恒聰 李鎮(zhèn)宇 鄧敏峰 曹志愷
【摘要】 目的:探討各級別及復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤中miRNA-200c(miR-200c)的表達(dá)及可能機(jī)制。方法:收集本院收治的43例膠質(zhì)瘤手術(shù)患者腫瘤切除標(biāo)本,按照組織學(xué)分級不同將43例膠質(zhì)瘤手術(shù)患者分為低級別膠質(zhì)瘤組15例、高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組22例、復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組6例,另選取10例正常腦組織標(biāo)本為對照組。使用RT-PCR檢測各級別初發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤及復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤患者腫瘤組織中miR-200c的表達(dá)水平,通過Western blotting檢測腫瘤干性指標(biāo)(CD133、Nestin)及上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)標(biāo)志物(E-cadherin、N-cadherin和Vimentin)在各組織中的表達(dá)。結(jié)果:各組miR-200c表達(dá)水平隨著膠質(zhì)瘤級別升高逐漸降低,兩兩組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);各組Nestin表達(dá)水平隨著膠質(zhì)瘤級別升高逐漸升高,E-cadherin表達(dá)水平隨著膠質(zhì)瘤級別升高逐漸降低,兩兩組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組、復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組CD133表達(dá)水平均較對照組、低級別膠質(zhì)瘤組顯著升高(P<0.05);高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組、復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組N-cadherin、Vimentin表達(dá)水平均較對照組顯著升高(P<0.05),且復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組N-cadherin、Vimentin表達(dá)水平均較低級別膠質(zhì)瘤組、高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組顯著升高(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:miR-200c在復(fù)發(fā)及高級別膠質(zhì)瘤中表達(dá)下降,其缺失可能誘導(dǎo)EMT使腫瘤干性增加,可作為高級別及復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤治療的潛在靶點(diǎn)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 miR-200c 復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤 上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化 膠質(zhì)瘤腫瘤干細(xì)胞
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the expression and possible mechanism of miRNA-200c (miR-200c) in different grades of glioma and recurrent glioma. Method: The tumor resection specimens of 43 patients with glioma were collected, according to the histological classification, 43 patients were divided into low-grade glioma group (15 cases), high-grade glioma group (22 cases) and recurrent glioma group (6 cases), another 10 normal brain tissues were selected as the control group. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-200c in primary and recurrent glioma, Western blotting was used to detect the expression of tumor dryness index (CD133, Nestin) and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin) in various tissues. Result: The miR-200c expression level of each group decreased with the increase of glioma grade, the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The Nestin expression level of each group increased with the increase of glioma grade, the E-cadherin expression level of each group decreased with the increase of glioma grade, the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The expression level of CD133 in high-grade glioma group and recurrent glioma group were significantly higher than those in control group and low-grade glioma group (P<0.05). The expression levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin in high-grade glioma group and recurrent glioma group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and the expression levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin in the recurrent glioma group were significantly higher than those in the low-grade glioma group and the high-grade glioma group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The expression of miR-200c decreased in recurrent and high-grade glioma, and the absence of miR-200c may induce EMT to increase tumor dryness, which may be a potential target for the treatment of high-grade and recurrent glioma.
