麻美媛 唐成武
[摘要] 目的 探討腹腔鏡下肝癌切除術(shù)運(yùn)用快速康復(fù)外科理念的臨床效果。 方法 擇取2017年5月~2018年5月我院收診的76例行腹腔鏡肝癌切除手術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行研究,按照入院順序分為對(duì)照組(n=38)和觀察組(n=38),對(duì)照組采用常規(guī)化外科護(hù)理,觀察組實(shí)施快速康復(fù)外科理念,統(tǒng)計(jì)比較兩組排氣時(shí)間、初次進(jìn)食時(shí)間與住院時(shí)間和下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、生活質(zhì)量及不良反應(yīng)、滿意度。 結(jié)果 觀察組排氣時(shí)間、初次進(jìn)食時(shí)間與住院時(shí)間和下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間與對(duì)照組比較明顯減少(P<0.05);觀察組生理能力、情感關(guān)系、社會(huì)領(lǐng)域及總健康活力、心理功能評(píng)分與對(duì)照組相比明顯提升(P<0.05);且觀察組不良反應(yīng)及滿意度效果較參照組不良反應(yīng)、滿意度效果顯著改善(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 腹腔鏡下肝癌切除術(shù)運(yùn)用快速康復(fù)外科理念效果可觀,能夠減少住院時(shí)間,提升患者生命質(zhì)量,提高滿意度,且對(duì)不良反應(yīng)有較強(qiáng)的抑制效果,是一種理想、安全的護(hù)理模式,值得臨床深入推廣和應(yīng)用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 肝癌切除術(shù);快速康復(fù)外科理念;不良反應(yīng);生活質(zhì)量;效果
[中圖分類號(hào)] R473.73? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)28-0162-04
Application of rapid rehabilitation surgery concept in postoperative nursing care of patients undergoing laparoscopic liver cancer resection
MA Meiyuan? ?TANG Chengwu
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Normal University, Huzhou? ?313000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the clinical effect of laparoscopic liver cancer resection using the concept of rapid rehabilitation surgery. Methods A total of 76 patients who were admitted to our hospital and underwent laparoscopic liver cancer resection from May 2017 to May 2018 were selected for study. According to the order of admission, they were divided into the control group(n=38) and the observation group(n=38). The control group was given routine surgical nursing care, and the observation group was given the concept of rapid rehabilitation surgery. Statistical comparison between the two groups was carried out in terms of gas exhaust time, initial time of eating, length of stay, out-of-bed activity time, quality of life, adverse reactions, and satisfaction. Results Compared with the control group, the gas exhaust time, initial eating time, length of stay and out-of-bed activity time in the observation group were significantly reduced, and the differences between groups were statistically significant(P<0.05); compared with the control group, the physiological ability, emotional relationship, social scope, total health vitality, and psychological function score in the observation group were significantly improved(P<0.05); the adverse reactions and satisfaction levels in the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion Laparoscopic liver cancer resection is effective using the concept of rapid rehabilitation surgery, which can reduce the length of hospital stay, improve the quality of life of patients, improve satisfaction, and have a strong inhibitory effect on adverse reactions. It is an ideal and safe nursing care model, which is worthy of further clinical promotion and application.
