裴 培 姬曉偉 韓祥禎 何惠宇
[關(guān)鍵詞]種植體周圍炎;單核苷酸多態(tài)性;白細(xì)胞介素;腫瘤壞死因子-α;金屬基質(zhì)蛋白酶
[中圖分類號(hào)]R782.12? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A? ? [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2021)12-0182-04
Gene Polymorphism as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prevention of Peri-implantitis
PEI Pei1,2, JI Xiao-wei1,2,HAN Xiang-zhen1,2, HE Hui-yu1,2
(1.Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054,Xinjiang, China; 2. Institute of Stomatology, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011,Xinjiang,China)
Abstract: Implant has become the first choice for most patients with missing tooth, although the success rate of implant is over 90%, but there are few patients who is suffering implants failure because of peri-implant inflammation each year. Peri-implantitis is regarded as a multi-factor disease, it cannot be explained by exogenous factors alone, there are a number of studies reported the relationship between SNPs (Single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP) and peri-implantitis. In order to find new molecular diagnostic markers, we discussed the inflammatory factors which have been studied extensively at domestic and overseas (IL, TNF-α, MMP.etc) between gene polymorphism and susceptibility to Peri-implantitis, evaluated the feasibility of biomarkers and hope to provide a new idea for the diagnosis and prevention of peri-implantitis.
Key words: peri-implantitis; single nucleotide polymorphism; interleukin; tumor necrosis factor-α; matrix metalloproteinase
近30年來,基于骨整合理論種植體的成功應(yīng)用為部分和全牙列缺失的患者帶來了良好的治療效果,種植修復(fù)的成功率已超過90%;但種植體周圍炎的發(fā)生仍然是修復(fù)失敗,并引起植體脫落的重要因素[1]。許多全身性和局部性的因素,如:致病菌、口腔衛(wèi)生不良、吸煙和飲酒,都與種植體周圍炎的發(fā)生有關(guān)[2]。但部分患者的種植體丟失并不能單獨(dú)用外源性因素來解釋,一些現(xiàn)象提示遺傳風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的存在,例如當(dāng)患者暴露于類似的危險(xiǎn)因素時(shí),種植體周圍炎的發(fā)生往往聚集在某些個(gè)體之中,即:一個(gè)遭受過種植體失敗的患者往往口內(nèi)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)其他植體的失敗[3]。炎癥基因中單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP)的存在被認(rèn)為是影響宿主遺傳多樣性的重要因素,通過表達(dá)水平或氨基酸序列的微小差異,進(jìn)而調(diào)控轉(zhuǎn)錄水平和細(xì)胞因子基因的表達(dá)[4],使個(gè)體對(duì)致病菌感染的炎癥反應(yīng)程度不一,造成體內(nèi)局部炎癥因子的濃度與水平也不盡相同,所以,針對(duì)不同炎癥因子SNP的研究一直是大家掌握疾病易感性差異的基礎(chǔ)。目前,關(guān)于種植體周圍炎的候選基因主要來自于兩方面:一方面將種植體周圍炎患者體液(血清、唾液及齦溝液)內(nèi)水平增高的炎癥因子作為研究對(duì)象,研究其啟動(dòng)子或外顯子等功能區(qū)域的SNP位點(diǎn);考慮到與牙周炎病理狀況相似,另一方面則是基于在牙周炎中證實(shí)有關(guān)聯(lián)的SNP位點(diǎn)。與牙周炎相比,種植體周圍炎的侵襲性更強(qiáng),進(jìn)展相對(duì)較快,治療結(jié)果較難預(yù)測(cè),因此,在針對(duì)種植體周圍炎基因多態(tài)性研究中鑒定與種植體周圍炎風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)的遺傳標(biāo)記物可能會(huì)在臨床實(shí)踐中具有價(jià)值,所以本文綜述了種植體周圍炎與多種常見相關(guān)基因多態(tài)性關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展。
