廣東 陳杰云
2017—2021 年高考英語閱讀理解題考查的題目基本上分為四大類:事實細節(jié)題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題和詞義猜測題。2017—2021 年新高考Ⅰ卷和全國卷Ⅰ的答案A、B、C、D 的分布是:4344、3444、4434、3543、4443,其規(guī)律幾乎難以捉摸。那么,其命題有沒有一定的規(guī)律可循呢?或者說有沒有更好的解題方法和技巧呢?答案是肯定的。根據研究筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),無論是全國卷還是新高考卷,高考英語閱讀理解題的命制都是有一定的規(guī)律的,其四個選項主要是根據兩種原則來進行命制的,即:同形項原則和二維(范疇)干擾原則。經統(tǒng)計發(fā)現(xiàn),絕大多數(shù)的高考英語閱讀理解題的選項是根據二維(范疇)干擾的原則進行命制的,如果考生能夠掌握二維(范疇)干擾原則的命題規(guī)律,將大大地降低解題的難度。
何謂范疇?所謂范疇,其實就是我們平時所說的類別。為了弄清楚什么叫范疇,請先看以下的例子。請問以下例子中共有幾個范疇?
例1:A.Apple. B.Banana.
C.Pear. D.Watermelon.
(1 個范疇,同屬于水果范疇。)
例2:A.Leaf. B.Eat.
C.108℃. D.Yummy.
(4 個范疇,屬于4 個不同的范疇。)
試想一下,假如每一道高考英語閱讀理解題中的4 個選項都像上面例2 一樣設置4 個不同的范疇來進行考查,其難度可想而知。在教育部新頒發(fā)的《通知》中指出:高考試題選擇題的題干應圍繞一個中心,和選項的關系一致,干擾項的有效性和迷惑性能反映考生的典型錯誤,各選項的結構和語言長度應大體一致,各題正確選項的分布要基本均勻。因此,為了降低試題的難度,命題者在命題時常常會根據不同的范疇來進行命題,而這個范疇通常的組合比例為2:2 或者1:3/3:1。這就是本文接下來要討論的“二維(范疇)干擾”的命題原則。
范疇又可以分為語言“意義”和語言“功能”。何謂語言“意義”和語言“功能”?語言“意義”指的是成對詞語、成三詞語、或句子所表達的意義,如:近義詞、情景意義、正反意義、主次意義、抽象意義、類屬意義、實虛意義和概括意義。語言“功能”指的是成對詞語或成三詞語和句子所用的詞類、句型句式、所作句子成分和邏輯關系等。
例1:請說出以下四個選項中哪一個屬于不同范疇及其范疇是什么。
A.Black. B.Red.
C.Hot. D.White.
[注:A、B、D 選項屬于同一個范疇,C 選項屬于不同的范疇,屬于“語言意義范疇”,命題者通過兩個范疇進行選項設計,這就是我們所說的二維(范疇)干擾。]
例2:請說出以下四個選項中哪一個屬于不同范疇及其范疇是什么。
A.He is warm-hearted. B.He speaks loudly.
C.He is generous. D.He is polite.
[注:A、C、D 選項屬于同一個范疇,B 選項屬于不同的范疇,屬于“語言功能范疇”,命題者通過兩個范疇進行選項設計,這就是我們所說的二維(范疇)干擾。]
高考英語閱讀理解題的二維(范疇)干擾命題原則分為兩種形式:
1.范疇劃分上分為:語言意義、形式和結構、語氣、時態(tài)和語態(tài)等。
2.組合比例上分為:2:2,1:3 或者3:1(這個1 往往可能就是正確答案)。
下面筆者以2017—2021 年高考英語閱讀理解題為例,具體闡述如何巧妙借助二維(范疇)干擾/結構范疇命題原則來推導試題的答案。具體操作步驟是:首先通過范疇概念排除選項(降低難度),然后通過原文信息驗證答案(定位、定段、定答案)。
(1)通過“語言結構”的范疇進行命題,命題的二維干擾組合比例是2:2。
【真題鏈接】(2021 年高考英語全國甲卷,閱讀理解B)
Paul Beer,head of rhino section at Port Lympne,said:“Obviously we’re all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family.She’s healthy,strong and already eager to play and explore.Her mother,Solio,is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job.It’s still a little too cold for them to go out into the open,but as soon as the weather warms up,I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing every day.”
