崔俊濤 宋寧 謝俊霞
[摘要] 目的 研究鐵負載試劑枸櫞酸鐵(FAC)和鐵螯合試劑去鐵胺(DFO)對脂多糖(LPS)誘導的BV2小膠質(zhì)細胞中脂質(zhì)運載蛋白2(Lcn2)表達的影響。方法 為觀察鐵負載對Lcn2的影響,實驗分為對照組、FAC組、LPS組、FAC+LPS組,對照組給予細胞培養(yǎng)液,F(xiàn)AC組與LPS組分別給予FAC或LPS處理24 h,F(xiàn)AC+LPS組給予FAC預處理4 h后應用LPS處理24 h。為觀察鐵螯合對Lcn2的影響,實驗分為對照組、DFO組、LPS組、DFO+LPS組,對照組給予細胞培養(yǎng)液,DFO組與LPS組分別給予DFO或LPS處理24 h,DFO+LPS組給予DFO預處理4 h后應用LPS處理24 h。免疫印跡法檢測各組Lcn2蛋白表達。結(jié)果 與對照組比較,F(xiàn)AC不影響Lcn2蛋白表達水平(F=3.394,P>0.05),F(xiàn)AC預處理對LPS誘導的Lcn2蛋白表達上調(diào)沒有影響(F=4.182,P>0.05);DFO不影響Lcn2蛋白表達水平(F=0.575,P>0.05),DFO預處理對LPS誘導的Lcn2蛋白的表達也沒有影響(F=0.454,P>0.05)。結(jié)論 細胞內(nèi)鐵狀態(tài)改變對LPS誘導的Lcn2蛋白表達上調(diào)無明顯影響。
[關鍵詞] 小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細胞;脂籠蛋白質(zhì)2;神經(jīng)原性感染;鐵
[中圖分類號] R338 ?[文獻標志碼] A ?[文章編號] 2096-5532(2020)02-0133-04
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.095 [開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡出版] http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200519.1434.008.html;2020-05-19 17:26
[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the effects of the iron reagent ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) and the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) on the expression of lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) in BV2 microglial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods For observing the effect of iron loading on Lcn2 expression, BV2 cells were divided into control group, FAC group, LPS group, and FAC+LPS group to be treated with cell culture medium, FAC for 24 h, LPS for 24 h, and FAC for 4 h followed by LPS treatment for 24 h, respectively. For observing the effect of iron chelation on Lcn2 expression, BV2 cells were divided into control group, DFO group, LPS group, and DFO+LPS group to be treated with cell culture medium, DFO for 24 h, LPS for 24 h, and DFO for 4 h followed by LPS treatment for 24 h, respectively. The Lcn2 protein level was determined by immunoblotting. ?Results Compared with the control group, FAC had no significant effect on Lcn2 protein expression (F=3.394,P>0.05); LPS upregulated its expression, and FAC pre-treatment failed to significantly alter the upregulation (F=4.182,P>0.05). DFO produced no significant change in Lcn2 protein expression (F=0.575,P>0.05), nor in LPS-induced Lcn2 upregulation (F=0.454,P>0.05). ?Conclusion Alteration of intracellular iron status has no effect on LPS-induced Lcn2 upregulation.
[KEY WORDS] microglia; lipocalin 2; neurogenic inflammation; iron