1? 種植體周圍炎與白細(xì)胞介素(IL)
1.1 IL-1基因多態(tài)性:目前,針對(duì)種植體周圍炎與白細(xì)胞介素基因多態(tài)性的研究中以IL-1家族最為廣泛與深入,但研究結(jié)論并不一致。IL-1通過旁分泌、自分泌等方式調(diào)節(jié)免疫細(xì)胞,增強(qiáng)破骨細(xì)胞的活性,參與炎性的過程。它們由11個(gè)細(xì)胞因子組成。其研究最多的三個(gè)成員是IL-1A和IL-1B,以及它們的拮抗劑蛋白IL-1 RA;Montes分析90例患者與176名對(duì)照者的基因型后認(rèn)為IL-1β+3954的基因多態(tài)性和種植體的丟失并無相關(guān)性,但發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-1RN等位基因2與種植周體周圍炎顯著相關(guān)[5]。Cosyn等[6]對(duì)14例種植體周圍炎患者和14例對(duì)照者在IL-1A (-889)和IL-1B+3954C/T,-511C/T三個(gè)位點(diǎn)的多態(tài)性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-1A (-889)和IL-1B (+3954)與種植體周圍炎相關(guān)并可能導(dǎo)致早期失敗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,這與最近He K[7]的研究結(jié)果一致。之后Fernandes[8]選取了58例患者,對(duì)IL-1α-(-889)、IL -1β(+3954)兩個(gè)位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行基因多態(tài)性的測(cè)定后發(fā)現(xiàn) IL-1β+3954的雜合子型有相關(guān)性。Liao J[9]通過Meta分析得出IL-1α-(-889)和IL-1β(+3954)復(fù)合基因型和IL-1B(-511)的T等位基因均與種植體丟失的發(fā)生率增加有關(guān)。上述并不一致的結(jié)論可能是來源于小樣本,診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同所帶來的誤差以及l(fā)L-1的SNP位點(diǎn)在不同人種間的最小等位基因頻率不同所致。對(duì)此,趙祥宇等[10]通過生物信息學(xué)技術(shù),選擇了IL-1中等位基因頻率較高的3個(gè)標(biāo)簽SNP位點(diǎn)來進(jìn)行分析,并發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-lαrs2856838 的AA基因型與種植體周圍炎的發(fā)生具有相關(guān)性,也為發(fā)現(xiàn)新的顯著性位點(diǎn)提供了思路。
1.2 IL-6基因多態(tài)性:IL-6對(duì)種植體周圍組織的炎癥反應(yīng)最敏感,與種植體周圍組織疾病在基因水平的關(guān)聯(lián)上并未明確,IL-6 174G/C作為啟動(dòng)子區(qū)的SNP位點(diǎn),可能導(dǎo)致IL-6基因轉(zhuǎn)錄與表達(dá)產(chǎn)生差異[11],也是目前IL-6中與種植體周圍炎研究最為密切的位點(diǎn)。高娟娟等[12]分析健康種植體組和種植體周圍炎患者各80例發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-6 174位點(diǎn)的三種基因型在兩組之間均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,并認(rèn)為該基因位點(diǎn)的多態(tài)性可能是增加種植體周圍炎風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。這與Casado[13]對(duì)103例巴西患者(52例健康和51例種植體周圍炎患者)基因分型后得出的結(jié)論相一致,但是與Melo等的結(jié)論相反[14]。
1.3 IL-10基因多態(tài)性:IL-10作為一種抗炎因子,可抑制促炎因子的產(chǎn)生,Gurol等[15]評(píng)估了39例種植體患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-10-1082A/G與種植體失敗之間無相關(guān)性。上述試驗(yàn)樣本量過小,因此Ribeiro等[16]納入90例患者評(píng)估IL-10-1082A/G與種植體周圍炎的關(guān)系,但是擴(kuò)大樣本量之后依然未發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)性,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)該位點(diǎn)可能與種植體周圍炎并不相關(guān),考慮到IL-10基因多態(tài)性與牙周炎的顯著相關(guān)[17],且牙周炎與種植體周圍炎的病因相似,因此,后期需要進(jìn)行多位點(diǎn)及多種族的研究評(píng)估其與種植體周圍炎的相關(guān)性。
2? 種植體周圍炎與腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-α)
