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連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理在重度子癇前期患者中的應(yīng)用

2020-06-29 07:37張婉玲劉群艷馮遠(yuǎn)衍
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2020年13期
關(guān)鍵詞:收縮壓心理狀態(tài)妊娠結(jié)局

張婉玲 劉群艷 馮遠(yuǎn)衍

[摘要]目的 探討連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理在重度子癇前期患者中應(yīng)用效果。方法 選取2019年1~8月我院收治的重度子癇前期80例患者作為研究對(duì)象,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組(n=40)與觀察組(n=40)。對(duì)照組采用常規(guī)護(hù)理,觀察組采用連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理。比較兩組妊娠結(jié)局、血壓水平及護(hù)理滿意度,使用焦慮自評(píng)量表(SAS)、抑郁自評(píng)量表(SDS)評(píng)估兩組心理狀態(tài)。結(jié)果 觀察組的母嬰并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組干預(yù)后收縮壓、舒張壓低于干預(yù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),觀察組干預(yù)后收縮壓和舒張壓低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組干預(yù)后SAS、SDS評(píng)分低于干預(yù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組干預(yù)后SAS、SDS低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組護(hù)理總滿意度高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 施予重度子癇前期患者連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理,能降低母嬰并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,并利于緩解患者負(fù)面情緒,控制血壓水平,提升護(hù)理滿意度,具有良好應(yīng)用價(jià)值。

[關(guān)鍵詞]重度子癇前期;連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理;妊娠結(jié)局;收縮壓;舒張壓;心理狀態(tài);護(hù)理滿意度

[中圖分類號(hào)] R473.71? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)5(a)-0196-04

Application of continuous intensive meticulous nursing in patients with severe preeclampsia

ZHANG Wan-ling? ?LIU Qun-yan? ?FENG Yuan-yan

Department of Obstetrics, Songshan Lake Central Hospital of Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, Dongguan? ?510530, China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of continuous meticulous nursing in patients with severe preeclampsia. Methods Eighty patients with severe preeclampsia treated in our hospital from January to August 2019 were selected as the research objects. They were divided into the control group (n=40) and the observation group (n=40) according to the random number table method. The control group was used routine nursing, the observation group adopted continuous meticulous nursing. Pregnancy outcomes, blood pressure levels, and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups, and the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-depression rating scale (SDS) were used to assess the mental status of the two groups. Results The total incidence of maternal and infant complications in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure after the intervention in the two groups were lower than before the intervention, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were lower than those of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The SAS and SDS scores of the two groups after intervention were lower than those before the intervention, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The SAS and SDS of the observation group after the intervention were lower than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The overall nursing satisfaction in the observation group was higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Continuous and detailed nursing for patients with severe pre-eclampsia can reduce the incidence of maternal and infant complications, and help alleviate patients′ negative emotions, control blood pressure levels, and improve nursing satisfaction, which has good application value.

[Key words] Severe preeclampsia; Continuous detailed nursing; Pregnancy outcome; Systolic blood pressure; Diastolic blood pressure; Mental state; Nursing satisfaction

妊娠期子癇前期為血壓異常升高的一種狀態(tài),多數(shù)患者可出現(xiàn)尿蛋白[1]。臨床治療重度子癇前期以藥物治療為主,但藥物易導(dǎo)致妊娠患者出現(xiàn)諸多不良反應(yīng),加之部分患者缺乏疾病認(rèn)知,易產(chǎn)生擔(dān)憂、焦慮等負(fù)面心理,而致使病情加劇,增加母嬰不良結(jié)局發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2-3]。護(hù)理是治療的重要輔助方式,通過(guò)護(hù)理干預(yù)緩解患者負(fù)面情緒,降低母嬰不良結(jié)局發(fā)生率,已成為婦產(chǎn)科工作重要部分。目前臨床實(shí)施傳統(tǒng)護(hù)理注重執(zhí)行醫(yī)囑,并予以患者口頭健康宣教,護(hù)理內(nèi)容不全面,無(wú)法滿足患者實(shí)際需求。連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理是在傳統(tǒng)護(hù)理基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)各個(gè)護(hù)理環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行細(xì)致劃分,明確潛在護(hù)理問(wèn)題后加以調(diào)整、優(yōu)化,以達(dá)到滿足患者各方面需求的目的[4]。本研究將連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理用于重度子癇前期患者,旨在分析患者應(yīng)用效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1資料與方法

1.1一般資料

選取2019年1~8月我院收治的80例重度子癇前期患者作為研究對(duì)象,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組(n=40)與觀察組(n=40)。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審核通過(guò)。觀察組中,年齡23~38歲,平均(30.01±3.12)歲;孕齡34~39周,平均36.13±0.44)周。對(duì)照組中,年齡21~38歲,平均(30.16±3.27)歲;孕齡33~39周,平均(36.23±0.30)周。兩組的一般資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

