宋 瑩,李雪紅,陳 宏
(安徽財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 文學(xué)院,安徽 蚌埠 233030)
不同體裁的語(yǔ)篇主位推進(jìn)模式有不同的選擇傾向,同一體裁的語(yǔ)篇主位推進(jìn)模式雖有相似性,卻又不完全相同。目前主位推進(jìn)模式的研究對(duì)象主要集中在文學(xué)語(yǔ)篇,有關(guān)商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇的研究相對(duì)較少。商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇中存在哪些主位推進(jìn)模式,其對(duì)于語(yǔ)篇的功能和理解起何作用?相關(guān)研究略有涉及,但多為文字闡釋或是簡(jiǎn)單的公式。所以,對(duì)商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇的主位推進(jìn)模式進(jìn)行研究有一定意義。本文以商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇為研究對(duì)象,探究其主位推進(jìn)模式的選擇如何有效實(shí)現(xiàn)信息負(fù)載量大的商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇的交際功能,并嘗試借助結(jié)構(gòu)圖演示該類體裁語(yǔ)篇的主位推進(jìn)模式,使讀者不僅對(duì)整個(gè)商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)與發(fā)展一目了然,還可以了解到語(yǔ)篇中各小句鋪開(kāi)、連接和貫穿整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的具體形式,由此做到信息準(zhǔn)確順暢地傳遞,提高讀者理解語(yǔ)篇的效率和準(zhǔn)確性。
在馬泰修斯(Mathesitus)[1]和韓禮德(Halliday)[2]的研究基礎(chǔ)上,丹尼斯(Danes)[3]創(chuàng)造性地從語(yǔ)篇角度提出了“主位推進(jìn)”(thematic progression)概念。主位推進(jìn)理論研究各句間銜接和連貫的方式,即主位與述位的關(guān)系和變化。丹尼斯在對(duì)其本族語(yǔ)篇做了大量分析后,歸納出五種常見(jiàn)的主位推進(jìn)模式。荷蘭的范戴克采用數(shù)學(xué)集合及向量的符號(hào)記法給出了主位推進(jìn)模式的公式:[,,
基于已有文獻(xiàn)[12-15]研究成果以及對(duì)商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇的分析,本文發(fā)現(xiàn)常用的主位推進(jìn)模式主要有三種,即:持續(xù)型主位推進(jìn)模式、直線型主位推進(jìn)模式和衍生型主位推進(jìn)模式。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇中主位推進(jìn)模式的分布較廣,受商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇負(fù)載信息量大、語(yǔ)句較長(zhǎng)、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密等文體特征影響,其特點(diǎn)有:持續(xù)性主位推進(jìn)模式居多,直線型和衍生型主位推進(jìn)模式次之。在持續(xù)性主位推進(jìn)模式的語(yǔ)篇中,各小句主位要么完全相同要么有極大相似性,這與商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇的主題統(tǒng)一、重點(diǎn)突出、邏輯清晰的文體特征不謀而合。作者可用最少的語(yǔ)言傳遞最多的信息。在直線型和衍生型主位推進(jìn)模式中,語(yǔ)篇的連貫性、邏輯性和完整性通過(guò)各小句主述位的展開(kāi)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn):前一句的述位可作為后一句的主位,首句的主位或述位可分裂成后面各小句的主位。各小句間的語(yǔ)義銜接非常緊密,符合商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密的特征。商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇所涉及的事件或事物是相互聯(lián)系的,是一種具有緊密邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和強(qiáng)烈目的性的語(yǔ)篇。為了避免語(yǔ)言文字描述的冗長(zhǎng),本文分析了持續(xù)型主位推進(jìn)模式、直線型主位推進(jìn)模式和衍生型主位推進(jìn)模式并給出了對(duì)應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)圖,直觀演示各小句間如何銜接,語(yǔ)義如何推進(jìn)。為了保證描寫(xiě)的充分性,下文在《實(shí)用文體翻譯》[16]一書(shū)中選取六篇英語(yǔ)商務(wù)報(bào)章雜志文章作為語(yǔ)料范例,通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)圖構(gòu)畫(huà)出其主位推進(jìn)模式,從而更高效更清晰地分析理解語(yǔ)篇。以下結(jié)構(gòu)圖中,主位記作T,述位記作R,T1即為第一小句的主位,R1為第一小句的述位,以此類推。數(shù)學(xué)上,把一些事物的全體稱為集合,集合中的每個(gè)事物稱為元素。對(duì)于兩個(gè)集合A和B,如果A中的元素都在B中,則稱A包含于B,記作A?B。如果B除包含A的所有元素外,還包含有A之外的元素,則稱A真包含于B,記作A?B。下文將采用此種記號(hào)方法闡釋各小句主述位間的關(guān)系。
該模式指語(yǔ)篇中各小句有相同的主位,或者第一小句之后各小句主位都源自第一小句主位??梢杂檬疽鈭D表示為:
圖1是對(duì)南洋在文獻(xiàn)[6]中提出的主位延續(xù)模式的推廣和延伸,不論第一小句后各小句的主位是包含或者是真包含于第一小句主位,它們都是持續(xù)性向前推進(jìn)的,都屬于此種模式。