腫瘤壞死因子-α主要由巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,已被證實(shí)與牙周炎有關(guān),通過激活破骨細(xì)胞成熟,增加局部分泌和金屬蛋白酶活性,并能夠直接增加破骨細(xì)胞的活動(dòng)以及間接上調(diào)RANKL的表達(dá),因而在炎性的破骨細(xì)胞基因生成中起重要作用,導(dǎo)致種植體周圍組織破壞和骨吸收[1,18]。目前研究最為廣泛的位點(diǎn)為TNF-α308G/A,該位點(diǎn)被證明與TNF-α基因表達(dá)與分泌水平的直接改變有關(guān)[19]。He K在中國的非吸煙人群中,分析了144例種植體周圍炎患者和174例健康對(duì)照者的基因型并未發(fā)現(xiàn)308G/A位點(diǎn)與種植體周圍炎的相關(guān)性[7],之前的一篇Meta分析似乎也證明了這一點(diǎn)[20]。與此相反,Rakic M等研究了180例種植體周圍炎和189例為種植體健康患者后發(fā)現(xiàn)TNFα-308A/G基因型與種植體周圍炎相關(guān)[21],李叢叢等通過對(duì)比90例種植體周圍炎與95例牙周健康者的基因分型后發(fā)現(xiàn)種植體周圍炎組與慢性牙周炎組中308位點(diǎn)G/G的基因型的頻率高于牙周健康組并具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[22],并且兩者均認(rèn)為TNF-α308位點(diǎn)可以成為種植體周圍炎的遺傳學(xué)分子標(biāo)記物。
3? 種植體周圍炎與RANK/RANKL/OPG信號(hào)通路
核因子kappa B配體受體激活劑(RANKL)—也稱為TNF相關(guān)激活誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞因子或骨保護(hù)素(OPGL)配體,作為一種骨丟失的生物標(biāo)志物,可誘發(fā)破骨細(xì)胞性骨侵蝕從而參與骨丟失的過程。RANKL通過與OPG競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合核因子kappa-B受體激活因子(RANK),成為破骨細(xì)胞分化和活化的關(guān)鍵因子。已有研究證實(shí)sRANKL、OPG的水平在種植體周圍炎中顯著升高[23],提示RANKL/OPG比值失衡很可能是造成種植體周圍炎骨質(zhì)破壞的重要原因[1]。對(duì)于RANK/RANKL/OPG這一通路的基因多態(tài)性,Kadkhodazadeh M進(jìn)行了相應(yīng)的系列研究,通過對(duì)伊朗人群的基因型分析,包括RANK(rs3018362 G/A),rs35211496 T/C);RANKL(rs9533156 T/C),rs2277438 A/G);OPG(rs2073617,rs2073618),證明了RANK rs35211496 CC型,RANKL rs9533156 TT型,以及OPG rs2073617 CC型與種植體周圍炎存在顯著相關(guān)性[24-26]。Zhou J共納入110例種植體周圍炎患者和116例漢族健康對(duì)照者,分析OPG rs2073617、rs2073618 基因型分布以及兩者間的單倍型分析,同樣證實(shí)rs2073618 CC型與種植體周圍炎間的相關(guān)性[27];隨后,Ribeiro針對(duì)巴西人群的研究同樣也未發(fā)現(xiàn)RANKL rs2277438與種植體周圍炎相關(guān)[16]。兩者的實(shí)驗(yàn)似乎在不同人群的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了Kadkhodazadeh的結(jié)論。而近來Silva針對(duì)巴西人OPG rs2073618等候選基因的研究卻得到了陰性結(jié)果[28]。因此,可以考慮將RANK/RANKL/OPG通路上的分子作為種植體周圍炎的診斷與預(yù)防工具,但依然需要后期大樣本、多方法的基因研究進(jìn)行證實(shí)。
4? 種植體周圍炎與金屬基質(zhì)蛋白酶(MMP)
金屬基質(zhì)蛋白酶,是一類鋅依賴的蛋白水解酶,其作用于細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的代謝,可能參與了種植體的骨整合過程。共分為六個(gè)蛋白酶組,目前,已研究其基因多態(tài)性與種植體周圍炎相關(guān)的有膠原酶類(MMP-1、MMP-8,MMP-13),明膠酶(MMP-9),早在2004年,Santos MC等[29]分析了MMP-1-1607 G/GG與MMP-9-1562C/T后得出MMP-1-1607 2G基因型與種植體周圍炎有關(guān);之后Leite等比較了44例種植體周圍炎患者,與60例對(duì)照組的MMP-1-519A/G與-1607G/GG的基因型后也認(rèn)為-1607 2G基因型與種植體周圍炎顯著相關(guān)[30],Goncalves等分析了MMP-13 rs2252070C/T的多態(tài)性,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)其與種植周圍炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[31];Costa研究MMP-8-799C/T的多態(tài)性后證實(shí)其與種植體周圍炎有相關(guān)性[32],其中,aMMP-8在唾液或齦溝液內(nèi)的濃度作為椅旁快速檢測(cè)牙周病與種植體周圍炎的一種輔助手段,并已作為一種有用的輔助診斷和預(yù)防生物技術(shù)的工具應(yīng)用于臨床[33]。針對(duì)目前已取得的研究成果,是否可以將其與其他促炎因子標(biāo)志物(基因多態(tài)性)聯(lián)合使用,并提高診斷的準(zhǔn)確性有待進(jìn)一步深入研究。
5? 種植體周圍炎與其他相關(guān)基因多態(tài)性
轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(TGF-β)是一種多功能細(xì)胞因子,參與病理生理功能,比如減少炎癥損傷以及促進(jìn)傷口愈合,Dos在研究TGF-β1-509C/T,-800G/A的多態(tài)性時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)其與牙周炎有相關(guān)性,但與種植體周圍炎均無相關(guān)性[34];Fcγ受體(FcγR)是IgG Fc段受體,主要表達(dá)于細(xì)胞膜上,分為FcγR Ⅰ、FcγR Ⅱ和FcγR Ⅲ3類,已有研究證實(shí)FcγR Ⅱa的基因多態(tài)性可影響影響IgG1與IgG2的結(jié)合能力從而降低免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)抗微生物的能力,增加炎癥易感性[35],Saremi L發(fā)現(xiàn)FcγR Ⅱa -H131R, FcγR Ⅲa -V158F, FcγR Ⅲb -I232T 三個(gè)多態(tài)位點(diǎn)與慢性牙周炎和種植體周圍炎均有相關(guān)性[36],由此可以推測(cè)FcγR的基因多態(tài)性可能增強(qiáng)了其與IgG結(jié)合的能力,進(jìn)而加劇炎癥的發(fā)生。CD14是一種脂多糖結(jié)合蛋白,作為模式識(shí)別受體的一種分子,通過識(shí)別細(xì)菌脂多糖(LPS)的輔助受體發(fā)揮作用,隨之激活NF-Kb通路,導(dǎo)致促炎細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)上調(diào),目前研究的位點(diǎn)主要為位于CD-14 159C/T,Rakic發(fā)現(xiàn)該位點(diǎn)與種植體周圍炎發(fā)生相關(guān)[21],而Casati得出與之相反的結(jié)論[37]。骨形成蛋白(BMP)屬于位于14q22-23號(hào)染色體上的TGF-細(xì)胞因子超家族,它與成纖維生長因子(FGF)的結(jié)合能夠通過增強(qiáng)體內(nèi)骨整合促進(jìn)骨再生,有助于骨損傷的愈合,Coelho一共鑒定了BMP與FGF中13個(gè)SNP位點(diǎn)后發(fā)現(xiàn)BMP4中rs2761884的TT型與FGF3 rs4631909的CC型與種植體周圍炎顯著相關(guān),并作為保護(hù)因素存在[38]。BRINP3與多種細(xì)胞功能有關(guān),如:增殖、遷移和細(xì)胞程序性死亡[39],其轉(zhuǎn)錄水平的升高與侵襲性牙周炎有關(guān)[40],Casado等的研究提供了BRINP3的兩個(gè)SNP位點(diǎn)(rs1342913,rs1935881)與BRINP3的低水平表達(dá)與種植周圍炎相關(guān)的證據(jù),并獨(dú)立于慢性牙周炎的存在[41]。
綜上所述,炎性因子的基因多態(tài)性影響著個(gè)體對(duì)種植體周圍細(xì)菌感染的炎癥反應(yīng)程度,也決定了個(gè)體的易感性,遺傳多態(tài)性(SNP)影響基因表達(dá)水平和生產(chǎn)蛋白質(zhì)的功能。因此,它們可能會(huì)影響炎癥細(xì)胞因子的分泌,調(diào)節(jié)炎癥反應(yīng)和對(duì)疾病的易感性?;蛳鄬?duì)于其他因素來說較為恒定,可以在發(fā)病前進(jìn)行檢測(cè),對(duì)早期的治療規(guī)劃和預(yù)后有很大的幫助。盡管越來越多的基因多態(tài)性已被發(fā)現(xiàn)與種植體周圍炎有關(guān),但仍然沒有一種基因模式可以作為臨床診斷的輔助手段,以輔助確診患者種植體周圍疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外,由于迄今為止筆者納入的研究只涉及免疫調(diào)節(jié)和骨代謝的基因;與牙周炎相似,種植體周圍炎也是由多種基因共同調(diào)節(jié),但候選基因的選擇往往基于牙周炎背景,對(duì)于種植體周圍炎的遺傳分析,很少有單獨(dú)建立種植體周圍炎的遺傳背景。目前牙周炎的組學(xué)研究已較為成熟[42],比如全基因組篩選或全基因組學(xué)研究,如何將無偏移篩查的組學(xué)研究應(yīng)用于種植體周圍炎將對(duì)檢測(cè)真正的易感基因有重要意義。如Soohyung Lee等對(duì)6例未經(jīng)治療的種植體周圍炎患者進(jìn)行了全外顯子測(cè)序后,發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)胞黏附相關(guān)的各種基因和基因集,如:鈣粘蛋白、纖連蛋白、整合素結(jié)構(gòu)域和細(xì)胞骨架在種植體周圍炎發(fā)病機(jī)制中起重要作用[43]。這是一個(gè)很好的選擇,并且這些數(shù)據(jù)也可用于開發(fā)臨床價(jià)值或治療靶點(diǎn)的診斷或預(yù)后生物標(biāo)志物,未來開展的大樣本,多方法、多位點(diǎn)、多種群的基礎(chǔ)研究是認(rèn)識(shí)相關(guān)遺傳因素并在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)以較低的成本預(yù)防它們的重要步驟,因?yàn)轭A(yù)防總是比治療好。
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[收稿日期]2020-11-04
本文引用格式:裴培,姬曉偉,韓祥禎,等.基因多態(tài)性作為診斷及預(yù)防種植體周圍炎的生物標(biāo)記物研究進(jìn)展[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2021,30(12):182-185.