葉小容

(福建省福州第四十中學(xué) 福建 福州 350007)

1.數(shù)據(jù)分析

傳統(tǒng)的試卷講評(píng)課總是老師一言堂，深怕遺漏一題或一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。借助于電子平臺(tái)或平時(shí)收集的數(shù)據(jù)分析，我們可以很輕易地識(shí)別學(xué)生易錯(cuò)題，把握住教學(xué)重點(diǎn)，避免教學(xué)盲區(qū)。同時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)分析還可以篩選出具體的學(xué)生名單，讓我們的教學(xué)更加具有針對(duì)性。高三試卷講評(píng)課堂依托數(shù)據(jù)分析，將充分提高試卷講評(píng)課的有效性，同時(shí)打破傳統(tǒng)思維，發(fā)揮學(xué)生觀能動(dòng)性，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立思考，創(chuàng)造，評(píng)價(jià)等高階思維能力。

2.典型案例分析

下面將以筆者在今年高三福州市第三次質(zhì)檢的講評(píng)課為例來(lái)分析基于數(shù)據(jù)下的講評(píng)策略。

圖1

圖2

圖3

圖4

2.1 講評(píng)有所側(cè)重。圖一顯示2班同學(xué)的完型，閱讀，語(yǔ)法填空與1班都有一定的差距，那么在2班講評(píng)時(shí)這3題將重點(diǎn)講評(píng)。圖2顯示語(yǔ)法填空58,59,62三題得分率較低，這就要求教師在課堂上重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)。為了讓上課的講評(píng)更加高效，筆者事先對(duì)學(xué)生的錯(cuò)題進(jìn)行歸因分析，例如58題考的是時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，59題是多音節(jié)的比較級(jí)，62是固定搭配either…or.觀察學(xué)生58題的答案remaining,remained,59題more pretty,62題 and,that等，得出結(jié)論學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)掌握不扎實(shí)，語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)欠缺，導(dǎo)致時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)出錯(cuò)；固定搭配掌握不牢固，不會(huì)靈活運(yùn)用介詞、冠詞。因此講評(píng)時(shí)將會(huì)對(duì)這3個(gè)考點(diǎn)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，多音節(jié)比較級(jí)，固定搭配進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)鞏固，并讓學(xué)生總結(jié)規(guī)律，舉一反三，確保下一次不再犯錯(cuò)。

2.2 講評(píng)要講透。如果講評(píng)只是蜻蜓點(diǎn)水，對(duì)對(duì)答案，或者只停留在翻譯階段，那么這樣的講評(píng)課是無(wú)效的，學(xué)生久而久之就會(huì)對(duì)英語(yǔ)課失去興趣，因?yàn)樗麄冇X(jué)得學(xué)不到東西。那么如何讓講評(píng)課也能讓學(xué)生獲取新知呢？關(guān)鍵在于講透命題意圖，解題思路，解題思維，并融會(huì)貫通，歸納總結(jié)。例如，從圖4的數(shù)據(jù)分析，我們可知學(xué)生在B篇閱讀25，D篇閱讀34得分率是最低的。筆者在講評(píng)前詳細(xì)閱讀文本，分析學(xué)生的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，訪談學(xué)生的選項(xiàng)分析之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生這2題得分率低的共同原因是長(zhǎng)難句分析能力偏弱。

25題 What kind of products would the author like to recommend?

A.Zero-cost B. Top-grade C.Non-breakable D.Well-packed

在講評(píng)25題時(shí)，教會(huì)學(xué)生定位文章中關(guān)鍵句子“Companies rarely redesign their packaging to be reusable without also upgrading them to be healthier, safer and greener.”并著重分析該句子中“雙重否定，rarely, without 表肯定”，從而意譯為“in order to redesign their packaging to be reusable, companies need to upgrade them to be healthier, safer and greener. ” 這里的upgrade就對(duì)應(yīng)了B選項(xiàng)的Top-grade. 教會(huì)學(xué)生解題思路后，再觀察學(xué)生的選項(xiàng)，幾乎每個(gè)占了1/4. 選擇A的同學(xué)粗心地把Zero-cost看成Zero-waste. 選擇C，D的同學(xué)則對(duì)原文理解不清。經(jīng)過(guò)解題思路，解題技巧的點(diǎn)撥，錯(cuò)誤思維和正確思維的比較，學(xué)生一定會(huì)對(duì)這道題印象深刻，并獲得了長(zhǎng)難句分析能力的新知，大大提高了做題的效率和正確率。

34題 How can we solve the problem of interstellar immigrants?