圖1 持續(xù)型主位推進(jìn)模式結(jié)構(gòu)圖
例1 Volkswagen(VW) AG Chairman Ferdinand Piech (T1)poured cold water on the current craze for mergers and acquisitions in the auto sector——a trend the German car maker itself encouraged with no fewer than three acquisitions in the past year alone(R1). Speaking at the company’s annual news conference, Mr. Piech(T2) said he now believes that it is cheaper for companies to develop their own product lines rather than acquire fading brands(R2). He(T3said VW plans to go it alone in the truck sector(R3). Mr. Piech(T4) had previously been in the hunt for a truck maker to complete VW’s product range, and was in talks earlier this year with AB Volve about buying the Swedish company, but Volkswagen broke off those talks when it became clear that Volve was only selling its car division, which it eventually sold to Ford Motor Co, for $6.5 billion(R4). “We have been checking interesting acquisition targets over the past few years and have come to the conclusion that there wasn’t anything worthwhile,” Mr. Piech(T5) said. “All of the acquisitions I’ve seen in my time in the industry have been much more expensive than setting up a company from scratch(R5).”[16] 39
如圖1標(biāo)識(shí)所示,第一小句的主位是Volkswagen(VW)AG Chairman Ferdinand Piech,即大眾汽車股份公司的總裁費(fèi)迪南·皮耶希。之后各小句的主位用簡(jiǎn)稱Mr. Piech 或者用he來(lái)指代。為避免語(yǔ)篇中Mr. Piech 重復(fù)出現(xiàn),使用關(guān)系代詞指代,既簡(jiǎn)約又符合英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。由此可見(jiàn)該語(yǔ)篇中各小句主位是包含關(guān)系,屬于典型的持續(xù)型主位推進(jìn)模式。
例2 The company(T1) responsible for bringing change to this rural outpost: China Mobile Ltd(R1). Since it was spun off from fixed-line operator China Telecom Corp. in 2000, China Mobile(T2) has grown into the world’s biggest cellular carrier(R2). The company(T3) is signing up nearly 5 million new customers a month and recently topped the 300 million mark-more than the entire population of the U.S(R3). In 2006, revenues(T4) grew 21%, to $37.8 billion, and net income 23%, to $8.7 billion, estimates Deutsche Bank(R4). And its Hong Kong-traded share(T5) more than doubled in the past year, giving China Mobile a market capitalization of $198 billion and making it the most valuable cellular carrier on earth(R5).The company(T6) also has global ambitions(R6): On Jan.22, it(T7) announced it was buying 89% of Paktel Ltd., Pakistan’s fifth-largest cellular carrier(R7). (FromChina’sMobile’sHotSingnalby Dexter Roberts, Business Week, February 5, 2007, P. 42)[16] 24
該語(yǔ)篇共七個(gè)小句。第一、三、六小句的主位都是The company,第二小句的主位China Mobile(中國(guó)移動(dòng))同指the company,第四小句的主位revenues意指the company的銷售收入,第五小句的主位是its Hong Kong-traded shares ,其中it指代的還是the company, 與第七小句中的it相同。可見(jiàn),該語(yǔ)篇各小句的主位不是the company,就是包含the company在內(nèi)的名詞短語(yǔ)。如圖所示,該語(yǔ)篇首句之后各小句的主位包含于或真包含于首句之主位,而每句的述位卻各不相同,讓讀者對(duì)中國(guó)移動(dòng)公司有一個(gè)全面的了解,從而形成了一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。
