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載脂蛋白D對(duì)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元的保護(hù)作用

2020-06-08 10:18戴瑩瑩閻春玲畢明霞焦倩杜希恂姜宏
關(guān)鍵詞:帕金森病

戴瑩瑩 閻春玲 畢明霞 焦倩 杜希恂 姜宏

[摘要] 目的 探討載脂蛋白D (Apo D)對(duì)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元保護(hù)作用。方法 首先觀察25~500 μmol/L的1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶陽(yáng)離子(MPP+)對(duì)MES23.5細(xì)胞存活率的影響,確定最佳造模濃度;在此基礎(chǔ)上觀察2~32 nmol/L Apo D預(yù)處理對(duì)200 μmol/L的MPP+誘導(dǎo)的MES23.5細(xì)胞存活率的影響。結(jié)果 與MPP+處理組相比,8 nmol/L Apo D預(yù)處理可明顯拮抗MPP+誘導(dǎo)的MES23.5細(xì)胞存活率的降低,差異有顯著性(F=85.06,P<0.01)。結(jié)論 外源性Apo D可拮抗多巴胺能神經(jīng)元損傷并發(fā)揮其保護(hù)作用,這為PD的防治提供新的思路。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 帕金森病;載脂蛋白D類;多巴胺能神經(jīng)元

[中圖分類號(hào)] R742.5 ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A ?[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2020)02-0140-03

doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.093 [開(kāi)放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]

[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200519.1433.005.html;2020-05-20 08:59

[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the protective effect of apolipoprotein D (Apo D) on dopaminergic neurons. Methods First, the effect of 25-500 μmol/L 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridiniumion (MPP+) on the survival rate of MES23.5 cells was observed to find the optimal modeling concentration. Then on this basis, the effect of 2-32 nmol/L Apo D pre-treatment on the survival rate of MES23.5 cells induced by 200 μmol/L MPP+ was observed. ?Results Compared with the MPP+ treatment group, 8 nmol/L Apo D pre-treatment could significantly antagonize MPP+-induced decrease in the survival rate of MES23.5 cells (F=85.06,P<0.01). ?Conclusion Exogenous Apo D can antagonize dopaminergic neuronal injury and exert a protective effect, which provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of Parkinsons disease.

[KEY WORDS] Parkinson disease; apolipoproteins D; dopaminergic neurons

帕金森?。≒D)是一種多發(fā)于中老年人中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的退行性疾病,主要臨床癥狀為靜止性震顫、肌僵直、運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩和姿勢(shì)反射性障礙等[1-2]。PD的主要病理特征是中腦黑質(zhì)(SN)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元選擇性缺失,殘存的神經(jīng)元內(nèi)出現(xiàn)以α-突觸核蛋白(α-Syn)異常聚集為主形成的路易小體(LBs)[3-4]。PD的病因尚未明確,與氧化應(yīng)激、自由基形成、金屬動(dòng)態(tài)平衡和線粒體功能障礙相關(guān)的機(jī)制都有涉及[5]。最近的研究表明,PD轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠大腦膽固醇水平升高,而載脂蛋白參與膽固醇穩(wěn)態(tài)的維持,載脂蛋白與PD之間可能存在聯(lián)系[6-8]。載脂蛋白D(Apo D)是載脂蛋白家族的成員之一[9],在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中,Apo D主要由星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生和分泌,為在衰老的大腦、神經(jīng)退行性疾病和精神疾病中始終過(guò)量表達(dá)的少數(shù)基因之一[10-11]。研究表明,轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠Apo D過(guò)表達(dá)導(dǎo)致其對(duì)氧化應(yīng)激的抗性增強(qiáng)[12-15]。相反,小鼠、植物和果蠅中的Apo D失活導(dǎo)致氧化抗性降低,從而降低其存活率[13,16-19]。那么,Apo D對(duì)PD病理細(xì)胞模型是否具有保護(hù)作用呢?本研究探討Apo D對(duì)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元的作用,以期為PD的防治提供新的思路。

1 材料與方法

1.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)

將MES23.5細(xì)胞在含有體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.05的胎牛血清和100 kU/L青霉素和鏈霉素的DMEM-F12(Gibco,USA)培養(yǎng)液中培養(yǎng)。細(xì)胞以1×105/cm2的密度接種在平板中,生長(zhǎng)到70%~80%融合度,將細(xì)胞分為4組。①對(duì)照組:與ddH2O預(yù)孵育48 h;②MPP+處理組:與ddH2O預(yù)孵育24 h,然后加入200 μmol/L MPP+孵育24 h;③Apo D處理組:與2~32 nmol/L Apo D(Biovendor,USA)共孵育48 h;④Apo D-MPP+組:與2~32 nmol/L ApoD預(yù)孵育24 h,然后與200 μmol/L MPP+孵育24 h。