A.Through Earth-based linguistic policy.

B.Through adequate language-learning

C.By knowing the required language

D.By referring to informed rules.

34題的講評(píng)同樣也是和學(xué)生一起分析長(zhǎng)難句“Given the certainty that issues such as whether they will be discriminated will arise, and the uncertainty if exactly how they will progress, we strongly suggest that any crew exhibit strong levels of linguistic training in addition to simply knowing the required language. ” 將重點(diǎn)落在strong levels of linguistic training，根據(jù)近義替換，就等同于B選項(xiàng)中的”adequate language learning”. 對(duì)學(xué)生選項(xiàng)的歸因分析中，發(fā)現(xiàn)選擇A,C,D的同學(xué)都是同一個(gè)思維模式，因?yàn)樵闹谐霈F(xiàn)了選項(xiàng)中的相關(guān)單詞，所以就選了，并沒(méi)注意到選項(xiàng)的張冠李戴，沒(méi)有吃透長(zhǎng)難句的意思。因此要教會(huì)學(xué)生看透另一個(gè)解題技巧，識(shí)別選項(xiàng)中的錯(cuò)誤，如偷梁換柱，以表代里，以偏蓋全等，和正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)，如近義替換等。通過(guò)解題思路，解題思維，命題意圖的分析，學(xué)生并不是被動(dòng)等待答案，而是主動(dòng)思考，大大提高了講評(píng)效率。

2.3 講評(píng)要注重拓展延伸。講評(píng)時(shí)如果只是就題講題，學(xué)生的思維將受到禁錮，即使下次出現(xiàn)同樣的題目，學(xué)生還會(huì)再次犯錯(cuò)。因此講評(píng)時(shí)的拓展延伸，對(duì)試題的變式分析，能對(duì)高頻錯(cuò)題再次鞏固，并加深糾錯(cuò)意識(shí)，提高學(xué)生的解題能力。例如針對(duì)語(yǔ)法填空的講評(píng)，筆者布置了以下變式任務(wù)，幫助學(xué)生拓展思維，提升英語(yǔ)學(xué)科素養(yǎng)。

變式一： 用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式完成句子。

(1) Some years ago, researchers _________ (discover) something strange

on the mouth of a dolphin in Shark Bay.

(2) My husband and I ______ (invite) to attend a lecture yesterday.

(3)For example, most city parks are kept neat and tidy so that humans will find them _______(pretty) than before.

(4) The amazing thing about the spiring is that the colder the temperature gets, the____(hot) the spring.

(5) At first, people were afraid ______-the bats,

(6) Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure_______-offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs.

目的：通過(guò)這樣的練習(xí)促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)高頻錯(cuò)題的認(rèn)知，不斷循環(huán)糾錯(cuò)鞏固錯(cuò)誤知識(shí)點(diǎn)，避免二次犯錯(cuò)。

試題變式二： 請(qǐng)給以下這篇短文設(shè)10個(gè)空格，并說(shuō)明設(shè)空理由。

?Hello，everyone! Welcome to Yale！Today we begin a new academic year at a time of significant change. We are dealing with two crises: the COVID-19 pandemic and the racial inequality and injustice rooted in our country’s history of slavery that still face us today. We have all been affected by these challenges.

?I have been giving a lot of thought to Yale’s role in addressing difficult social issues. Much remains to be answered in this period, but what is certain is that the main mission of Yale is more relevant than ever.

?You will be studying with professors who use their knowledge and skills to remove the world. You will learn from your teachers how to analyze problems, think critically and communicate clearly. Along the way, you also will be encouraged to focus on yourself. Whether fighting a global pandemic or suffering racism, we must be willing to be open to changing our minds

?S0, please, use your time at Yale wisely. Let us devote ourselves to learning together. Let us use these college years to change ourselves. And let us work together on existing and coming challenges to create the world we desire.