炎癥與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)損傷和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病有關,包括腦卒中、阿爾茨海默病、帕金森病和多發(fā)性硬化癥等[1-4]。脂質(zhì)運載蛋白-2(Lcn2)是一種分子量為25 000的糖蛋白,是脂質(zhì)運載蛋白家族的2號成員。Lcn2在細胞死亡、存活、遷移、入侵和鐵的傳遞等多種細胞進程中發(fā)揮不同的調(diào)節(jié)作用[5-6]。當機體處于炎癥狀態(tài)時,Lcn2被高度上調(diào),在調(diào)節(jié)肝臟和大腦巨噬細胞活化中發(fā)揮作用[7-8]。已有研究結(jié)果顯示,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的神經(jīng)元、膠質(zhì)細胞均是Lcn2的細胞來源[9-10]。尤其是在膠質(zhì)細胞中,Lcn2在腦出血、脊髓損傷、慢性炎癥性疼痛和缺血性腦卒中表達上調(diào),參與疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展[11-13]。鐵是大腦中最豐富的氧化還原活性金屬,鐵代謝失調(diào)與多種神經(jīng)退行性疾病的發(fā)病有關[14]。在帕金森病(PD)中,鐵沉積和炎癥反應均參與多巴胺能神經(jīng)元的選擇性損傷。然而,細胞內(nèi)鐵負載或鐵螯合對炎癥狀態(tài)下Lcn2蛋白表達的影響未見報道。本研究用脂多糖(LPS)處理BV2小膠質(zhì)細胞,觀察鐵負載以及鐵螯合狀態(tài)對LPS誘導的BV2小膠質(zhì)細胞Lcn2蛋白表達的影響。
1 材料和方法
1.1 實驗材料
BV2小膠質(zhì)細胞購于中國科學院上海細胞庫;DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)液、胎牛血清(FBS)均購于以色列Biological Industries(BI)公司;枸櫞酸鐵胺(FAC)、去鐵胺(DFO)、LPS購于美國Sigma公司;β-actin抗體購于北京博奧森公司;Lcn2抗體購于美國R&D SYSTEM公司;HRP-IGg標記的二抗購于英國abcam公司;PVDF膜、ECL發(fā)光液均購于美國Millipore公司;其他試劑均為國產(chǎn)分析純。
1.2 實驗分組及處理
將細胞以2×104/cm2密度接種于6孔板,每孔加入2 mL細胞混懸液培養(yǎng)。以60%~70%細胞融合用于實驗。為觀察鐵負載對Lcn2蛋白表達的影響,將細胞隨機分為對照組、FAC組、LPS組、FAC+LPS組,F(xiàn)AC組、LPS組先加入細胞培養(yǎng)液,4 h后更換為100 μmol/L FAC或1 mg/L LPS處理24 h;FAC+LPS組先加100 μmol/L FAC預處理,4 h后更換為1 mg/L LPS處理24 h。為觀察鐵螯合對Lcn2的影響,將細胞隨機分為對照組、DFO組、LPS組、DFO+LPS組,DFO組、LPS組先加入細胞培養(yǎng)液,4 h以后更換為100 μmol/L DFO或1 mg/L LPS繼續(xù)處理24 h;DFO+LPS組先加入100 μmol/L DFO預處理,4 h后更換為1 mg/L LPS處理24 h。所有對照組均應用無血清細胞培養(yǎng)液處理。
1.3 蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡實驗檢測Lcn2蛋白表達
藥物處理結(jié)束后,收集6孔板內(nèi)細胞蛋白,使用BCA蛋白定量試劑盒檢測蛋白濃度,按照每孔總蛋白20 μg計算上樣量,應用SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳(80 V、40 min,120 V、90 min),然后使用電轉(zhuǎn)儀(300 mA、90 min)濕轉(zhuǎn)到0.22 μm 的PVDF膜上,加入50 g/L脫脂奶粉于室溫搖床孵育2 h,加入Lcn2(1∶1 000)和β-actin(1∶5 000)一抗于4 ℃搖床孵育過夜,24 h后分別加入山羊抗兔(1∶5 000)、兔抗山羊(1∶5 000)的HRP-IgG二抗室溫孵育1 h,然后用TBST溶液洗3次,每次10 min,ECL發(fā)光液顯影后用Image J軟件分析Lcn2 蛋白表達。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學處理
應用SPSS 22.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計學處理,計量資料結(jié)果以±s表示,多因素影響的組間比較采用析因設計的方差分析。以P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié) ?果
2.1 FAC對LPS誘導的Lcn2蛋白表達的影響
對照組、FAC組、LPS組、FAC+LPS組Lcn2蛋白表達水平分別為0.747±0.099、0.756±0.062、1.095±0.095和0.937±0.102(n=6)。析因設計方差分析顯示,F(xiàn)AC和LPS兩種因素不存在交互作用(F=4.182,P>0.05),因此分析FAC、LPS單獨對Lcn2蛋白表達的影響。FAC處理后,Lcn2蛋白表達不變(F=3.394,P>0.05);LPS處理后,Lcn2蛋白的表達則明顯上調(diào),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=42.204,P<0.05)。
2.2 DFO對LPS誘導的Lcn2蛋白表達的影響
