胡麗芳 毛偉 王雍立 陳文祥 劉志聰
[摘要] 支氣管哮喘是一種與多種免疫細胞和細胞因子有關的慢性異質(zhì)性疾病,具有不同的表型及臨床特點,且對治療反應不同。近年來有研究表明,維生素D作為一種類固醇激素,可在哮喘中發(fā)揮輔助治療及預防作用。本文通過檢索收集大量相關國內(nèi)外文獻,描述并歸納維生素D在過敏性哮喘、非過敏性哮喘、成人哮喘和肥胖哮喘四種哮喘臨床表型中的作用機制,旨在提高臨床醫(yī)生對支氣管哮喘的認知及為其提供新的研究方向,并為以后維生素D在哮喘中的功能研究提供線索。
[關鍵詞] 哮喘;維生素D;作用機制;研究進展
[中圖分類號] R562.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)08-0187-06
Research progress of vitamin D in bronchial asthma
HU Lifang1, 2? ?MAO Wei2? ?WANG Yongli3? ?CHEN Wenxiang3? ?LIU Zhicong2
1.Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou? 310000, China; 2.Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou? 313000, China; 3.Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou? 313000, China.
[Abstract] Bronchial asthma is a chronic heterogeneous disease related to a variety of immune cells and cytokines, which has different phenotypes,clinical characteristics and different responses to treatment. In recent years, studies have shown that vitamin D, as a steroid hormone, can play an auxiliary role in the treatment and prevention of asthma. In this paper, a large number of related literatures at home and abroad were collected, and the research progress of the mechanism of vitamin D in allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, adult asthma and obesity asthma was described and summarized, aiming at improving clinicians′ cognition of bronchial asthma and providing new treatment directions and clues for future research on the function of vitamin D in asthma.
[Key words] Asthma; Vitamin D; Mechanism of action; Research progress
支氣管哮喘(bronchial asthma,BA)是一種常見的、以慢性氣道炎癥為特征的異質(zhì)性疾病,具有可變性喘息、氣促、胸悶和咳嗽的呼吸道癥狀病史,伴有可逆性的呼氣氣流受限,具有不同的表型及癥狀特點,且對治療反應不同。糖皮質(zhì)激素雖為哮喘一線治療選擇,但依然有部分哮喘患者存在治療反應不佳的情況。維生素D作為一種具有生物活性的類固醇激素,可以在哮喘中發(fā)揮輔助治療及預防作用,對其作用機制及治療效果的探索是許多學者所關注的興趣點。本文將對近年來維生素D在過敏性哮喘、非過敏性哮喘、成人哮喘及肥胖哮喘等常見表型中預防及輔助治療作用中的研究進行綜述,以期為未來指導維生素D的治療研究提供線索。
1 流行病學與概述
