◎傅志朋
在長期的英語教學實踐中,對高中學生英語寫作普遍存在的問題進行系統(tǒng)的分析研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)學生在英語寫作中主要存在以下幾個方面的問題。
1.詞匯問題。寫作中主要體現(xiàn)在拼寫錯誤多,詞匯單調,無法使用不同的詞匯表達一個意思,造成同一詞匯一直重復出現(xiàn)。課外閱讀材料選擇要與高考考綱要求相一致,主要遵循以下幾個準則。
2.句型問題。同樣,句型問題主要表現(xiàn)在句法應用錯誤,句型單一,沒有辦法熟練應用豐富的句式來表達。
3.篇章問題。篇章問題主要體現(xiàn)在文章結構不流暢,部分學生就停留在造句的水平上,寫作就是記流水賬,沒有應用合理的關聯(lián)詞把要表達的內容有機的結合起來。
4.情感、價值觀問題。寫作是學生在考試中唯一可以表達情感、體現(xiàn)正確的人生觀、價值觀的題型。一些學生在寫作中沒有把握好方向,可能會出現(xiàn)原則性錯誤。
面對這些問題,研究讀寫之間的關系,寫作絕不是無源之水、無本之木。只有把寫作和閱讀相結合才是解決寫作問題之根本。
1.運用閱讀解決詞匯問題。詞匯缺乏、單一問題可以通過閱讀找到完美答案。在平時閱讀中有意識引導學生歸納積累同義詞、近義詞,提高詞匯量。以解決(solve)為例:
I don’t know how to tackle this problem。我不知道該如何處理這個問題。
We have taken on extra staff to cope with the increased workload。我們已經額外雇用員工來應付增加了的工作量。
You did us a great favor by disposing of that problem。你解決了那個問題,可算是幫了我們一個大忙。
我們可以把在閱讀過程中碰到的 tackle、cope with、 dispose of等表達類似意思的詞匯歸納起來。通過這種思路日積月累,學生詞匯量缺乏問題就可以迎刃而解了。
2.運用閱讀解決句型問題。在閱讀過程中遇到好的句型,引導學生分析、背誦好句,正確理解運用復合句和各種特殊句式。比如在閱讀中讀到以下一段文章:Tianwen-1, China’s first interplanetary expedition, has spectacularly conquered a new major milestone, with its lander-rover combination successfully soft-landing at the planned site in the southern part of a vast plain known as Utopia Planitia on Mars on early Saturday morning, Global Times learned from the China National Space Administration (CNSA).
文章運用了名詞性從句、同位語、非謂語動詞、with復合結構等豐富的句式結構。先要幫助學生理解掌握這些內容,然后再進行背誦和仿寫。
運用閱讀解決語篇問題。從閱讀的文章中學習如何合理運用關聯(lián)詞把要表達的內容有機地結合起來,在真實的語境中學習文章的謀篇與構造。比如以下一段文章:Compared to the moon, Mars is first and foremost much further from Earth, which results in an inevitable communication delay of some 20 minutes. It means that Tianwen-1 is very much on its own in the landing process, CAST experts said.
Also, although the density of Mars’ atmosphere is only 1 percent of Earth’s atmosphere, it causes a more complicated environment for landing than a touchdown on the moon, as there is no atmosphere on the Earth’s closest celestial neighbor, they added.
就 運 用 了first and foremost、also、although、as等關聯(lián)詞把文章很好地整合成一個整體。
運用閱讀解決情感、價值觀問題。讀和寫都要把握好方向,學生才能健康成長。要選擇帶來正能量、倡導正確價值觀、人生觀的文章。比如介紹張京的文章:Chinese translator Zhang Jing has earned a lot of fans on Chinese social media following her solid performance and accurate translation at the high-level China-US meeting in Alaska on Friday, leading to applause for the Chinese female diplomatic personnel taking part in the mission.閱讀還要體現(xiàn)國家自信、民族自信、文化自信。比如:介紹三星堆文物遺址的文章:Archaeologists have concluded that the Sanxingdui culture must have existed alongside other Bronze Age cultures, trading techniques and perhaps other information.Whereas historians believed China grew from a central birthplace, the revision of history tells a story of multiple centers contributing to the development of Chinese civilization.
總之,寫作能力的提升只有與閱讀緊密結合,才能有豐富的素材、真實的語境和情感,寫作才有堅實的基礎、正確的方向。學生才能擺脫為寫而寫、生搬硬套,而是運用平時積累豐富的知識、表達真實的情感而寫,把枯燥無味的寫作變成一件簡單、快樂的事情。