 2018(108):180-185.
[3] ?劉濤,竇艷玲.以突發(fā)聽(tīng)力下降為主訴的誤診病例臨床特征分析[J].西南國(guó)防醫(yī)藥,2017,27(10):1095-1097.
[4] ?Shekdar KV, Bilaniuk LT.Imaging of Pediatric Hearing Loss[J].Neuroimaging Clin N Am,2019,29(1):103-115.
[5] ?Khan HZ, Park CY, Lim MA, et al.Radiographic findings in young adults with asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss[J].Am J Otolaryngol,2019,40(1):78-82.
[6] ?Clark CN, Nicholas JM, Agustus JL, et al.Auditory conflict and congruence in frontotemporal dementia[J].Neuropsy chologia,2017,104:144-156.
[7] ?Zhang Y, Mao Z, Feng S, et al.Monaural-driven Functional Changes within and Beyond the Auditory Cortical Network: Evidence from Long-term Unilateral Hearing Impairment[J].Neuroscience, 2018,371:296-308.
[8] ?Xu XM, Jiao Y, Tang TY,et al.Inefficient Involvement of Insula in Sensorineural Hearing Loss[J].Front Neurosci,2019(13):133.
[9] ?Dutescu RM, Drr JM, Bergholz R.Retinovascular Findings in Susac's Syndrome[J].Laryngorhinootologie,2019,98(2):108-113.
[10] ?崔智慧,丁長(zhǎng),羅慧孫,等.急性橋臂梗死的臨床及影像學(xué)特征[J].CT理論與應(yīng)用研究,2018,27(4):485-492.
[11] ?Kethireddy N, Sama S.Cerebral Sinus Venous Thrombosis in the Setting of Acute Mastoiditis[J].Cureus,2019,11(2):4023.
[12] ?Ramaswamy AT, Golub JS.Management of Vestibular Schw annomas for the Radiologist[J].Neuroimaging Clin N Am,2019,29(1):173-182.
[13] ?Hebb ALO, Erjavec N, Morris DP, et al.Quality of life related to symptomatic outcomes in patients with vestibular schwannomas: A Canadian Centre perspective[J].Am J Otolary ngol,2019 ,40(2):236-246.