1.2 細(xì)胞活力測(cè)定

應(yīng)用3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2)-2,5-二苯基四氮唑溴鹽(MTT)測(cè)定法測(cè)定細(xì)胞活力。各組細(xì)胞經(jīng)處理后,將培養(yǎng)基換成最終濃度為5 g/L的MTT溶液,37 ℃條件下放置4 h。棄去培養(yǎng)基,向各孔加入100 μL DMSO,于搖床震蕩10 min至晶體完全溶解,使用酶標(biāo)儀(Molecular Device,USA)分別檢測(cè)494 nm和630 nm波長(zhǎng)處吸光度(A)值,計(jì)算各組細(xì)胞存活率。細(xì)胞存活率=實(shí)驗(yàn)組吸光度均值(A494-A630)/陰性對(duì)照組吸光度均值(A494-A630)×100%。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

應(yīng)用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料結(jié)果以±s表示。多組均數(shù)的比較采用單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),繼以 Tukey方法進(jìn)行兩兩均數(shù)間的比較。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié) ?果

2.1 不同濃度MPP+誘導(dǎo)的MES23.5細(xì)胞存活率比較

MES23.5細(xì)胞經(jīng)25~500 μmol/L的MPP+預(yù)處理24 h后,MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞活力結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。與對(duì)照組比較,25~500 μmol/L MPP+處理組細(xì)胞存活率降低(F=52.90,P<0.001),其中200 μmol/L處理組細(xì)胞的存活率降低了34.6%(P<0.001)??紤]到200 μmol/L MPP+是引起細(xì)胞損傷的最低濃度,因此選擇將其用于后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。

2.2 Apo D處理對(duì)MPP+誘導(dǎo)的MES23.5細(xì)胞存活率降低的影響

使用2~32 nmol/L濃度范圍的Apo D預(yù)處理24 h,可以拮抗MPP+誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性(F=13.20,P<0.001),并在8 nmol/L發(fā)揮其最大的保護(hù)作用(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。不同濃度的Apo D處理沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞毒性作用(F=4.06,P<0.001)。見(jiàn)表3。因此,Apo D預(yù)處理對(duì)MPP+處理的MES23.5細(xì)胞具有保護(hù)作用。

3 討 ?論

有研究顯示,Apo D在神經(jīng)退行性疾病中上調(diào),延長(zhǎng)了壽命并增加了果蠅的抗逆性[14]。PD病人的SN中Apo D也增加[20],這意味著PD病人腦中Apo D與PD有關(guān)。Apo D可自由通過(guò)血-腦脊液屏障。有研究顯示,2、4、8 nmol/L Apo D可拮抗PQ處理的原代星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞存活率的降低[12]。那么,外源給予Apo D對(duì)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元是否發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用呢?本研究結(jié)果顯示,Apo D預(yù)孵育可以拮抗MPP+誘導(dǎo)的MES23.5細(xì)胞存活率的降低,說(shuō)明Apo D對(duì)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元具有保護(hù)作用;其保護(hù)作用與濃度有關(guān),以8 nmol/L濃度保護(hù)作用最大。而單獨(dú)給予不同濃度Apo D處理MES23.5細(xì)胞的存活率沒(méi)有變化,說(shuō)明外源性使用Apo D對(duì)細(xì)胞沒(méi)有毒性作用。因此,推測(cè)臨床使用Apo D應(yīng)該是安全的,這為Apo D的臨床應(yīng)用提供了基礎(chǔ)。

MPP+可以通過(guò)多巴胺再攝取系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入細(xì)胞,并抑制線粒體呼吸鏈的復(fù)合體Ⅰ產(chǎn)生氧化應(yīng)激,線粒體功能障礙和氧化應(yīng)激引起的多巴胺能神經(jīng)元變性是PD的重要特征[21]。研究表明,Apo D在轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠中的過(guò)度表達(dá)可使其對(duì)氧化應(yīng)激的抗性增強(qiáng)[12]。由此我們推測(cè), Apo D對(duì)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元的保護(hù)作用可能與其抗氧化應(yīng)激有關(guān)。

總之,Apo D對(duì)MPP+誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒性具有拮抗作用,從而保護(hù)多巴胺能神經(jīng)元免受氧化應(yīng)激的損傷,Apo D可能對(duì)PD的治療具有臨床意義。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

[1] ELKOUZI A. VEDAM-MAI V, EISINGER R S. Emerging therapies in Parkinson disease-repurposed drugs and new approaches[J]. Natural Review Neurology, 2019,15(4):204-223.

