程賢鸚 曾淑梅 李淑慧
[摘要] 目的 探討關(guān)元穴穴位按摩聯(lián)合中藥封包治療對(duì)鎮(zhèn)痛分娩產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后膀胱排尿功能恢復(fù)及尿潴留的預(yù)防作用。 方法 選取2017年9月—2019年9月在浙江醫(yī)院鎮(zhèn)痛分娩的100名初產(chǎn)婦,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為研究組和對(duì)照組,每組50例。產(chǎn)后均實(shí)施常規(guī)處理,如產(chǎn)后健康宣教、飲食照料及排尿指導(dǎo)。研究組在常規(guī)處理基礎(chǔ)上采取關(guān)元穴位按摩和中藥封包治療。觀察兩組產(chǎn)婦自主排尿、誘導(dǎo)排尿及尿潴留情況,記錄自主排尿者首次排尿間隔、排尿量、膀胱殘余尿量。 結(jié)果 兩組排尿方式比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),研究組產(chǎn)后尿潴留發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05)。研究組自主排尿產(chǎn)婦首次排尿間隔低于對(duì)照組,膀胱殘留尿量少于對(duì)照組,平均尿流率高于對(duì)照組,排尿積分指標(biāo)低于對(duì)照組,排尿持續(xù)時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。兩組排尿量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 關(guān)元穴穴位按摩聯(lián)合中藥封包治療可有效促進(jìn)鎮(zhèn)痛分娩產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后膀胱排尿功能恢復(fù),預(yù)防尿潴留的發(fā)生。
[關(guān)鍵字] 關(guān)元穴;中藥封包;鎮(zhèn)痛分娩;排尿功能;尿潴留
[中圖分類號(hào)] R714.3? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)08(a)-0160-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the preventive effect of Guanyuan acupoint massage combined with traditional Chinese medicine package therapy on the recovery of bladder micturition function and the prevention of urinary retention in parturients with analgesia delivery. Methods From September 2017 to September 2019, 100 parturients with analgesia delivery in Zhejiang Hospital were selected and divided into study group and control group, 50 cases in each group. Routine treatment was carried out postpartum, such as postpartum health education, dietary care and urination guidance. The study group was treated with Guanyuan acupoint massage and traditional Chinese medicine package on the routine treatment basis. The spontaneous micturition, induced micturition and urinary retention of the two groups were observed, and the first postpartum micturition interval, micturition volume and bladder residual urine volume were recorded among autonomous urinator. Results The difference of urination mode between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The incidence of postpartum urinary retention in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The interval of first urination was lower in the study group than that in the control group, the residual urine volume in the bladder was lower than that in the control group, the average urine flow rate was higher than that in the control group, the micturition score index was lower than that in the control group, and the micturition duration was shorter than that in the control group, all the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in micturition volume between the two groups(P > 0.05). Conclusion Guanyuan acupoint massage combined with traditional Chinese medicine package can effectively promote the recovery of postpartum bladder micturition function and prevent the occurrence of urinary retention in parturients with analgesia delivery.
[Key words] Guanyuan acupoint; Traditional Chinese medicine package; Analgesia delivery; Micturition function; Urinary retention
產(chǎn)后尿潴留是鎮(zhèn)痛分娩常見并發(fā)癥之一,發(fā)生率為15.6%~37.8%[1-2]。它不僅引起產(chǎn)婦不適,還可導(dǎo)致尿路感染,甚至膀胱破裂[3-4]。臨床上雖有較多治療方法,但效果不理想[5]。為此,筆者采用關(guān)元穴穴位按摩聯(lián)合中藥封包療法對(duì)鎮(zhèn)痛分娩后產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行早期干預(yù),報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2017年9月—2019年9月在浙江醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科鎮(zhèn)痛分娩的100名初產(chǎn)婦,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為研究組和對(duì)照組,各50例,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①硬膜外麻醉鎮(zhèn)痛的單胎產(chǎn)婦,年齡20~40歲。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①精神疾病;②泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病;③應(yīng)用影響排尿藥物。本研究獲醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn);④有嚴(yán)重產(chǎn)科及內(nèi)外科并發(fā)癥;⑤有其他產(chǎn)后尿潴留高危因素,如產(chǎn)鉗助產(chǎn)、會(huì)陰側(cè)切、產(chǎn)程延長(zhǎng)等[6-7]。
