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中青年隱源性DWI陰性急性缺血性腦卒中合并卵圓孔未閉兩例

2021-12-30 03:57劉瑩瑩?馬麗麗?馬曉萌?陳曉紅
新醫(yī)學(xué) 2021年12期

劉瑩瑩?馬麗麗?馬曉萌?陳曉紅

【摘要】該文報(bào)道2例中青年隱源性彌散加權(quán)成像(DWI)陰性急性缺血性腦卒中合并卵圓孔未閉男性患者,均為38歲,急性起病,以輕度神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀就診,既往無腦血管病危險(xiǎn)因素,以左側(cè)肢體功能障礙為主要表現(xiàn),DWI均陰性,經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲發(fā)泡檢查和經(jīng)食管心臟彩色多普勒超聲檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)卵圓孔未閉,其后均接受抗血小板、調(diào)脂等治療,好轉(zhuǎn)出院后隨訪顯示2例均接受了卵圓孔未閉封堵治療,均痊愈。應(yīng)通過該2例的診治過程提高對(duì)局灶性神經(jīng)功能缺損合并卵圓孔未閉的認(rèn)識(shí),當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)局灶性神經(jīng)功能缺損,即使DWI陰性亦不能排除急性缺血性腦卒中,應(yīng)積極進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)因素篩查,尤其是在中青年隱源性患者中,應(yīng)高度重視卵圓孔未閉的檢測(cè)及治療,減少卵圓孔未閉所致的腦卒中及卒中復(fù)發(fā)。

【關(guān)鍵詞】肢體功能障礙;缺血性卒中;卵圓孔未閉

Cryptogenic DWI-negative ischemic stroke complicated with patent foramen ovale: report of two cases Liu Yingying, Ma Lili, Ma Xiaomeng, Chen Xiaohong. Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China

Corresponding author,Chen Xiaohong, E-mail: chenxh5@mail.sysu.edu.cn

【Abstract】Two 38-year-old male patients with cryptogenic diffusion weighted imaging(DWI)-negative ischemic stroke complicated with patent foramen ovale (PFO) were reported. Both two patient presented with acute onset, mild neurological deficits, no previous risk factors of cerebrovascular disease and left limb dysfunction as the main manifestation. DWI yielded negative results. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography and esophageal echocardiography confirmed the diagnosis of PFO. Two patients were treated with antiplatelet and lipid-reducing interventions and successfully discharged. Subsequent follow-up indicated that two patients received PFO occlusion and were healed. The diagnosis and treatment of these two cases deepened the understanding of focal neurologic deficit complicated with PFO. The possibility of ischemic stroke cannot be ruled out when the DWI is negative in patients presenting with focal neurological deficit. We should actively carry out risk factors screening, especially in young patients with cryptogenic stroke. We should attach great importance to the diagnosis and treatment of PFO, aiming to reduce the incidence and recurrence of stroke caused by PFO.

【Key words】Limb dysfunction; Ischemic stroke; Patent foramen ovale

卵圓孔未閉(PFO)是一種常見的先天性心臟病,有研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)其與缺血性腦卒中相關(guān),是部分隱源性卒中患者的致病原因[1-3]。本文報(bào)道了2例中青年隱源性彌散加權(quán)成像(DWI)陰性急性缺血性腦卒中合并PFO患者,綜合考慮其腦卒中由PFO引起。

病例資料

例1 患者男,38歲,因突發(fā)左側(cè)肢體活動(dòng)不靈3 d于2020年7月1日至本院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科就診?;颊哂趧×疫\(yùn)動(dòng)后覺左側(cè)肢體乏力,伴有麻木感,尚能行走、持物,癥狀有輕微加重趨勢(shì),無頭暈、頭痛,無言語不利,無口角歪斜。否認(rèn)有高血壓、糖尿病、心臟病、高脂血癥等病史。平素堅(jiān)持鍛煉,不抽煙、飲酒,不熬夜,飲食清淡,生活作息規(guī)律,工作生活無壓力。體格檢查:血壓128/81 mm Hg(1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa),BMI

20.1 kg/m2,神志清晰,言語流利,雙側(cè)瞳孔等大等圓、直徑3 mm,直接與間接對(duì)光反射靈敏,伸舌居中,雙側(cè)鼻唇溝對(duì)稱,面部痛覺對(duì)稱,四肢肌力5級(jí)、感覺對(duì)稱,左側(cè)指鼻欠穩(wěn)準(zhǔn),左下肢跟膝脛試驗(yàn)不準(zhǔn)確,未引出病理征。美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)評(píng)分1分。實(shí)驗(yàn)室及輔助檢查:2020年7月1日血常規(guī)、凝血常規(guī)、甲狀腺功能、梅毒抗體、狼瘡指標(biāo)、抗中性粒細(xì)胞胞漿抗體(ANCA)及可提取性核抗原(ENA)等均未見異常。ESR 3 mm/h。GHbA1c 4.7%??偰懝檀?/p>