5.What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A.She loves staying with her mother.
B.She dislikes outdoor activities.
C.She is in good condition.
D.She is sensitive to heat.
該題為推理判斷題,答案為C。
第一步:分析范疇。該題是通過“語言結構”的范疇進行命題的,二維干擾組合比例為2:2(A、B 屬于動賓結構;C、D 屬于系表結構),答案在A、B 或者C、D 兩組之間產生。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。讀題干,可以確定關鍵詞為“Paul Beer say”,定位到本段中Paul Beer 說的話。根據“Obviously we’re all absolutely delighted to welcome another calf to our black rhino family.She’s healthy,strong and already eager to play and explore.”可知,我們都非常高興地歡迎另一頭小牛來到我們的黑犀牛家庭。她健康、強壯,并且已經渴望玩耍和探索。由此可推斷出這個新生的小犀牛狀況很好。故選C 項。
(2)通過“語言形式和結構”的范疇進行命題,命題的二維干擾組合比例是1:3 或者3:1。
【真題鏈接】(2021年高考英語全國甲卷,閱讀理解D)
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six,girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender (性別) are“really,really smart”.Even worse,the study found that girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are“really,really smart”.Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer:absolutely not.
13.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
該題為推理判斷題,答案為D。
第一步:分析范疇。該題是通過“語言形式和結構”的范疇進行命題的,二維干擾組合比例為3:1(A、B、C屬于動賓結構;D 屬于系表結構),答案在A、B、C 和D 兩組之間產生。根據命題規(guī)律,通常這個組合中的1(D)就是答案。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。讀題干,可確定關鍵詞為“girls from the study in Science”,定位到本段的“Even worse,the study found that girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are‘really,really smart’.”可知,女孩有可能被社會信念所影響。故選D 項。
⑵Cox單因素分析結果表明:腫瘤浸潤深度、淋巴結轉移、TNM分期、分化程度、NLR、PLR、MLR、NWR、LWR、MWR是影響胃癌患者總體生存期的不良預后因素(P<0.05)。
(3)通過“語言形式、意義”的范疇進行命題,命題的二維干擾組合比例是2:2。
【真題鏈接】(2021 年高考英語全國乙卷,閱讀理解B)
When almost everyone has a mobile phone,why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline (座機)?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone.In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket.Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere,anytime.
24.What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A.Their target users.
B.Their wide popularity.
C.Their major functions.
該題為主旨大意題,答案為B。
第一步:分析范疇。該題是通過“語言形式、意義”的范疇進行命題的,二維干擾組合比例為2:2(A、C 選項中的中心詞是可數(shù)名詞復數(shù);B、D 選項中的中心詞是不可數(shù)名詞),答案在A、C 或B、D 兩組之間產生。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。讀題干,可確定關鍵詞為“Paragraph 2”和“mobile phones”。定位到第二段的“These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone.”可知,幾乎15 歲以上的人人手一部手機,無論何時無論何地隨時接打,所以第二段主要介紹的是手機的廣泛應用。故選B項。
(4)通過“語言形式、意義”的范疇進行命題,命題的二維干擾組合比例是3:1 或者1:3。
【真題鏈接】(2020 年全國卷Ⅱ,閱讀理解B)
Psychologist Susan Levine,an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago,found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition (認知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,education and the amount of parent talk,Levine said.
24.In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A.Building confidence.
B.Developing spatial skills.
C.Learning self-control.
D.Gaining high-tech knowledge.
該題為細節(jié)理解題,答案為B。
第一步:分析范疇。該題是通過“語言形式、意義”的范疇進行命題的,二維干擾組合比例為3:1(A、C、D選項中的中心詞是不可數(shù)名詞;B 選項中的中心詞是可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)),答案在A、C、D 或B 兩組之間產生。根據命題規(guī)律,通常這個組合中的1(B)就是答案。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。讀題干,可確定關鍵詞為“puzzle play”。定位到本段的“...found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.”可知,在2 歲到4 歲之間玩智力游戲的兒童在空間能力方面更好,孩子們可以通過智力游戲發(fā)展更好的空間技能。故選B 項。
(5)通過“語氣”的范疇進行命題,命題的二維干擾組合比例是3:1。
【真題鏈接】(2021 年高考英語全國甲卷,閱讀理解B)
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve,but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild.The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg.His mother,grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
7.What can be inferred about Port Lympne Reserve?