1.2納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):經(jīng)血尿常規(guī)、肝腎功能檢查確診為重度子癇前期[5];有上腹不適、頭痛、眼花等疾病典型癥狀;患者及家屬知情同意。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):近兩周用溴隱亭等藥物;其他妊娠并發(fā)癥者;有精神病史;原發(fā)性高血壓,或家族高血壓遺傳史。

1.3方法

對(duì)照組采用常規(guī)護(hù)理?;颊呷朐簳r(shí)予以疾病健康宣教,合理安排飲食、日?;顒?dòng)等。觀察組給予連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理,具體措施如下。①成立細(xì)致化護(hù)理小組:成員包括責(zé)任護(hù)士、護(hù)理人員、心理師;開(kāi)展細(xì)致化護(hù)理培訓(xùn)會(huì),對(duì)護(hù)理知識(shí)、護(hù)理技能、疾病知識(shí)等進(jìn)行加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)。患者入院時(shí)詳細(xì)記錄病情資料,并發(fā)放健康知識(shí)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查表,了解患者對(duì)疾病、基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理等知識(shí)認(rèn)知情況;根據(jù)結(jié)果制定針對(duì)性干預(yù)措施。②心理疏導(dǎo)及健康教育:告知患者情緒起伏易引起血壓升高,使其了解良好心態(tài)對(duì)控制血壓益處,告知家屬在患者服用降壓藥期需在旁陪同,預(yù)防發(fā)生意外;健康教育內(nèi)容包括妊娠重度子癇前期識(shí)別方式、孕期體重管理、孕期營(yíng)養(yǎng)等。③環(huán)境護(hù)理:定期打掃、消毒病房,每日開(kāi)窗2次,每次30 min,將病房溫度調(diào)至18~22℃,濕度調(diào)至50%~60%。④飲食護(hù)理:指導(dǎo)患者合理飲食,每日食鹽<3 g,蛋白質(zhì)攝入量需>80 g;為其制定三高一低食譜,即高蛋白、高鉀、高鈣、低鈉,飲食保持少食多餐,避免過(guò)飽引發(fā)胃部擴(kuò)張。⑤血壓控制:患者靜脈注射時(shí)嚴(yán)格臥床,避免發(fā)生直立性低血壓;根據(jù)患者情況將其舒張壓控制在90~100 mmHg,收縮壓140~155 mmHg。⑥病情觀察:患者用藥時(shí)加強(qiáng)病情觀察,包括尿量、膝反射、呼吸等,若患者呼吸<16 次/min,膝反射變?nèi)趸蛳?,立即停止用藥,告知醫(yī)生處理。⑦產(chǎn)后觀察:分娩后24 h~10 d是子癇發(fā)病高峰期,產(chǎn)后48 h內(nèi)每間隔4 h測(cè)量1次血壓,查看陰道流血情況,必要時(shí)使用宮縮劑,并按摩子宮、排空膀胱。⑧運(yùn)動(dòng)指導(dǎo):指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)行適當(dāng)慢步行走運(yùn)動(dòng),每次步行15 min,3次/d,盡量于餐后進(jìn)行,在運(yùn)動(dòng)后測(cè)量血壓、脈搏、心率,若出現(xiàn)異常波動(dòng),及時(shí)告醫(yī)生。

1.4觀察指標(biāo)

比較兩組妊娠結(jié)局、血壓水平、心理狀態(tài)及護(hù)理滿意度。

1.5評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

①妊娠結(jié)局:比較兩組胎盤早剝、產(chǎn)后出血、妊娠糖尿病、低體重新生兒、子癇等母嬰并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。②血壓水平:比較兩組干預(yù)前后(分娩前1 d)血壓控制情況。③心理狀態(tài):使用焦慮自評(píng)量表(self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)、抑郁自評(píng)量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)評(píng)估兩組干預(yù)前后(出院時(shí))心理狀態(tài),每個(gè)量表總分100分,SAS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分界值為50分,50分以下未焦慮;SDS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分的分界值為53分,<53分未抑郁。④護(hù)理總滿意度:采用我院自行設(shè)計(jì)的滿意度調(diào)查表對(duì)患者滿意度進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),其Cronbach′s α系數(shù)為0.851,重測(cè)效度為0.872,包括服務(wù)態(tài)度、技能操作等方面,總分100分,75~100分為很滿意,50~74分為滿意,<50為不滿意。護(hù)理總滿意度=(很滿意+滿意)例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%。

1.6統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分?jǐn)?shù)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1兩組妊娠結(jié)局的比較

觀察組母嬰并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表1)。

2.2兩組干預(yù)前后血壓水平的比較

兩組干預(yù)前收縮壓和舒張壓比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組干預(yù)后收縮壓、舒張壓低于干預(yù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組干預(yù)后的收縮壓和舒張壓低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表2)。