維生素D屬于一種開環(huán)甾類化合物激素,飲食攝入及自體皮膚合成維生素D(D2及D3),經(jīng)維生素D結合蛋白轉運至肝臟與腎臟,先后在25-羥化酶、1α-羥化酶的作用下,轉化成活化形式的骨化三醇(1,25-(OH)2D3),通過細胞核維生素D受體(Nuclear vitamin D receptor,nVDR)及細胞膜維生素D受體(Membrane vitamin D receptor,mVDR)介導參與生理代謝活動,發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)骨骼生長和鈣代謝及組織細胞分化的作用[1-2]。與通過光照自體皮膚合成相比,飲食同樣是維生素D主要來源,如兒童飲食攝入維生素D是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)與骨骼發(fā)育的必須要素,也有研究證實[3-4],在陽光充足的熱帶、亞熱帶地區(qū),維生素D缺乏普遍存在。在中國,約有60%成年人存在維生素D缺乏。血清25-羥維生素D[25-(OH)D]是評價人體維生素D水平的最佳指標,針對中國成年人可劃分為維生素D足夠[≥50 nmol/L(20 ng/mL)]、維生素D不足(30~49.9 nmol/L)、維生素D缺乏[<30 nmol/L(12 ng/mL)][5]。1項美國的流行病學研究[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),維生素D缺乏的患病率在2001—2006年為72%~76%,在2007—2010年下降至64%~65%;哮喘患病率從8.2%(2007—2008年)下降至7.4%(2009—2010年),后續(xù)分析表明二者變化呈平行關系,這一現(xiàn)象提示維生素D缺乏可能與哮喘的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關。
近年來研究證明,人體及絕大多數(shù)免疫細胞,包括氣道上皮細胞、抗原提呈細胞及活化B細胞和T細胞等,能夠表達維生素D代謝相關酶(1α-羥化酶),同時表達維生素D受體,這促使進一步研究維生素D在哮喘等免疫失衡疾病的潛在作用。Rodrigues等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),過半數(shù)的哮喘患者存在維生素D缺乏,且在成人哮喘中,尤其是肥胖、重癥哮喘及未控制哮喘患者中維生素D缺乏的現(xiàn)象更明顯[8]。有研究[9-10]證明,維生素D水平低下與哮喘患者的癥狀評分低下、肺功能受損、氣道高反應性增高及糖皮質(zhì)激素敏感性下降密切相關,補充維生素D可減輕非過敏性哮喘患者的嗜酸性氣道炎癥。在兒童人群中,血清中維生素D水平低(<30 ng/mL)的患者往往癥狀更加嚴重,住院率、急診就診率更高,而給予補充維生素D能改善哮喘患者病情,包括癥狀和肺功能[11-13]。另有研究表明,體內(nèi)維生素D低水平孕婦的后代更易患哮喘或出現(xiàn)喘息癥狀,且維生素D補充劑可降低后代喘息及過敏性疾病的發(fā)生率[14-15]。隨著哮喘治療策略的進一步發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)更多的治療手段,維生素D在哮喘治療中的作用也是一大研究熱點。維生素D缺乏與哮喘的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關,可能導致哮喘癥狀進行性加重。綜上所述,臨床研究結果可以認為,在哮喘治療中添加維生素D能改善哮喘患者的臨床癥狀,而針對哮喘患者有效的用藥方式、用藥劑量仍需嚴格的實驗進行研究。
2 維生素D與哮喘
維生素D在皮膚生成后與維生素D結合蛋白結合,轉運至肝臟中在25-羥化酶的催化下生成25-(OH)D3,儲存在血漿及肝臟中。不同于經(jīng)典的腎臟中1α-羥化酶的調(diào)節(jié)方式。研究證實,上皮細胞及免疫細胞同樣可以表達CYP27B1(1α-羥化酶),在局部組織中生成活性維生素D[1,25-(OH)2D3],其表達受到局部炎癥因子(如干擾素-γ、Toll樣受體激動劑等)的作用,但不受甲狀旁腺激素、纖維生長因子-23的調(diào)節(jié),從而有可能在哮喘等慢性氣道疾病中發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用[16]。1,25-(OH)2D3通過與靶組織的核受體(nVDR)結合的基因途徑及與膜受體(mVDR)結合的非基因途徑發(fā)揮生物學效應。