對照組、DFO組、LPS組、DFO+LPS組Lcn2蛋白表達水平分別為0.725±0.169、0.739±0.272、1.207±0.232和1.068±0.223(n=6)。析因設計方差分析顯示,DFO和LPS兩種因素不存在交互作用(F=0.454,P>0.05),因此分析FAC、LPS單獨對Lcn2蛋白表達的影響。DFO處理后,Lcn2蛋白表達不變(F=0.575,P>0.05);LPS處理后,Lcn2蛋白的表達則明顯上調(diào),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(F=16.579,P<0.05)。
3 討 ?論
Lcn2為中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的炎癥蛋白和鐵調(diào)節(jié)因子,參與神經(jīng)退行性疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。在生理條件下,正常大腦Lcn2蛋白表達非常低。然而,損傷或炎癥可顯著上調(diào)Lcn2表達,并可能對鐵的穩(wěn)態(tài)產(chǎn)生調(diào)節(jié)作用[15-16]。Lcn2有兩種細胞受體:第1種是megalin,它屬于一種多配體內(nèi)吞受體,主要由腎臟上皮細胞表達以促進腎臟Lcn2的重吸收;第2種是24p3R,屬于有機陽離子轉(zhuǎn)運家族,在許多組織中表達,并以特別高的水平存在于腎上皮細胞、巨噬細胞、中性粒細胞、小膠質(zhì)細胞、星形膠質(zhì)細胞和神經(jīng)元中[17-18]。在LPS誘導的炎癥模型中,LPS誘導中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)分泌的Lcn2作為激活星形膠質(zhì)細胞和小膠質(zhì)細胞的輔助信號,促進腦卒中和腦損傷后的神經(jīng)血管修復,并對膿毒癥所致的腦損傷和行為改變發(fā)揮抗炎作用[19-20]。還有研究顯示,Lcn2能誘導促炎細胞因子以及誘導型一氧化氮合酶分泌,這可能會造成繼發(fā)性損傷并阻礙其恢復[11]。對PD動物模型研究顯示,黑質(zhì)中上調(diào)的Lcn2能促進神經(jīng)毒性和神經(jīng)炎癥,并導致黑質(zhì)紋狀體多巴胺能投射的損傷和小鼠運動行為異常[21]。本文研究結(jié)果也證實,促炎因素LPS在BV2小膠質(zhì)細胞中能誘導Lcn2表達上調(diào)。
鐵是大腦中最豐富的氧化還原活性金屬,是各種生理過程的必需微量元素,包括氧轉(zhuǎn)運(通過血紅蛋白)、氧化還原反應、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)合成、髓鞘產(chǎn)生和許多線粒體功能。但是,由于鐵易于釋放電子并產(chǎn)生活性氧(ROS),過多的鐵蓄積會導致氧化應激和鐵死亡,過量的鐵還能導致線粒體功能障礙,激活星形膠質(zhì)細胞和小膠質(zhì)細胞,這是PD病人多巴胺能神經(jīng)元易感性的重要原因之一[22]。大量研究顯示,PD病人存在鐵代謝異常[23-24]。而鐵螯合療法通過降低不穩(wěn)定的鐵的水平能預防和治療PD小鼠模型[25]。本實驗室前期研究結(jié)果表明,中腦神經(jīng)元應用FAC處理4 h或以上時間,細胞內(nèi)鐵含量明顯增加,表現(xiàn)為細胞內(nèi)鐵蛋白水平明顯上調(diào);應用DFO處理4 h或以上時間,細胞內(nèi)鐵含量明顯降低,表現(xiàn)為鐵蛋白水平明顯下調(diào)[26]。有報道指出:當使用外源性鐵處理MPTP小鼠時,Lcn2誘導的體內(nèi)神經(jīng)毒性增加;但當使用DFO處理時,Lcn2誘導的神經(jīng)毒性降低[21]。因此我們推測,抑制Lcn2的表達或活性可能有助于保護成人大腦中的SN-Str多巴胺能系統(tǒng)。本文研究結(jié)果還顯示,無論是FAC還是DFO處理對Lcn2蛋白的表達均無影響,說明細胞內(nèi)鐵含量不影響Lcn2表達。此外,本文結(jié)果還顯示,無論是鐵負載還是鐵螯合,對LPS誘導的Lcn2蛋白表達上調(diào)均無影響。Lcn2基因表達主要控制在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平。核因子-κB(NF-κB)是Lcn2基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的最重要調(diào)節(jié)因子。由于腦損傷不可避免地伴隨著炎癥反應,NF-κB作為炎癥信號通路的主要調(diào)節(jié)因子,發(fā)揮了上調(diào)Lcn2基因表達的作用。由于神經(jīng)元NF-κB活性最小,因此NF-κB依賴的Lcn2基因在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)膠質(zhì)細胞中的表達占主導地位[27]。NF-κB通過與Lcn2基因啟動子區(qū)結(jié)合而激活Lcn2的表達,因此抑制NF-κB通路可明顯降低Lcn2的表達[27-29]。推測雖然LPS本身可通過NF-κB途徑激活Lcn2表達,但由于小膠質(zhì)細胞對鐵的緩沖能力較強,因此不會增加LPS對Lcn2的調(diào)控作用。但在長期處于高鐵水平的在體狀態(tài)下,鐵是否會改變炎癥誘導的Lcn2表達上調(diào)需要進一步研究。
綜上所述,在BV2小膠質(zhì)細胞中,無論是鐵負載、鐵螯合本身還是預處理對促炎因素LPS誘導的Lcn2蛋白表達均無明顯影響。本實驗為Lcn2在細胞內(nèi)鐵狀態(tài)和炎癥狀態(tài)改變時的表達調(diào)控提供了一定的實驗依據(jù)。
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(本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))