7.18 mmol/L,LDL-C 4.35 mmol/L,甘油三酯2.26 mmol/L,同型半胱氨酸 38.4 mmol/L。頭部CT平掃未見異常。2020年7月4日頭顱MRI+磁共振血管成像(MRA)+彌散加權(quán)成像(DWI)結(jié)果示MRI右側(cè)額葉小變性灶;MRA未見明確異常;DWI呈等信號(hào),增強(qiáng)未見異常強(qiáng)化,見圖1A。常規(guī)心電圖未見異常。頸動(dòng)脈彩色多普勒超聲檢查(彩超)示雙側(cè)頸總動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈、椎動(dòng)脈血流速度正常。心臟彩超示心內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)未見異常,主動(dòng)脈瓣反流(極輕),三尖瓣反流(極輕)。經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲(TCD)發(fā)泡試驗(yàn)示陽性,支持右向左分流(RLS,固有型、大量)。進(jìn)一步行經(jīng)食管心臟彩超考慮PFO,右心聲學(xué)造影可見RLS聲像(大量),房間隔回聲中斷,位于房間隔中部,寬度1.5 mm,長(zhǎng)度9.2 mm,見圖1D。反常栓塞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RoPE)評(píng)分9分。綜合患者臨床表現(xiàn)及各項(xiàng)檢查,考慮診斷為急性缺血性腦卒中、PFO、高脂血癥、高同型半胱氨酸血癥,予拜阿司匹林抗血小板、阿托伐他汀調(diào)脂及降同型半胱氨酸治療。治療1周后患者病情穩(wěn)定,癥狀無再加重,出院診斷為PFO所致中青年隱源性DWI陰性急性缺血性卒中。6個(gè)月后隨訪,其已接受PFO封堵治療,術(shù)后恢復(fù)良好,未再出現(xiàn)其他不適。

例2 患者男,38歲,因突發(fā)左側(cè)肢體乏力10 d于2020年11月6日至本院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科就診。患者10 d前于晨起后覺左側(cè)肢體乏力,能行走、持物,長(zhǎng)時(shí)間走路感覺左腳比右腳累,伴有左側(cè)面部發(fā)熱、僵麻感,偶有頭暈、頭痛,2020年11月4日于我院急診查頭顱CT平掃未見異常。否認(rèn)有高血壓、糖尿病、心臟病、高脂血癥等病史,近幾年常有頸部及肩膀酸痛,平素不抽煙、飲酒,常熬夜。體格檢查:血壓125/85 mm Hg,BMI

27.8 kg/m2,神志清晰,言語流利,雙側(cè)瞳孔等大等圓,直徑3 mm,直接與間接對(duì)光反射靈敏,伸舌居中,左側(cè)面部痛覺減退,四肢肌力5級(jí)、感覺對(duì)稱,全身共濟(jì)運(yùn)動(dòng)準(zhǔn)確,未引出病理征。NIHSS 評(píng)分1分。實(shí)驗(yàn)室及輔助檢查:2020年11月7日頭顱MRI+MRA+DWI結(jié)果示MRI雙側(cè)額葉皮層下少許小缺血灶,左側(cè)上頜竇炎癥;MRA示左側(cè)大腦后動(dòng)脈亦起自同側(cè)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈,右側(cè)椎動(dòng)脈顱內(nèi)段較對(duì)側(cè)略細(xì),考慮先天性;DWI未見信號(hào)增高,見圖1B。頸椎MRI示頸椎輕度退變;頸3/4、4/5、5/6、6/7椎間盤突出,頸5/6右側(cè)椎間孔略窄,見圖1C。常規(guī)心電圖未見異常。頸動(dòng)脈彩超示雙側(cè)頸動(dòng)脈內(nèi)中膜回聲增強(qiáng),未見明顯增厚,血流未見明顯異常。綜合患者臨床表現(xiàn)及各項(xiàng)檢查,考慮診斷為急性缺血性腦卒中,予拜阿司匹林抗血小板及阿托伐他汀調(diào)脂治療?;颊叱鲈汉笪磮?jiān)持服藥,其后就診于本院脊柱外科,接受針灸等物理治療,但癥狀無明顯改善,遂再次就診于神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,行TCD發(fā)泡試驗(yàn)示陽性,支持RLS(固有型、大量)。進(jìn)一步行經(jīng)食管心臟彩超示PFO,右心聲學(xué)造影可見RLS聲像(大量),房間隔有回聲中斷,位于房間隔中部,寬度3.0 mm,長(zhǎng)度6.1 mm,見圖1E。RoPE評(píng)分9分。結(jié)合病史仍考慮診斷為急性缺血性腦卒中,繼續(xù)予拜阿司匹林抗血小板及阿托伐他汀調(diào)脂治療。經(jīng)治療1周后,患者病情穩(wěn)定出院,出院診斷為PFO所致中青年隱源性DWI陰性急性缺血性卒中。3個(gè)月后隨訪,患者已接受PFO封堵治療,術(shù)后恢復(fù)良好,未再出現(xiàn)其他不適。