一方面維生素D在免疫系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮抗炎和維持免疫平衡作用。維生素D抑制p38-MAPK信號通路減少IL-6、TNF-α分泌及上調(diào)免疫細胞表面抗炎分子CD200,發(fā)揮直接抗炎作用;也可以通過強化固有免疫包括抗菌蛋白生成增多、巨噬細胞及自然殺傷細胞數(shù)量增多、功能上調(diào),抑制適應性免疫包括下調(diào)樹突細胞共刺激因子及IL-12表達,上調(diào)IL-10表達促進免疫耐受效應的調(diào)節(jié)性T細胞(Regulatory T cells,Treg)增多來抑制Th1型及Th2型細胞免疫[17-18]。另一方面,氣道重塑是哮喘重要的病理特征,Huang等[19]動物實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),相對于對照組哮喘小鼠,維生素D處理的哮喘小鼠Wnt/β聯(lián)蛋白(β-catenin)信號通路明顯下調(diào),顯著減輕哮喘小鼠的氣道炎癥水平及氣道重塑。此外,激素抵抗是哮喘治療的難題,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),哮喘患者的激素抵抗與輔助性T細胞17(T helper 17 cells,Th17)高表達糖皮質(zhì)激素受體、組蛋白乙?;拖碌让芮邢嚓P,并且維生素D能通過協(xié)同增強單核細胞的糖皮質(zhì)激素抗炎能力、調(diào)節(jié)Th17細胞的功能、促進組蛋白乙?;?,從而改善哮喘患者的激素抵抗情況[20-22]。
2.1 過敏性哮喘
過敏性哮喘是一種基因-環(huán)境相互作用下攜帶易感基因的個體在環(huán)境過敏原的作用下引起和(或)誘發(fā)的一類哮喘,是極為重要的一個哮喘表型。過敏性哮喘的氣道炎癥主要是接受過敏原刺激后誘發(fā)的2型變態(tài)免疫反應所致,樹突細胞、嗜酸性粒細胞、Th2型細胞及分泌IgE的漿細胞和肥大細胞等免疫細胞和肺部結構細胞參與過敏性哮喘的發(fā)生[23]。
James等[24]通過動物實驗證明,維生素D可能誘導調(diào)節(jié)性B細胞(Regulatory B cells,Breg)產(chǎn)生IL-10,從而抑制IgE的分泌。維生素D能促使活化Breg中的IL-10表達增強3倍以上,同時高表達的IL-10還可進一步誘導免疫耐受[25-26]。Zhao等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)維生素D(25-(OH)D3能夠通過抑制PI3K/Akt/p38MAPK/HIF-1α通路從而使肥大細胞減少分泌血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF),從而減輕IgE所介導的過敏性癥狀。Dias等[28]使用1,25-(OH)2D3處理過敏性哮喘患者的離體T細胞,與對照組相比,細胞因子IL-4、IL-5及IL-6、IL-17的表達更低,但過敏性哮喘合并肥胖患者由于瘦素的影響會削弱1,25-(OH)2D3的抗炎及降低IgE水平的作用。另有研究[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),維生素D局部給藥(滴鼻)可抑制淋巴結中的未致敏T細胞(Naive T cell,Tn)生成IL-4,從而抑制Th2細胞的分化和成熟,同時下調(diào)頸部淋巴結中成熟樹突細胞(CD11c+MHCIIhigh)的CD86表達,抑制Tn細胞活化。IgE等炎癥因子是過敏性哮喘的關鍵因素,維生素D不僅能調(diào)節(jié)免疫細胞(樹突細胞、B細胞、肥大細胞及T細胞)分化成熟,減少IgE、IL-4等的生成,還能抑制特定通路緩解炎癥介導的過敏性炎癥。減少危險因素接觸是哮喘疾病管理與減少未來惡化加重的重點,維生素D能夠減輕過敏原、空氣污染等對過敏性哮喘患者的負性作用。除此之外,改善生活方式,如減重,能夠更好地發(fā)揮維生素D的作用。
2.2 非過敏性哮喘