例3 New managers(T1) also need to realize they are responsible for recommending and initiating changes that will enhance their groups’ performance(R1). Often——and it(T2) comes as a surprise to most——this means challenging organizational processes or structures that exist above and beyond their area of formal authority(R2). Only when they understand this part of the job will they(T3) begin to address seriously their leadership responsibilities(R3). In fact, most new managers(T4) see themselves as targets of organizational change initiatives, implementing with their groups the changes ordered from above(R4). They(T5) don’t see themselves as change agents(R5). Hierarchical thinking and their fixation on the authority that comes with being the boss(T6) lead them to define their responsibilities too narrowly(R6). Consequently, they(T7) tend to blame flawed systems and the superiors directly responsible for those systems, for their teams’ setbacks-and they tend to wait for other people to fix the problems(R7)[16] 45.
雖然該語(yǔ)篇并不像上文兩個(gè)語(yǔ)篇各小句的主位那么明顯的保持一致,但仔細(xì)分析該語(yǔ)篇,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)各小句所談?wù)摰闹黝}都是new manager, 圍繞的話題都是新經(jīng)理的責(zé)任。有的小句的主位和第一句的主位完全相同,有的小句中只有主位的某一部分和第一小句的主位一致,有的小句主位用人稱代詞they來(lái)替代new managers,是一種真包含關(guān)系。
分析以上三個(gè)語(yǔ)篇發(fā)現(xiàn):各小句從同一話題開(kāi)始談?wù)? 每個(gè)小句的述位對(duì)這一話題進(jìn)行多方面的闡釋。從語(yǔ)法角度分析,分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)和插入語(yǔ)使得句式比較復(fù)雜,難以理解。而從語(yǔ)篇角度分析其主位推進(jìn)模式發(fā)現(xiàn),第一小句的主位統(tǒng)領(lǐng)整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的主位,作者能集中語(yǔ)言對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的各小句主位,即語(yǔ)篇的重點(diǎn)描述對(duì)象,進(jìn)行細(xì)致、全面、深刻地描述,極具邏輯性。如示意圖1所示,各小句主位間存在包含或真包含關(guān)系,各主位將各小句緊密聯(lián)系在一起,自然過(guò)渡,層層推進(jìn)。這種模式能有效突出主題, 即首句主位。
以上三個(gè)語(yǔ)篇同屬于商務(wù)報(bào)章雜志文章,該類商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇提供一般商務(wù)新聞或信息、專業(yè)商務(wù)知識(shí)和案例分析,其主要功能是信息功能。通過(guò)這種主位推進(jìn)模式的應(yīng)用,可發(fā)現(xiàn)作者試圖從不同角度對(duì)同一主位或主位的某一部分進(jìn)行討論。雖然容納的信息多,但是主題突出,一目了然,觀點(diǎn)鮮明,極具邏輯性和說(shuō)服力。在商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇中采用這種模式非但不會(huì)給讀者造成閱讀障礙,反而使讀者在最短的時(shí)間內(nèi)獲取最多的信息,實(shí)現(xiàn)其信息功能。
為了更好地闡釋這種模式,下文通過(guò)兩個(gè)語(yǔ)篇給出此種類型主位推進(jìn)模式的兩種形式。先分別分析各語(yǔ)篇中小句的主述位是如何推進(jìn)的,之后統(tǒng)一分析該模式對(duì)語(yǔ)篇構(gòu)建的作用。
模式一:后面小句主位是第一小句述位,或是其某一部分,而末句述位又成為首句主位或是其一部分(見(jiàn)圖2)。
圖2 直線型主位推進(jìn)模式示意圖a
例4 One of the key elements of a successful marketing strategy(T1) is a thorough understanding of who your customers are and what “needs” they are looking to satisfy(R1). Customer groups or segments(T2) can be identified and each targeted with marketing activity that specifically addresses their particular needs(R2). In order to meet customer needs and remain competitive, it(T3) is important to identify and respond to any changes in customer needs and attitudes in your industry and in the broader economic climate(R3). It is therefore vital that(T4) you assess your business environment when developing your marketing strategy(R4)[16] 21.