2.3兩組干預(yù)前后心理狀態(tài)的比較

兩組干預(yù)前SAS、SDS評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組干預(yù)后SAS、SDS評(píng)分低于干預(yù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組干預(yù)后SAS、SDS低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表3)。

2.4兩組護(hù)理總滿意度的比較

觀察組護(hù)理總滿意度高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(表4)。

3討論

據(jù)相關(guān)報(bào)道,我國(guó)妊娠子癇前期患者占妊娠女性4%,其中重度子癇前期病情尤為復(fù)雜,預(yù)后較差[5-6]。妊娠高血壓患者在子癇前期因全身外周血管阻力增加、小動(dòng)脈痙攣,而導(dǎo)致血容量不足,最終引發(fā)胎盤早剝、心力衰竭、腎功能損害等并發(fā)癥[7-8]。而子癇前期血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損及血管重組障礙可引發(fā)早產(chǎn)、新生入窒息等嚴(yán)重后果,母體隨著病情發(fā)展,亦可能出現(xiàn)終止妊娠情況,威脅母嬰身心健康[9]。

連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理將護(hù)理程序逐步劃分,然后優(yōu)化護(hù)理細(xì)節(jié),滿足患者心理、生理、醫(yī)療、精神方面需求,從而提升護(hù)理質(zhì)量,改善妊娠結(jié)局[10-11]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組母嬰并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、血壓水平、心理狀態(tài)評(píng)分低,護(hù)理總滿意度高(P<0.05),提示連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理能改善重度子癇前期患者妊娠結(jié)局,控制血壓水平,緩解心理狀態(tài),并提升護(hù)理滿意度。朱宏等[9]研究結(jié)果顯示,給重度子癇前期患者護(hù)理干預(yù),能改善母嬰結(jié)局,降低血壓水平,與本研究結(jié)果基本一致。連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理落實(shí)前成立專業(yè)團(tuán)隊(duì),并通過(guò)加強(qiáng)成員知識(shí)培訓(xùn),樹(shù)立護(hù)理人員連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理理念,強(qiáng)調(diào)以患者為中心,根據(jù)其實(shí)際需求制定干預(yù)措施有更強(qiáng)的目標(biāo)性、針對(duì)性,效果更佳。妊娠子癇前期患者心理活動(dòng)較復(fù)雜,強(qiáng)烈情緒波動(dòng)可致使機(jī)體產(chǎn)生應(yīng)激反應(yīng),出現(xiàn)血壓波動(dòng),不利于病情控制[12-14]。常規(guī)護(hù)理以疾病癥狀護(hù)理為中心,忽略心理對(duì)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響,無(wú)法滿足患者實(shí)際需求。而連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理在初期即強(qiáng)調(diào)心理疏導(dǎo)和健康教育,護(hù)理人員用專業(yè)溝通技巧和知識(shí)技能提升患者知識(shí)認(rèn)識(shí)度,緩解負(fù)面心理,減少情緒波動(dòng),使其身心處于平穩(wěn)狀態(tài),利于血壓控制,避免心理因素影響患者妊娠結(jié)局。妊娠期患者飲食相較于普通患者,對(duì)鈉、蛋白質(zhì)等攝入要求較高,若體內(nèi)缺乏鈣、鋅等礦物質(zhì)可加重子癇前期發(fā)展,導(dǎo)致血管平滑肌收縮,出現(xiàn)不良妊娠結(jié)局[15]。配合個(gè)性化的運(yùn)動(dòng)指導(dǎo),促進(jìn)體內(nèi)血液循環(huán),緩解下肢水腫,減輕血管系統(tǒng)壓力,利于血壓水平控制,避免不良妊娠結(jié)局。連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理以傳統(tǒng)護(hù)理為實(shí)施標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此基礎(chǔ)性上優(yōu)化病情觀察、血壓控制、環(huán)境管理,促使護(hù)理各環(huán)節(jié)滿足患者醫(yī)療、心理、生理等方面需求。該護(hù)理還強(qiáng)調(diào)家屬參與,不僅提升患者診療依從性,還利于提升家屬對(duì)護(hù)理知識(shí)掌握,確?;颊呤艿竭B續(xù)性護(hù)理干預(yù),為改善護(hù)患關(guān)系,提升護(hù)理滿意度奠定良好基礎(chǔ)。

綜上所述,連續(xù)細(xì)致化護(hù)理可有效改善重度子癇前期患者妊娠結(jié)局,進(jìn)一步控制血壓水平,改善患者心理狀態(tài)及護(hù)理滿意度,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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[10]陳芹.PBL式健康教育對(duì)子癇前期產(chǎn)婦疾病知識(shí)、自護(hù)能力及妊娠結(jié)局的影響[J].國(guó)際護(hù)理學(xué)雜志,2019,38(2):187-190.

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(收稿日期:2020-01-10? 本文編輯:崔建中)

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