非過敏性哮喘發(fā)病與過敏無關,臨床上多表現(xiàn)為氣道中性粒細胞、嗜酸性粒細胞或僅有少量炎癥細胞(寡粒細胞)浸潤,對激素治療多不敏感。在非過敏性哮喘中,固有淋巴細胞(Innate lymphoid cells,ILCs)是其發(fā)病的關鍵,尤其是1型固有淋巴細胞(Type 1 innate lymphoid cells,ILC1)與3型固有淋巴細胞(Type 3 innate lymphoid cells,ILC3),其中具體機制仍有待更多研究進行闡明。ILC1能分泌干擾素-γ,尤其在激素不敏感哮喘及重癥哮喘患者痰液里水平更高[30-31]。ILC3在轉錄因子維甲酸孤兒核受體-γt(Retinoid-related orphan receptor -γt ,ROR-γt)調(diào)控下,由IL-1β、芳香烴受體等活化后產(chǎn)生干擾素-γ、IL-17,參與非過敏性哮喘的發(fā)病。
維生素D具有抑制哮喘的病理性固有免疫及調(diào)節(jié)Th1/Th2免疫平衡的作用。Haghmorad等[32]利用自身免疫性腦脊髓炎小鼠發(fā)現(xiàn),與對照組相比,治療組予以中高劑量維生素D處理可降低ROR-γt表達。Sun等[33]證實1,25-(OH)2D3可阻止核轉錄因子(Nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)向細胞核內(nèi)轉移,從而抑制ROR-γt表達,意味著維生素D能夠通過基因途徑抑制Th17/ILC3炎癥。此外,Ruiter等[34]通過體外培養(yǎng)證實,維生素D能抑制ILC1、ILC3中表達干擾素-γ及整合素α4β7,減輕哮喘的氣道炎癥及炎癥細胞浸潤。Zhang等[35]通過哮喘小鼠實驗證實,1,25-(OH)2D3能通過HGMB1/TLR4/NF-κB信號通路降低肺部IL-1β,IL-6及TNF-α的表達。Liu等[36]對哮喘患者肺組織分離發(fā)現(xiàn),維生素D抑制IL-1β誘導的微粒體前列腺素E合成酶2(Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase type 1,mPGES-1)的表達,并刺激15-(OH)PG脫氫酶降解前列腺素E2(Prostaglandin E2,PGE2),從而抑制成纖維細胞的形成。此外維生素D可通過維生素D受體作用于IL-17啟動子,減少IL-17A的轉錄,已有文獻提示,維生素D可減輕中性粒細胞哮喘小鼠模型的氣道炎癥[37]。通過動物模型的結論,推測維生素D治療中性粒細胞性哮喘具有廣闊的應用前景。上述研究結果證實,維生素D一方面能減少肺部免疫細胞TNF-γ、IL-1β等的表達,另一方面影響TNF-α與NF-κB信號通路抑制ROR-γt表達,且能抑制IL-1β誘導的氣道重塑。因此針對相關通路與炎癥因子的治療是維生素D預防非過敏性哮喘發(fā)生、抑制非過敏性哮喘氣道重塑、改善激素不敏感機制的關鍵,也為維生素D成為非過敏性哮喘治療的奠定理論基礎。
2.3 維生素D與成人哮喘
成人哮喘又稱晚發(fā)哮喘,成年后首次出現(xiàn)哮喘癥狀,女性多發(fā)且病情更重。嗜酸性粒細胞炎癥是最常見的表型,以激素不敏感及嚴重癥狀包括肺功能快速下降為特征,環(huán)境因素相對于遺傳因素而言在其發(fā)病中占據(jù)更重要的位置[38-39]。既往研究[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),環(huán)境污染暴露、吸煙、雌激素、上氣道疾病、阿司匹林及上呼吸道感染是成人哮喘的重要誘因。
人體充足水平的維生素D能去除環(huán)境顆粒物引起的樹突細胞過表達Th17等炎癥因子,維持免疫平衡[41]。對于已經(jīng)誘導的哮喘小鼠,適量補充維生素D能減少小鼠肺部的Th2/Th17細胞數(shù)量,并減緩交通相關的顆粒物引起的氣道高反應的發(fā)展,減輕哮喘患者的癥狀[42]。1項大型隊列研究[43]表明,低水平的血清維生素D與成人哮喘患者(尤其是未使用吸入性糖皮質(zhì)激素及從不吸煙的患者)肺功能FEV1的降低密切相關,提示維生素D在成人哮喘初始治療時對肺功能具有一定的保護作用。Schlosser等[44]分析鼻息肉的慢性鼻竇炎患者與真菌性鼻竇炎患者血液與局部組織樣本發(fā)現(xiàn),兩類患者鼻竇1α-羥化酶與1,25-(OH)2D3水平均降低。對慢性鼻竇炎細胞體外予以1,25-(OH)2D3處理能減少嗜酸性粒細胞趨化因子,且激素聯(lián)合1,25-(OH)2D3比單用激素有更好的治療效果[45],提示可局部使用維生素D用于成人哮喘患者的慢性鼻竇炎輔助治療,以減少其成人哮喘的癥狀惡化、提高生活質(zhì)量。