A.The rhino section will be open to the public.
B.It aims to control the number of the animals.
C.It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D.Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
該題為推理判斷題,答案為D。
第一步:分析范疇。該題是通過“語氣”的范疇進行命題的,二維干擾組合比例為3:1(A、B、C 屬于主謂結構;D 是情態(tài)動詞開頭的主謂結構),答案在A、B、C 或D兩組之間產生。根據命題規(guī)律,通常這個組合中的1(D)就是答案。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。讀題干,可確定關鍵詞為“Port Lympne Reserve”,定位到本段的“but it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild”可知,一些犀??赡軙凰偷揭吧Wo區(qū)。故選D 項。
(6)通過“語氣”的范疇進行命題,命題的二維干擾組合比例是2:2。
【真題鏈接】(2020 年全國卷Ⅲ,閱讀理解D)
Dr.Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines.They made a living as divers,spearfishing or harvesting shellfish.“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,”Dr.Jubilado said.“I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
34.Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A.They could walk on stilts all day.
B.They had a superb way of fishing.
C.They could stay long underwater.
D.They lived on both land and water.
該題為細節(jié)理解題,答案為C。
第一步:分析范疇。該題是通過“語氣”的范疇進行命題的,二維干擾組合比例為2:2(A、C 屬于情態(tài)動詞+動賓結構:B、D 屬于動賓結構),答案在A、C 或B、D兩組之間產生。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。讀題干,可確定關鍵詞為“Jubilado”,定位到本段的“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders”可知,我們很驚訝,他們在水下待的時間比我們當?shù)氐膷u民要長得多,由此推斷出讓Jubilado 感到吃驚的是Bajau 人能在水下待更長的時間。故選C 項。
(7)通過“時態(tài)和語態(tài)”的范疇進行命題,命題的二維干擾組合比例是1:3 或者3:1。
【真題鏈接】(2019 年全國卷Ⅲ,閱讀理解B)
“China is impossible to overlook,”says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world,which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.”O(jiān)f course,not only are today’s top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu are taking on Galliano,Albaz,Marc Jacobs — and beating them hands down in design and sales,”adds Hill.
25.What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A.They are setting the fashion.
B.They start many fashion campaigns.
C.They admire super models.
D.They do business all over the world.
該題為細節(jié)理解題,答案為A。
第一步:分析范疇。該題是通過“時態(tài)和語態(tài)”的范疇進行命題的,二維干擾組合比例為1:3(A 為現(xiàn)在進行時;B、C、D 為一般現(xiàn)在時),答案在A 或B、C、D 兩組之間產生。根據命題規(guī)律,通常這個組合中的1(A)就是答案。
第二步:定位、定段、定答案。讀題干,可確定關鍵詞為“Hill say”和“Chinese women”,定位到本段的“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world,which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.”可知,中國女性不僅是時尚的消費者,她們還是時尚發(fā)展的核心。故選A 項。
由于篇幅有限,未能一一列舉例子。高考發(fā)展到今天,各個學科都逐漸形成了一些比較成熟的命題方式。出于穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的考慮,高考試卷在命題方式上仍然會保持以往的傳統(tǒng)風格。近年來,高考英語試題的難度保持在0.65 左右,整卷150 分,按照命題原則,命題人要將平均分控制在90~100 分。高考英語閱讀理解題雖說有A、B、C、D四個選項,根據不完全統(tǒng)計,高考英語閱讀理解題中的答案選項絕大多數(shù)都是根據二維(范疇)干擾原則來進行命制的,即只從兩個范疇來設計選項,以降低難度。其范疇組合通常為2:2 或3:1(這個1 常常就是答案,但是仍然需要從原文獲取信息來加以推導和驗證),通常情況下,解題方法是:先通過范疇概念排除選項(降低難度),再通過原文信息驗證答案。如果能夠熟練地掌握高考英語閱讀理解題的二維(范疇)干擾的命題原則,不但有助于考生降低解題難度,排除一些錯誤選項,從而快速地推導出正確答案,而且有助于教師明確高考英語命題規(guī)律和把握高考英語命題方向,為原創(chuàng)命題提供重要的參考。