神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤是成人中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)最常見的原發(fā)性惡性腫瘤,具有發(fā)病率、致死率高的特點(diǎn),其中高級別膠質(zhì)瘤患者的平均生存期僅為12~15個(gè)月[1-2]。目前膠質(zhì)瘤復(fù)發(fā)的機(jī)制仍不明確,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為目前的常規(guī)治療并未能有效地清除膠質(zhì)瘤腫瘤干細(xì)胞(glioma stem cells,GSCs),所以復(fù)發(fā)也就在所難免[3]。有研究證實(shí),腫瘤干細(xì)胞和上皮細(xì)胞間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)之間有密切聯(lián)系[4-5],而MicroRNA(miR)-200c是調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤干細(xì)胞及腫瘤細(xì)胞EMT過程的重要分子[6]。盡管miR-200c在各類腫瘤中均有不同程度的改變,其是否參與膠質(zhì)瘤的復(fù)發(fā)仍需要進(jìn)一步探討。該研究采用RT-PCR方法檢測miR-200c在各級別及復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤中的表達(dá)情況,并通過Western blotting分析EMT相關(guān)分子(E-cadherin、N-cadherin、Vimentin)及腫瘤干性相關(guān)分子(NESTIN、CD133)在各組織樣本中表達(dá)情況,探討miR-200c在復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)放發(fā)展中的作用,為復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤的診治提供前期基礎(chǔ)?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 材料與方法
1.1 標(biāo)本來源及分組 收集2017年1月-2019年12月本院收治的43例膠質(zhì)瘤手術(shù)患者腫瘤切除標(biāo)本,男28例、女15例;年齡<50歲24例、年齡≥50歲19例;腫瘤直徑<5 cm 16例、腫瘤直徑≥5 cm 27例;根據(jù)WHO 2007年中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行組織學(xué)分級:初發(fā)患者中Ⅰ級7例、Ⅱ級8例、Ⅲ級13例、Ⅳ級9例,復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤為二次及多次手術(shù)患者6例(病理均為WHO Ⅳ級)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):所有初發(fā)患者術(shù)前均未進(jìn)行放化療;所有患者術(shù)后均行同步放化療(同步放化療采用直線加速器放療,根據(jù)頭顱MRI定位,采用局部擴(kuò)大放療,總劑量60 Gy,分30次,共6周),口服替莫唑胺75 ms/(m2·d),共42 d。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤術(shù)后未進(jìn)行放化療及術(shù)后病理分級為Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ級的不納入組。另選取同期10例正常腦組織標(biāo)本為對照組,均取自同期因顱腦損傷或腦出血需行內(nèi)減壓術(shù)的患者,術(shù)后病理檢查證實(shí)均為正常腦組織。按照組織學(xué)分級不同將43例膠質(zhì)瘤手術(shù)患者分為低級別膠質(zhì)瘤組(WHO-Ⅰ/Ⅱ級)15例、高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組(WHO-Ⅲ/Ⅳ級)22例、復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組(WHO-Ⅳ級)6例。該研究獲得廣州市第一人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會同意及患者家屬簽字認(rèn)可,操作符合臨床試驗(yàn)倫理規(guī)范。
1.2 RT-PCR法檢測各組miR-200c 常規(guī)Trizol試劑抽提總RNA,無酶水溶解沉淀。紫外分光光度計(jì)測定RNA提取液的A260及A280吸光度值,檢測RNA純度和濃度。逆轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)按轉(zhuǎn)錄miRNA逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒(上海吉瑪生物技術(shù)有限公司)說明書進(jìn)行。反應(yīng)體系:5×RT緩沖液4 μL、1 μmol/L miRNA特異性RT引物1.2 μL、25 mmol/L鎂離子3 μL、10 mmol/L dNTP 0.75 μL、40 U/μL RNA酶抑制劑0.25 μL、200 U/μL MMLV逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶0.2 μL、RNA 1 μg,用無酶水補(bǔ)至20 μL。反應(yīng)條件:25 ℃ 30 min,42 ℃ 30 min,85 ℃ 5 min,4 ℃保存。采用SYBR方法,應(yīng)用Biorad公司的定量PCR儀IQ5進(jìn)行定量PCR反應(yīng),U6作為內(nèi)對照。反應(yīng)體系:2×PCR緩沖液10 μL、5 μmol/L miRNA特異性PCR引物0.4 μL、RT產(chǎn)物1 μL、5 U/μL Taq酶0.2 μL、無酶水加至20 μL。反應(yīng)條件:95 ℃ 3 min,95 ℃ 12 s、62 ℃ 40 s,共40個(gè)循環(huán)。
miR-200c的相對表達(dá)量通過公式2-△Ct計(jì)算,其中,△Ct=miR-200c平均Ct值-U6平均Ct值。
1.3 Western blotting檢測各組相關(guān)分子表達(dá)情