[Key words] Liver cancer resection; Concept of rapid rehabilitation surgery; Adverse reactions; Quality of life; Effect
肝癌是當(dāng)前臨床常見的腫瘤疾病,病發(fā)類型多以肝細(xì)胞癌居多,好發(fā)于中老年人群,且男性患病率高于女性,肝癌的治療常采用手術(shù)方式[1-3]。腹腔鏡手術(shù)是新型的微創(chuàng)技術(shù),具有術(shù)后創(chuàng)傷小等優(yōu)點(diǎn),雖屬性為微創(chuàng),但術(shù)后患者仍存在不可避免的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致術(shù)后身體恢復(fù)緩慢,因此術(shù)后采取護(hù)理干預(yù)十分必要。常規(guī)護(hù)理只是單一的護(hù)理模式,偏重于護(hù)理患者疾病癥狀這一層面,很大程度上忽視患者精神、心理層面的護(hù)理需求,常影響術(shù)后效果,隨著護(hù)理工作的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展,快速康復(fù)外科理念應(yīng)運(yùn)而生[4-6]??焖倏祻?fù)外科理念立足于患者病況,依據(jù)患者不同特征采取的針對(duì)性護(hù)理,能夠有效促進(jìn)術(shù)后機(jī)體恢復(fù)。本院對(duì)38例患者實(shí)施快速康復(fù)護(hù)理,以期獲得較好效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
擇取2017年5月~2018年5月本院收診的76例行腹腔鏡肝癌切除手術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行研究。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7]:實(shí)施全面診斷符合肝癌相關(guān)確診標(biāo)準(zhǔn);入選者均接受腹腔鏡切除術(shù);患者及家屬簽訂同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]:并發(fā)腦血管、精神類疾病;心肝腎等組織器官嚴(yán)重病變;非自愿參與研究。按照入院順序分為對(duì)照組(n=38)和觀察組(n=38),對(duì)照組男23例,女15例;年齡46~80歲,平均(60.3±8.6)歲;觀察組男25例,女13例;年齡42~76歲,平均(62.5±8.6)歲。兩組患者一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
兩組患者均行腹腔鏡肝癌切除術(shù),即采用經(jīng)氣管插管的全身麻醉方法,為避免不同的手術(shù)醫(yī)生造成的操作誤差,兩組患者手術(shù)均由同一組醫(yī)生完成?;颊咂脚P人字位分腿,頸部上肩托,術(shù)中可根據(jù)情況調(diào)整右側(cè)高位及頭高位;臍下4 cm切口并置入12 mm套管;腹腔鏡探查確定腫瘤可切除后,于左腋前線和臍水平線上2 cm做主操作孔并置入12 mm套管,輔助操作孔于反麥?zhǔn)宵c(diǎn)置入5 mm套管,2個(gè)助手操作孔均留置5 mm套管,分別于右側(cè)腋前線肋下3 cm和麥?zhǔn)宵c(diǎn)?;颊咦髠?cè)、兩腿中間和右側(cè)依次站立術(shù)者、扶鏡手和助手,然后進(jìn)行肝癌切除。
對(duì)照組采取常規(guī)外科護(hù)理,包括術(shù)前備皮,對(duì)腸道進(jìn)行檢查,術(shù)前12 h禁食;幫助患者翻身及適當(dāng)肢體活動(dòng),并做好飲食指導(dǎo)。
觀察組基于此基礎(chǔ)實(shí)施快速康復(fù)理念:①心理干預(yù)。就診后,第一時(shí)間了解和掌握患者過往病例資料與當(dāng)前基本資料,做好相關(guān)信息的核對(duì)和檢查;宣講關(guān)于疾病的知識(shí)、發(fā)病機(jī)制及具體治療與護(hù)理措施,讓患者及家屬認(rèn)識(shí)疾病,了解疾病,以此消除緊張感與懼怕感;協(xié)同患者進(jìn)行相關(guān)檢查,介紹醫(yī)院環(huán)境及主治醫(yī)生和護(hù)理人員,降低陌生感,盡量使患者在短時(shí)間內(nèi)適應(yīng)醫(yī)院環(huán)境,提高依從性;因肝癌屬于惡性腫瘤,患者常表現(xiàn)出悲觀、恐懼等消極情緒,因此護(hù)理人員可向其講解以往成功控制病情的案例,闡明積極心態(tài)對(duì)疾病的促進(jìn)作用,從而促使患者重建信心,建立與病魔斗爭(zhēng)的決心。另外,多與患者交流,掌握其喜好,利用奇趣故事來分散其注意力,緩解心理壓力,減輕不良心緒。②術(shù)中護(hù)理。