1.2 方法
兩組產(chǎn)婦均實(shí)施常規(guī)處理[8-9],如健康宣教、飲食照料及排尿指導(dǎo)。研究組在常規(guī)處理基礎(chǔ)上予關(guān)元穴位按摩和中藥封包干預(yù)。中藥封包[10]:由萊菔子100 g,菟絲子100 g,王不留行籽100 g,補(bǔ)骨脂100 g,混合打碎后裝于棉麻布袋內(nèi)后放入微波爐,加熱3 min,用毛巾包裹(溫度60~70℃)。產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)房觀察期間,仰臥于分娩床上,暴露關(guān)元穴(腹壁前正中線臍中下3寸處),左手扶在產(chǎn)婦腰部,右手拇指腹垂直、順時(shí)針方向按壓關(guān)元穴,由腹部向后(脊柱方向),向下由輕至重地按壓,持續(xù)時(shí)間5 min。接著用封包包裹外敷于腹部,從肚臍處按順時(shí)針方向緩慢向小腹部及膀胱處推熨,溫度適合后敷于膀胱部位約30 min。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
無法自主排尿或排尿后殘余尿量≥150 mL診為尿潴留[11]。觀察自主排尿、誘導(dǎo)排尿及尿潴留人數(shù)。自主排尿者記錄首次排尿間隔、排尿量、排尿狀況、下腹部癥狀、排尿持續(xù)時(shí)間、平均尿流率(排尿量/排尿持續(xù)時(shí)間)、膀胱殘余尿量。采用“中藥新藥治療癃閉的臨床研究指導(dǎo)原則”中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行記分[12]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。偏態(tài)分布用中位數(shù)(M)和四分位數(shù)(P25,P75)表示;計(jì)數(shù)資料以例表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或采用Wilcoxon符號(hào)秩和檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組基本情況比較
兩組產(chǎn)婦在年齡、孕齡、體重指數(shù)、文化程度、液體進(jìn)量、產(chǎn)程時(shí)間、鎮(zhèn)痛時(shí)宮口、產(chǎn)后出血量、新生兒體重等方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組排尿情況比較
兩組產(chǎn)婦排尿方式比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。研究組產(chǎn)后尿潴留發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組自主排尿指標(biāo)比較
研究組自主排尿產(chǎn)婦首次排尿間隔低于對(duì)照組,膀胱殘留尿量少于對(duì)照組,平均尿流率高于對(duì)照組,排尿積分指標(biāo)低于對(duì)照組,排尿持續(xù)時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05)。排尿量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)分娩鎮(zhèn)痛可增加產(chǎn)后尿潴留風(fēng)險(xiǎn),發(fā)生率高達(dá)37.8%[1],本研究中對(duì)照組發(fā)生率為12.0%,高于正常產(chǎn)婦的1.7%[13]。目前治療多采用聽流水聲、按摩、熱敷等誘導(dǎo)排尿,或注射新斯的明,無效者留置導(dǎo)尿管[14],但這些方法效果不佳。對(duì)此類高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的產(chǎn)婦提早干預(yù),促進(jìn)膀胱排尿功能恢復(fù),對(duì)尿潴留的有效預(yù)防有重要意義。
尿潴留屬中醫(yī)的“癃閉”范疇,病機(jī)主要為膀胱氣化不利,水道不能通利而致[15]。治療上宜用祛瘀通絡(luò),補(bǔ)氣升提,溫腎利水方法。而鎮(zhèn)痛分娩產(chǎn)婦尿潴留可能與各種原因致氣血運(yùn)行不暢,膀胱肌肉麻痹收縮無力,尿道括約肌痙攣,影響膀胱氣化功能有關(guān)[1]。關(guān)元穴為治療排尿功能障礙的重要穴位,刺激其能起到調(diào)理三焦、溫補(bǔ)下元、鼓舞膀胱氣化以達(dá)啟閉通便之功效[16]。研究顯示,對(duì)關(guān)元穴進(jìn)行艾灸、按摩、敷貼等均有助于解除鎮(zhèn)痛對(duì)神經(jīng)傳入功能的抑制作用,促進(jìn)支配膀胱功能的神經(jīng)活動(dòng)恢復(fù)正常,使膀胱逼尿肌收縮正常,松弛膀胱頸及尿道括約肌,促進(jìn)膀胱排尿功能恢復(fù),有效治療尿潴留[12]。程國(guó)華等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)鎮(zhèn)痛分娩產(chǎn)婦關(guān)元穴實(shí)施溫灸法,可縮短首次排尿時(shí)間,減少膀胱殘余尿量,有效預(yù)防尿潴留。
封包藥方中王不留行籽具有活血通瘀作用。補(bǔ)骨脂具有補(bǔ)腎利尿作用。炒萊菔子可使膀胱逼尿肌收縮,膀胱括約肌舒張之功效[19]。菟絲子入腎經(jīng),滋補(bǔ)肝腎,固精縮尿[12]。上諸藥合用,通過燙熨關(guān)元穴,擴(kuò)張膀胱區(qū)局部血管,加速血液循環(huán),使藥力快速透過皮膚循經(jīng)入絡(luò),最直接地發(fā)揮效力,解除并松弛尿道括約肌的痙攣,促使膀胱和尿道消腫,增強(qiáng)膀胱氣化和收縮功能,從而起到通陽(yáng)利尿作用[18]。仲艷敏等[19]采用上述封包對(duì)尿潴留產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行治療,總有效率為77.78%。本研究在關(guān)元穴穴位按摩基礎(chǔ)上加用中藥封包治療,尿潴留發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05),有效降低尿潴留的發(fā)生。膀胱殘余尿量、平均尿流率及排尿積分為判斷膀胱排尿功能的常用指標(biāo),數(shù)值越低越好[8]。通過比較發(fā)現(xiàn),研究組自主排尿者上述指標(biāo)均好于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05),提示聯(lián)合療法可提高患者排尿功能,促進(jìn)膀胱功能恢復(fù)。產(chǎn)婦自行排尿時(shí)間越早,尿潴留發(fā)生機(jī)會(huì)就越少[20]。本研究還顯示,產(chǎn)婦首次排尿間隔要短于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05)。這些提示聯(lián)合療法對(duì)鎮(zhèn)痛分娩產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后膀胱功能的恢復(fù)及尿潴留的預(yù)防有顯著效果,值得臨床推廣。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]? 濮玉群,李海燕.按摩關(guān)元穴配合熱敷對(duì)鎮(zhèn)痛分娩孕婦尿潴留的預(yù)防[J].中外健康文摘,2013,10(26):114-115.