況 裂解液冰上裂解各組組織提取總蛋白,測定蛋白濃度,每孔上樣量為40 μg。按SDS-PAGE凝膠配制試劑盒說明配置10%分離膠,電泳液,140 V電壓電泳1.5 h。按分子量切取相應(yīng)目的條帶,280 MA濕轉(zhuǎn)80 min。封閉液(用1×TBST稀釋的5% BSA)封閉1 h。加入兔抗人Nestin(1︰1 000)、CD133(1︰1 000)、E-cadherin(1︰1 000)、N-cadherin(1︰1 000),鼠抗人Vimentin(1︰100)、β-Actin一抗(1︰500),雜交袋4 ℃孵育過夜。1×TBST洗膜3次,5 min/次。加入山羊抗兔、山羊抗鼠IgG二抗(1︰10 000),室溫孵育1 h。1×TBST洗膜3次,5 min/次。ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光法曝光顯影。以image J分析條帶的灰度值。所需抗體均采購自Abcam公司。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 使用SPSS 22.0軟件對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,多組比較采用單因素方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用LSD檢驗(yàn)或Dunnetts T3檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 各組一般資料比較 各組一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性,見表1。
2.2 各組miR-200c表達(dá)比較 檢測結(jié)果顯示,對照組、低級別膠質(zhì)瘤組、高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組、復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組miR-200c表達(dá)水平分別為(12.327±1.737)、(7.998±0.978)、(1.720±0.315)、(1.279±0.301),組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F=371.890,P=0.000),且各組miR-200c表達(dá)水平隨著膠質(zhì)瘤級別升高逐漸降低,兩兩組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見圖1。
2.3 各組腫瘤干性指標(biāo)表達(dá)比較 Werstern blotting法檢測結(jié)果顯示,各組間CD133、Nestin表達(dá)水平比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組、復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組CD133表達(dá)水平均較對照組、低級別膠質(zhì)瘤組顯著升高,且復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組CD133表達(dá)水平較高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組顯著升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);各組Nestin表達(dá)水平隨著膠質(zhì)瘤級別升高逐漸升高,兩兩組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2、圖2。
2.4 各組EMT相關(guān)分子表達(dá)比較 各組N-cadherin、E-cadherin、Vimentin表達(dá)水平比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);其中高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組、復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組N-cadherin、Vimentin表達(dá)水平均較對照組顯著升高(P<0.05),且復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組N-cadherin、Vimentin表達(dá)水平均較低級別膠質(zhì)瘤組、高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組顯著升高(P<0.05);各組E-cadherin表達(dá)水平隨著膠質(zhì)瘤級別升高逐漸降低,兩兩組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3、圖3。
3 討論
膠質(zhì)瘤是成人常見的顱內(nèi)腫瘤,其中惡性程度高的膠質(zhì)瘤侵襲性強(qiáng),手術(shù)難以完全切除,術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率高,預(yù)后差[7]。而手術(shù)后放、化療等序貫治療還是難以避免膠質(zhì)瘤的復(fù)發(fā),這和腫瘤干細(xì)胞的存在有一定的關(guān)系。腫瘤干細(xì)胞學(xué)說認(rèn)為腫瘤組織或者腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移灶中存在極少且具有無限自我更新能力并可導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生的細(xì)胞-腫瘤干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞(cancer stem like cells,CSLCs)[8]。這類細(xì)胞具有成體干細(xì)胞的某些功能特征,包括自我增殖和多向分化的能力,稱為“干性(stemness)”[9]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤干細(xì)胞在放化療抵抗和腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)過程中起關(guān)鍵作用[10],而目前的常規(guī)治療可能并未能有效地清除這些細(xì)胞,所以復(fù)發(fā)也就在所難免[3]。因此深入探討腫瘤干性與復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤的分子機(jī)制尤為重要。