在該有關(guān)市場(chǎng)策略的語(yǔ)篇中共有四個(gè)小句。其中,第一小句的述位R1較長(zhǎng),為了避免重復(fù),只用了R1的一部分,即customer groups or segments 來(lái)做第二小句的主位T2,這樣做是為了第一和第二小句間有效銜接。同理,當(dāng)在R2中提到要考慮顧客特殊要求時(shí),第三小句就以滿足顧客要求做主位T3,而企業(yè)要采取的應(yīng)對(duì)措施是述位R3。最后一小句用來(lái)總結(jié)開(kāi)發(fā)市場(chǎng)策略在評(píng)估企業(yè)環(huán)境中至關(guān)重要,其述位R4的一部分developing your marketing strategy 正好是第一句主位T1的一部分,首尾呼應(yīng),如同形成了一個(gè)閉環(huán),讓語(yǔ)篇成為有機(jī)整體。
模式二:前一小句述位的一部分作為下一小句主位,末句述位包含或真包含于首句述位(見(jiàn)圖3)。
圖3 直線型主位推進(jìn)模式示意圖b
例5 There is still a sense in the markets(T1) that a strong economy means higher inflation, and a weak economy means lower inflation(R1). But over the past decade, the growth/inflation relationship(T2) has become a lot fuzzier, because the processes that influence inflation have changed drastically(R2). A lot of market folks(T3) still haven’t caught on, which can lead to misguided expectations about Federal Reserve policy and interest rates(R3). To begin with, the Fed(T4) has built enormous credibility as an inflation fighter, and central banks around the world have placed a new emphasis on inflation control(R4). These efforts(T5) have held down expectations of future inflation among both businesses and consumers(R5). With expectations more firmly anchored, it’s(T6) harder for inflation to spiral upward as an economy strengthens(R6). (ForAStrongerEconomy?Yes.HigherInflation? No by James C. Cooper, Business Week, February 5, 2007, P. 25)[16]23
語(yǔ)篇R1中涉及到通貨膨脹,T2的一部分就是the growth/inflation relationship。R3提到對(duì)美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)政策和利率的錯(cuò)誤的期待,而T4承接R3談?wù)撀?lián)邦政府已采取的應(yīng)對(duì)措施。緊接著T5中These efforts概括了前句中述位的內(nèi)容,與之重合,而R5的中心詞expectations又充當(dāng)最后一句主位的一部分。
從圖2與圖3可知,上述兩個(gè)語(yǔ)篇中的下一小句的主位包含或真包含第一句述位或者是前一小句述位,而該小句述位又會(huì)帶出下一個(gè)小句中新的主位, 如此延續(xù)到末句述位的一部分,正好是首句主位或述位或是其部分內(nèi)容,從而形成一個(gè)鏈狀或環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣通過(guò)已知信息帶動(dòng)新信息, 內(nèi)容上句句銜接、環(huán)環(huán)相扣,體現(xiàn)了事物或人物間的承接或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系。整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇行文條理清晰、井然有序。
衍生型主位推進(jìn)模式體現(xiàn)了一種分裂式的發(fā)展,后面若干小句的主位從前面小句中的主位或述位派生而來(lái),常用于對(duì)同一主題的延展和多方位闡釋。我們僅對(duì)由述位派生型給出以下示意圖,主位派生型與之類似。