此外,Greiller等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn)1,25-(OH)2D3能在上皮細胞抑制鼻病毒通過NF-κB基因誘導的細胞黏附分子和血小板活化因子受體的表達,提示維生素D能增強上皮細胞對病毒的抵抗能力及降低繼發(fā)病原菌感染的風險,減少成人哮喘患者疾病惡化的風險。糖皮質(zhì)激素是哮喘的治療基石,使用維生素D作為輔助治療來改善激素不敏感狀況是值得研究的方向。維生素D能減少空氣污染等環(huán)境因素及共患病對成人哮喘疾病的負性影響,提高氣道的抗病毒能力、減少遠期疾病惡化的風險。因此,維持維生素D水平能改善成人哮喘氣道的炎癥細胞浸潤及激素反應,緩解成人哮喘對環(huán)境等危險因素的抵抗能力,從而改善成人哮喘的癥狀和生活質(zhì)量。
2.4 維生素D與肥胖型哮喘
肥胖患者機體處于持續(xù)性低水平炎癥狀態(tài),肥胖型哮喘作為一種重要的哮喘臨床表型,臨床癥狀重、炎癥水平高且對糖皮質(zhì)激素反應差。其中巨噬細胞功能失調(diào)(M1極化)在其發(fā)病中有重要作用,脂肪細胞導致炎癥偏移至Th1、Th17、CD8+T細胞,且炎癥細胞過度/異常分泌的細胞因子激活NF-κB通路,誘導IL-6、TNF-α等促炎因子過度表達[47-48]。脂肪細胞因子(瘦素/脂聯(lián)素/抵抗素)失調(diào)進入循環(huán)系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮作用同樣是導致肥胖型哮喘發(fā)病的重要原因。
長期以來,脂肪組織一直被認為是維生素D的主要儲存場所,維生素D可通過抑制NF-κB通路信號減少細胞因子的釋放和脂肪組織炎癥,且可調(diào)節(jié)脂聯(lián)素、瘦素等脂肪因子的表達[2]。肥胖型哮喘患者體內(nèi)維生素D水平普遍處于缺乏狀態(tài),該狀態(tài)會破壞Th1/Th2平衡,使之呈現(xiàn)Th1型氣道炎癥,El-Fakhri等[49]實驗證實,維生素D能抑制Th0細胞向Th1細胞分化、降低Th1型細胞因子(減少干擾素-γ、IL-2等)的分泌,并能夠誘導Th0細胞向Th2細胞方向分化,并上調(diào)了IL-4等Th2型細胞因子的表達,提示補充適量的維生素D能通過調(diào)節(jié)Th1/Th2平衡進而改善哮喘炎癥水平及激素敏感性。此外,Abbas[2]利用動物實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),維生素D能顯著減少脂肪組織的單核巨噬細胞浸潤(脂肪組織巨噬細胞),并抑制巨噬細胞分泌TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8等細胞因子,從而降低肥胖患者的脂肪組織炎癥狀態(tài),提示維生素D在脂肪組織炎癥反應中發(fā)揮巨大作用。補充足夠的維生素D能通過改變脂肪細胞因子的濃度及分泌的因子調(diào)節(jié)脂肪組織的免疫反應,抑制脂聯(lián)素的合成,并增加瘦素的合成[50-52]。此外,尤其對于肥胖女性,減肥能提高循環(huán)維生素D水平,降低肥胖型哮喘的風險[53]。對于肥胖型哮喘而言,通過生活方式的管理減輕體重的重要性不言而喻。然而通過補充維生素D來恢復體內(nèi)的維生素D水平不僅能從總體緩解局部與全身的慢性炎癥狀態(tài)、抑制脂肪因子的表達,還能夠改善哮喘患者體內(nèi)Th1/Th2平衡,抑制巨噬細胞極化,緩解局部組織的巨噬細胞炎癥浸潤水平。這些研究都間接提示,維生素D是一種理想的肥胖型哮喘輔助治療藥物,未來還需要進行維生素D與肥胖型哮喘機制的基礎與臨床研究以探索維生素D的價值。
3 結語
維生素D是一種重要的人體必需營養(yǎng)素,除了調(diào)節(jié)并穩(wěn)定體內(nèi)鈣磷電解質(zhì)水平,其在維持人體健康、細胞生長和發(fā)育方面發(fā)揮著極其重要的作用。最新的進展見證了維生素D在免疫調(diào)節(jié)和哮喘中復雜的調(diào)控機制,表明維生素D與哮喘密切相關。綜上所述,維生素D是一種值得期待的哮喘輔助治療藥物,然而因目前臨床試驗的局限性,仍需要更大樣本量、更長隨訪時間的隨機對照試驗以提供維生素D和哮喘的因果關系證據(jù),這也將有助于確定補充維生素D的適當途徑、劑量及安全性,并確定對維生素D補充劑有潛在反應的特定哮喘表型。
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(收稿日期:2020-07-31)