miR為在真核細(xì)胞生物體中廣泛存在的非編碼小分子單鏈RNA,可以參與調(diào)控膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,并在其侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移過程中起促進(jìn)或抑制作用。因此通過檢測各級別膠質(zhì)瘤組織中miR表達(dá)情況,可對其預(yù)后的判斷提供重要依據(jù)。有研究表明miR-200家族成員(miR-200s)在晚期癌癥中經(jīng)常被沉默。在膠質(zhì)瘤中同樣可見miR-200b的低表達(dá)[11]。文獻(xiàn)[12]報(bào)道,miR-200c在人乳腺腫瘤干細(xì)胞及非致瘤癌細(xì)胞中存在差異性表達(dá),可通過調(diào)節(jié)干細(xì)胞因子BMI1,抑制正常乳腺干細(xì)胞分化為乳腺小管,也可以抑制乳腺癌干細(xì)胞的成瘤能力。miR-200c下調(diào)在乳腺癌細(xì)胞中表達(dá)腫瘤干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物,重新表達(dá)miR-200可逆轉(zhuǎn)腫瘤標(biāo)志物的特點(diǎn)[13]。腫瘤標(biāo)志物表型的主要特點(diǎn)(無黏附力和增加細(xì)胞活力的能力)在目前的研究中都被確定為miR-200c的直接調(diào)控[14]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,各組miR-200c表達(dá)水平隨著膠質(zhì)瘤級別升高逐漸降低,兩組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),提示miR-200c在正常腦組織中的表達(dá)情況明顯高于膠質(zhì)瘤組織,且miR-200c的表達(dá)情況與膠質(zhì)瘤的級別呈負(fù)相關(guān)趨勢,特別是在復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤中其表達(dá)經(jīng)常被沉默。說明了在生長活躍、惡性程度高的膠質(zhì)瘤中miR-200c水平明顯下降。
另一方面,miR不僅能參與調(diào)控膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,并對正常胚胎干細(xì)胞的自我更新能力以及細(xì)胞分化能力起著重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。目前越來越多的研究表明,EMT參與腫瘤的侵襲及遷移并與腫瘤細(xì)胞的干細(xì)胞特征密切相關(guān)。EMT通過改變腫瘤的微環(huán)境使腫瘤細(xì)胞獲得干細(xì)胞特性[15-18],并在腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、治療抵抗和再復(fù)發(fā)中起關(guān)鍵作用[4-5]。同樣miR-200家族成員(miR-200s)亦參與了EMT過程。miR-200抑制EMT,上皮細(xì)胞獲得遷移、侵襲和間質(zhì)細(xì)胞抗凋亡的能力。筆者研究了miR-200c是否調(diào)節(jié)通過調(diào)節(jié)EMT過程從而通過影響腫瘤干性調(diào)控膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展及復(fù)發(fā)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在EMT的過程中伴隨著上皮標(biāo)記分子E-cadherin的下調(diào)和間充質(zhì)標(biāo)記分子N-cadherin的上調(diào)。本研究檢測EMT相關(guān)分子(E-cadherin、N-cadherin、Vimentin)及腫瘤干性相關(guān)分子(NESTIN、CD133)在各組織樣本中表達(dá)情況,結(jié)果顯示,高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組、復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組CD133表達(dá)水平均較對照組、低級別膠質(zhì)瘤組顯著升高,且復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組CD133表達(dá)水平較高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組顯著升高,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);各組Nestin表達(dá)水平隨著膠質(zhì)瘤級別升高逐漸升高,E-cadherin表達(dá)水平隨著膠質(zhì)瘤級別升高逐漸降低,兩兩組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組、復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組N-cadherin、Vimentin表達(dá)水平均較對照組顯著升高(P<0.05),且復(fù)發(fā)膠質(zhì)瘤組N-cadherin、Vimentin表達(dá)水平均較低級別膠質(zhì)瘤組、高級別膠質(zhì)瘤組顯著升高(P<0.05)。上述結(jié)果與EMT的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程相關(guān)一致,且與本研究中腫瘤干性指標(biāo)及miR-200c表達(dá)趨勢相一致,且Siebzehnrubl等[19]指出在膠質(zhì)瘤和正常腦組織中可出現(xiàn)N-cadherin的明顯升高。上述結(jié)果提示,復(fù)發(fā)及高級別膠質(zhì)瘤Vimentin表達(dá)明顯增高、E-cadherin表達(dá)明顯減少,的確有EMT的發(fā)生;但在低級別膠質(zhì)瘤中,相比正常組織,EMT標(biāo)記分子變化不明顯,表明在低級別膠質(zhì)瘤中EMT不是其侵襲、遷移的主要特征。
綜上所述,復(fù)發(fā)及高級別膠質(zhì)瘤比起正常組織及低級別膠質(zhì)瘤,腫瘤細(xì)胞干性明顯增強(qiáng),并有明確的EMT發(fā)生,且miR-200c表達(dá)水平也同各分子表達(dá)呈線性相關(guān)趨勢。證實(shí)了miR-200c參與調(diào)控了復(fù)發(fā)及惡性膠質(zhì)瘤EMT發(fā)生,并調(diào)控了其腫瘤細(xì)胞的干性,這三者緊密聯(lián)系,可能是膠質(zhì)瘤復(fù)發(fā)的重要原因之一。miR-200c一方面可以調(diào)控EMT發(fā)生,另一方面調(diào)控腫瘤細(xì)胞的干性,可以認(rèn)為是EMT和腫瘤干細(xì)胞的樞紐調(diào)控分子。但對于其中調(diào)控的分子機(jī)制仍有待進(jìn)一步的研究,從而尋找一條治療膠質(zhì)瘤的新道路。
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(收稿日期:2020-03-05) (本文編輯:董悅)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2020年12期