例6 There are a number of steps for member states to follow(T1) when bringing a case before the WTO dispute settlement system(R1). First, members in disagreement over a given issue(T2) are required to take part in consultations(R2). If consultations fail to settle a dispute, the member which brings the case(T3) has the right to request that a panel be established by the Dispute Settlement Body(R3). The responding country(T4) has the right to refuse the appointment of the first panel assigned; however, this is limited to the establishment of the first panel only(R4). Once appointed, the panel(T5) generally has 60 days to produce a final report(R5). Then the panel (T6) reports its findings to WTO members for reviews(R6). Finally, the Dispute Settlement Body(T7) has two months to adopt or reject the panel’s report(R7). Both member states of a dispute(T8) have the ability to appeal panel findings(R8). This(T9) makes the dispute settlement process longer, often for 3-4 months(R9).[16]26
該語(yǔ)篇是有關(guān)世貿(mào)組織成員國(guó)如何提交案件給爭(zhēng)端解決體系。第一小句統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全篇。從第二小句到第九小句具體解釋世貿(mào)組織爭(zhēng)端解決應(yīng)遵循哪三個(gè)步驟。分別使用First、Then和Finally來(lái)詳述這三個(gè)步驟。雖然后面八個(gè)小句中,各小句主位和述位并未出現(xiàn)第一小句的主位或述位或其主述位的一部分,但都是由第一小句衍生而成的,即解釋世貿(mào)組織解決爭(zhēng)端的具體步驟。圖4用Tx、Ty、Tz來(lái)泛指由首句述位分裂出來(lái)的小句主位,不具體指哪一小句主位,因?yàn)閤句后可能還會(huì)有多個(gè)小句對(duì)該句展開(kāi)討論或敘述,其主位推進(jìn)模式可以是上述任何模式之一,在此不作展開(kāi)。y,z句同理。采取此種從首句主位或述位分裂成多句主位模式的優(yōu)勢(shì)是可以避免同一主位的重復(fù)和堆砌,其核心作用是使得語(yǔ)篇的行文簡(jiǎn)潔流暢,符合商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇的行文特點(diǎn)。
圖4 衍生型主位推進(jìn)模式示意圖
本文通過(guò)分析六篇商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇的主位及主位推進(jìn)模式發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇的信息容量大,但根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖的展示與分析,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其句式并不復(fù)雜,各小句通過(guò)主位和述位的關(guān)系有機(jī)銜接,組織成一個(gè)語(yǔ)義完整的語(yǔ)篇。本文作者希望通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)圖示研究分析主位推進(jìn)模式商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇,便于讀者從大局掌握其語(yǔ)義,有效縮短閱讀時(shí)間,提高閱讀理解的準(zhǔn)確率和效率;同時(shí)文中的結(jié)構(gòu)圖示也可為商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)者和研究者提供了新的理論視角和研究途徑。
本文選用的分析語(yǔ)料僅限英文商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇,通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)圖示輔助剖析其主位推進(jìn)模式,讓讀者對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)和發(fā)展一目了然。今后可嘗試通過(guò)對(duì)比來(lái)研究英漢兩種語(yǔ)言中商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇所用主位推進(jìn)模式類型的區(qū)別及聯(lián)系,究其成因,并探尋相關(guān)翻譯策略應(yīng)用,以期啟發(fā)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)閱讀及翻譯教學(xué),引起教師對(duì)相關(guān)內(nèi)容研究的關(guān)注,指導(dǎo)英漢商務(wù)語(yǔ)篇互譯實(shí)踐,提升學(xué)習(xí)者翻譯能力。