討 論

本文的2例患者均為中青年男性,急性起病,既往無腦血管病危險(xiǎn)因素,無煙酒不良嗜好,以左側(cè)肢體功能障礙為主要表現(xiàn),體格檢查可見局灶性神經(jīng)功能缺損體征,NIHSS評(píng)分1分,頭顱MRI有額葉小變性灶及缺血灶,經(jīng)TCD發(fā)泡試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)大量固有型RLS,進(jìn)一步行經(jīng)食管心臟彩超提示PFO,最終確診為PFO所致中青年隱源性DWI陰性急性缺血性卒中。

PFO與缺血性腦卒中顯著相關(guān),近半數(shù)隱源性卒中患者的致病原因?yàn)镻FO[1-3]。PFO最可能通過反常栓塞觸發(fā)缺血性腦卒中[4-5]。RoPE評(píng)分有助于區(qū)分致病性和偶發(fā)性PFO[6]。本文的2例患者RoPE評(píng)分均為9分,高度提示致病性PFO。在大多數(shù)研究中,PFO大小是卒中發(fā)生和復(fù)發(fā)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,當(dāng)PFO較大,最長(zhǎng)直徑≥2 mm時(shí),優(yōu)勢(shì)比為2.54[2, 7-10]。長(zhǎng)度≥8 mm的隧道樣PFO也被報(bào)道為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[2, 10-12]。本文例1 PFO寬度1.5 mm、長(zhǎng)度9.2 mm,為隧道樣PFO;例2 PFO寬度3.0 mm、長(zhǎng)度6.1 mm,為較大PFO,綜上,我們考慮PFO可能是2例患者的致病因素。

DWI評(píng)估急性缺血性腦卒中的靈敏度未能達(dá)到100%[13]。DWI陰性的急性缺血性腦卒中主要包括3種情況。首先,后循環(huán)缺血與DWI陰性有關(guān)[13]。其次,小型卒中,特別是腦干卒中,DWI或未能檢出[15]。第三,DWI或會(huì)遺漏超急性期缺血[15-16]。本文例1以左側(cè)共濟(jì)失調(diào)為主要表現(xiàn),符合后循環(huán)梗死的臨床表現(xiàn);例2以左側(cè)肢體乏力麻木為主要表現(xiàn),伴有頭暈,不能排除循環(huán)梗死。2例患者NIHSS評(píng)分均為1分。故考慮2例患者DWI陰性的主要原因在于梗死部位可能在后循環(huán)以及梗死面積較小。多數(shù)存在大量RLS的患者在DWI上表現(xiàn)為小面積梗死,PFO還可能引起無癥狀腦梗死[17]。本文2例均為大量RLS,故在DWI上表現(xiàn)為小面積梗死,以致DWI呈陰性。另外,2例均合并額葉小缺血灶及變性灶,既往無神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀,故為PFO引起的無癥狀腦梗死。

本文報(bào)道了2例中青年隱源性DWI陰性急性缺血性腦卒中合并PFO患者,以期提高臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)PFO的認(rèn)識(shí)水平。輕度神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀而DWI陰性極有可能被忽略,因此錯(cuò)過進(jìn)一步診斷和治療時(shí)機(jī)。當(dāng)患者出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)功能缺損癥狀時(shí),即使DWI陰性,亦不能排除急性缺血性腦卒中,應(yīng)積極進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)因素篩查,尤其是對(duì)中青年隱源性卒中患者,應(yīng)高度重視PFO的檢測(cè)及治療,減少PFO所致的腦卒中及卒中復(fù)發(fā)。本文僅報(bào)道了2例,更多的相關(guān)臨床數(shù)據(jù)尚有待進(jìn)一步研究,急性缺血性腦卒中的原因及危險(xiǎn)因素很多,目前仍有許多未知因素,需要不斷探索以改善患者預(yù)后、提高診療水平。

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(收稿日期:2021-06-20)

(本文編輯:洪悅民)