備好手術(shù)需要的工具和器械,并查看所需器械是否在正常狀態(tài);采用心理暗示法鼓勵(lì)患者,并密切監(jiān)視體征,如心率、血壓、脈搏等,做好相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的記錄;護(hù)理人員應(yīng)快速、準(zhǔn)確地遞給手術(shù)執(zhí)行者相關(guān)器械,保證手術(shù)工具的正確性,避免因工具遞拿失誤造成惡性事件;調(diào)節(jié)室內(nèi)溫度至22~25℃,濕度保持在40%~60%,充分為患者創(chuàng)造舒適的手術(shù)環(huán)境,降低不適感;手術(shù)全過程需密切關(guān)注患者生命指標(biāo),如若出現(xiàn)異常,立即配合執(zhí)行者處理解決[9-10]。③飲食指導(dǎo)。術(shù)后6 h囑患者飲水,24 h后方可進(jìn)食,首先指導(dǎo)患者用食清流質(zhì)食,隨后慢慢過渡到半流質(zhì)食,可適當(dāng)添加益生菌,補(bǔ)充能量,禁忌食用生冷、反季節(jié)、辛辣食物;因手術(shù)微創(chuàng)性,加之術(shù)后患者麻醉效果已過,患者身體會(huì)出現(xiàn)疼痛感,護(hù)理人員可按醫(yī)囑應(yīng)用多元化鎮(zhèn)痛護(hù)理,具體操作:術(shù)前3 d,予以患者口服鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,以此提升痛閾,術(shù)后可采用鎮(zhèn)痛泵緩解疼痛,隨后使用鎮(zhèn)痛藥物加以鞏固。④術(shù)后護(hù)理。動(dòng)作輕柔的將患者推回病房,幫助其擺放正確體位,確保舒適度;護(hù)理人員仔細(xì)核對(duì)手術(shù)器械并一一記錄,檢查設(shè)備狀態(tài),并進(jìn)行養(yǎng)護(hù),保證下次使用的有效性;對(duì)患者家屬做好心理工作,多理解與支持、呵護(hù)患者,予以其情感支持,消除內(nèi)心顧慮。⑤運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)指導(dǎo)。術(shù)后6 h鼓勵(lì)患者開展床上運(yùn)動(dòng),鍛煉軀體功能,同時(shí)落實(shí)主被動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,術(shù)后24 h可下床活動(dòng),此后根據(jù)其康復(fù)情況制定科學(xué)運(yùn)動(dòng)方案,運(yùn)動(dòng)量以不同階段患者不同表現(xiàn)為準(zhǔn),需要注意的是運(yùn)動(dòng)量不宜過大,避免撕扯傷口[11-12]。⑥出院指導(dǎo)。叮囑患者按時(shí)到院復(fù)查,做好健康宣教及飲食健康強(qiáng)調(diào),確保出院后生活質(zhì)量。此外,定期做好隨訪工作,隨訪方式可以通過電話,亦可通過上門、微信、QQ等方式,從而動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)督患者出院后病況。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①評(píng)價(jià)分析兩組臨床指標(biāo)。包括排氣時(shí)間、初次進(jìn)食時(shí)間與住院時(shí)間和下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間;同時(shí)采用健康促進(jìn)生活方式量表-Ⅱ(Health promoting lifestyle profile-Ⅱ,HPLP-Ⅱ)中文版[13]對(duì)所有患者術(shù)后的生理能力、情感關(guān)系、社會(huì)領(lǐng)域、總健康活力、心理功能評(píng)分實(shí)施評(píng)估,每項(xiàng)評(píng)分滿分25分,得分越高表示生活質(zhì)量越好。
②對(duì)比兩組的不良反應(yīng),包括惡心、腹脹、排便不利、膽漏等。
③比較兩組的滿意度。采用本院設(shè)計(jì)的問卷表對(duì)本次護(hù)理進(jìn)行滿意度調(diào)查,評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分為十分滿意、滿意及較滿意、不滿意,總滿意度=(十分滿意+滿意+較滿意)例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%[14]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用百分率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
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(收稿日期:2019-03-09)