目的：讓學(xué)生站在命題者角度挖掘考點(diǎn)，體會(huì)常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)和設(shè)題特點(diǎn)，提升感知能力和實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力

試題變式三：仿寫(xiě)下列句子

?1. You will be studying with professors who use their knowledge and skills to improve the world. You will learn from your teachers how to analyze problems, think critically and communicate clearly. Along the way, you also will be encouraged to focus on yourself. Whether fighting a global pandemic or suffering racism, we must be willing to be open to changing our minds.

?你將會(huì)和老師一起學(xué)習(xí)，使用知識(shí)技能改變世界；你將從你的同學(xué)那學(xué)會(huì)怎樣分析問(wèn)題，批判性思考和清晰交流。一路上，你也會(huì)被鼓勵(lì)聚焦于你自己。無(wú)論是為了大學(xué)夢(mèng)還是精神成長(zhǎng)，我們都必須樂(lè)意敞開(kāi)心胸不斷改變我們的思想。

?2. S0, please, use your time at Yale wisely. Let us devote ourselves to learning together. Let us use these college years to change ourselves. And let us work together on existing and coming challenges to create the world we desire.

?讓我們?nèi)硇耐度胍黄饘W(xué)習(xí)。讓我們使用我們的高中歲月改變我們自己。并且讓我們一起合作克服目前或?qū)?lái)的挑戰(zhàn)為實(shí)現(xiàn)我們渴望的夢(mèng)想。

試題變式四：仿寫(xiě)演講稿

?假如你是李華，作為高三畢業(yè)生代表，你要在高一新生入學(xué)第一天發(fā)表演講稿，表達(dá)對(duì)新生的歡迎和祝福。請(qǐng)你撰寫(xiě)一份演講稿，內(nèi)容包括：

?(1)對(duì)新生的祝福

?(2)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和使命

?(3)殷切希望。

?注意：(1)詞數(shù)在80左右；(2)開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾已給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。

目的：遷移創(chuàng)新文本的情境，讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用原文演講稿中的優(yōu)美句式，在鞏固中內(nèi)化提升。

2.4 重視講評(píng)后的追蹤。講評(píng)就到這節(jié)課結(jié)束，那么學(xué)生的認(rèn)知也就停留在這節(jié)課，無(wú)法再拓展延伸。一張?jiān)嚲淼闹v評(píng)如果沒(méi)有后續(xù)的追蹤，那么它的使用價(jià)值將大打折扣。筆者認(rèn)為可以從以下幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行追蹤。首先針對(duì)個(gè)人強(qiáng)化薄弱項(xiàng)；從圖3當(dāng)中可看出，學(xué)生32-37等6位同學(xué)的語(yǔ)法填空成績(jī)是不理想的，那么后續(xù)可以專(zhuān)門(mén)給這幾個(gè)同學(xué)安排語(yǔ)法填空的練習(xí)，讓他們進(jìn)行每日一題，以達(dá)到對(duì)語(yǔ)法填空考點(diǎn)有一個(gè)規(guī)律性的把握，提升題感，強(qiáng)化薄弱項(xiàng)。其次，二次重寫(xiě)作文；作文在新高考中比重加大，意味著學(xué)生需要花更多的時(shí)間應(yīng)對(duì)2篇作文。應(yīng)用文講評(píng)時(shí)，老師會(huì)把學(xué)生常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤整理歸納，作文框架進(jìn)行引導(dǎo)，作文美句進(jìn)行傳輸。續(xù)寫(xiě)老師還會(huì)對(duì)文本進(jìn)行深刻解讀，續(xù)寫(xiě)要點(diǎn)清晰羅列，續(xù)寫(xiě)美句，優(yōu)秀范文精彩展示。

3.總結(jié)

總之，基于數(shù)據(jù)分析的高三英語(yǔ)試卷講評(píng)課堂是靈動(dòng)的，多樣的。學(xué)生自主獨(dú)立思考的空間加大，學(xué)生勇于探索問(wèn)題，發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題的思維品質(zhì)得到提升，學(xué)生的課堂主體地位得到加強(qiáng)，學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣增強(qiáng)，學(xué)習(xí)氛圍加厚。在新時(shí)代的教師，應(yīng)充分利用大數(shù)據(jù)和人工智能應(yīng)用的大背景，將數(shù)據(jù)分析應(yīng)用于我們的課堂，充分發(fā)揮試卷講評(píng)課的診斷、激勵(lì)功能，從而提高英語(yǔ)學(xué)科教學(xué)的質(zhì)量。