[2] OPARA J, MALECKI A, MALECKA E, et al. Motor assessment in Parkinsons disease[J]. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine: AAEM, 2017,24(3):411-415.

[3] CHEN Bingbing, WEN Xiaoming, JIANG Hong, et al. Inte-ractions between iron and alpha-synuclein pathology in Parkinsons disease [J]. Free Radical biology and Medicine, 2019,141:253-260.

[4] FU H J, HARDY J, DUFF K. Selective vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases [J]. Nature neuroscience, 2018,21(10):1350-1358.

[5] SHEIKH S, SAFIA, HAQUE E, et al. Neurodegenerative diseases: multifactorial conformational diseases and their the-rapeutic interventions [J]. Journal of Neurodegenerative Diseases, 2013, 2013:563481.

[6] VARKEY J, ISAS J M, MIZUNO N, et al. Membrane curvature induction and tubulation are common features of synuc-leins and apolipoproteins[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2010,285(42):32486-32493.

[7] EMAMZADEH F N. Role of apolipoproteins and alpha-Synuclein in Parkinsons disease[J]. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, 2017,62(3/4):344-355.

[8] KOOB A O, UBHI K, PAULSSON J F, et al. Lovastatin ameliorates alpha-synuclein accumulation and oxidation in transgenic mouse models of alpha-synucleinopathies[J]. Experimental Neurology, 2010,221(2):267-274.

[9] RASSART E, BEDIRIAN A, DO CARMO S, et al. Apolipoprotein D[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2000,1482(1/2):185-198.

[10] DASSATI S, WALDNER A, SCHWEIGREITER R. Apolipoprotein D takes center stage in the stress response of the aging and degenerative brain[J]. Neurobiology of Aging, 2014,35(7):1632-1642.

[11] MANGANO E N, HAYLEY S. Inflammatory priming of the substantia nigra influences the impact of later paraquat exposure: neuroimmune sensitization of neurodegeneration[J]. Neurobiology of Aging, 2009,30(9):1361-1378.

[12] BAJO-GRANERAS R, GANFORNINA M D, MARTINTEJEDOR E, et al. Apolipoprotein D mediates autocrine protection of astrocytes and controls their reactivity level, contributing to the functional maintenance of Paraquat-Challenged dopaminergic systems[J]. Glia, 2011,59(10):1551-1566.

[13] CHARRON J B, OUELLET F, HOUDE M, et al. The plant apolipoprotein D ortholog protects arabidopsis against oxidative stress [J]. BMC Plant Biology, 2008,8:86.

[14] MUFFAT J. WALKER D W, BENZER S. Human Apo D, an apolipoprotein up-regulated in neurodegenerative diseases, extends lifespan and increases stress resistance in drosophila[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008,105(19):7088-7093.

[15] DO CARMO S, JACOMY H, TALBOT P J, et al. Neuroprotective effect of apolipoprotein D against human coronavirus OC43-induced encephalitis in mice[J]. Journal of Neuroscience, 2008,28(41):10330-10338.

[16] GANFORNINA M D, DO CARMO S, MARTINEZ E, et al. Apo D, a Glia-Derived apolipoprotein, is required for periphe-ral nerve functional integrity and a timely response to injury[J]. Glia, 2010,58(11):1320-1334.

[17] GANFORNINA M D, DO CARMO S, LORA J M, et al. Apolipoprotein D is involved in the mechanisms regulating protection from oxidative stress[J]. Aging Cell, 2008,7(4):506-515.

[18] SANCHEZ D, LOPEZ A, TORROJA L, et al. Loss of glial lazarillo, a homolog of apolipoprotein D,reduces lifespan and stress resistance in drosophila[J]. Current Biology: CB, 2006,16(7):680-686.

[19] GLASS C K, SAIJO K, WINNER B, et al. Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration[J]. Cell, 2010,140(6):918-934.

[20] ORDONEZ C, NAVARRO A, PEREZ C, et al. Apolipoprotein D expression in substantia nigra of Parkinson disease[J]. Histology and Histopathology, 2006,21(4):361-366.

[21] SHEN Xiaoli, SONG Ning, DU Xixun, et al. Nesfatin-1 protects dopaminergic neurons against MPP(+)/MPTP-induced neurotoxicity through the C-Raf-ERK1/2-dependent anti-apoptotic pathway [J]. Scientific Reports, 2017,7:40961.

(本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))

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