[2]? 余冬梅,駱曉芳,趙麗君,等.無痛分娩對(duì)母胎影響的臨床分析[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用醫(yī)藥,2017,12(1):50-53.
[3]? Stephansson O,Sandstrom A,Petersson G,et al. Prolonged second stag e of labour,maternal in fectious disease,urinary retention and other complications in the early postpartum period [J]. BJOG:An Int J Obstet Gynaecol,2015, 122(20):20.
[4]? Lewis JM,Yallasv,Stanitski KE,et al. Spectrum of urodynamic abnormalities and renal function changes in adults men with nonneurogenic urinary retention [J]. Neurourol Urodyn,2012,31(4):544-548.
[5]? 周水金,郭劍影.產(chǎn)后尿潴留的現(xiàn)狀分析及護(hù)理研究進(jìn)展[J].當(dāng)代護(hù)士:中旬刊,2018,25(7):6-8.
[6]? 任青.產(chǎn)后尿潴留的危險(xiǎn)因素及防治研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)臨床醫(yī)生雜志,2015,43(9):18-20.
[7]? 史軍彩,蓬勃,王春,等.產(chǎn)后尿潴留護(hù)理新進(jìn)展[J].世界最新醫(yī)學(xué)信息文摘,2019,19(36):35-36.
[8]? 畢媛,張文,娜淺.談產(chǎn)后尿潴留的預(yù)防及護(hù)理措施[J].當(dāng)代護(hù)士:上旬刊,2019,26(22):88-90.
[9]? 蕭桂冰,張翠瓊,陳健飛,等.早期護(hù)理干預(yù)聯(lián)合早期飲水療法預(yù)防產(chǎn)后尿潴留效果觀察[J].齊魯護(hù)理雜志,2019, 25(2):44-46.
[10]? 周麗珠,朱志琴.低頻電刺激聯(lián)合中藥封包對(duì)產(chǎn)后尿潴留的療效[J].全科護(hù)理,2018,16(12):1474-1475.
[11]? Pifarotti P,Gargasole C,F(xiàn)olcin C,et al. Acute post-partum urinaryretention:analysis of risk factors,a case-control study [J]. Arch Gynecol Obstet,2014,289(6):1249-1253.
[12]? 鐘雪.熱敏灸防治根治性子宮切除術(shù)后尿潴留的臨床研究[D].廣州:廣州中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),2015.
[13]? Leach S. “Have you had a wee yet?” Postpartum urinary retention [J]. Pract midwife,2011,14(1):23-25.
[14]? 劉振生.調(diào)氣化瘀利水方聯(lián)合艾灸治療肛腸術(shù)后尿潴留的臨床觀察[J].湖南中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2017,37(1):75-78.
[15]? 王俊華,陳邦國(guó),尹晶,等.電針關(guān)元穴對(duì)脊髓損傷后尿潴留大鼠逼尿肌興奮性及BDNF、TrkB在脊髓中表達(dá)的影響[J].中華物理醫(yī)學(xué)與康復(fù)雜志,2009,31(4):232-235.
[16]? 李海燕,葉俊花.熱敷配合穴位敷貼預(yù)防鎮(zhèn)痛分娩孕婦尿潴留[J].現(xiàn)代中西醫(yī)結(jié)合雜志,2011,20(23):2965-2966.
[17]? 程國(guó)華,葉春媚,沈秀青,等.穴位溫灸法對(duì)分娩鎮(zhèn)痛產(chǎn)婦尿潴留的預(yù)防作用[J].中國(guó)婦幼健康研究,2017,28(1):503-504.
[18]? 孔金芳.導(dǎo)樂分娩鎮(zhèn)痛儀對(duì)產(chǎn)后尿潴留的影響[J].中國(guó)婦幼保健,2015,30(25):4390-4391.
[19]? 仲艷敏,胡玉芹,薛玉珍.中藥封包治療產(chǎn)后尿潴留療效觀察[J].安徽醫(yī)藥,2015,19(11):2217-2219.
[20]? 陳芳.臨床護(hù)理干預(yù)對(duì)無痛分娩產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后尿潴留的影響[J].中國(guó)醫(yī)藥指南,2019,17(13):275-276.
(收稿日期:2019-12-25)