文/徐海銘
我們在《選料、鍛造、定型、上澤:英語寫作略談》一文中論及了作者選擇詞匯的音響效果標準,還談到了通過結(jié)構(gòu)性的特別安排或置放實現(xiàn)寫作意圖?,F(xiàn)在,我們就詞匯選擇這一話題再深入談一談平時在閱讀英語文本過程中該如何從詞匯使用角度去理解文本。
先看下面一段選自英國小說家Charles Dickens的《霧都孤兒》()中描寫倫敦一條叫作Smith field 的大街早上喧鬧、氣味和各種情狀的片段:
It was market morning.The ground was covered, nearly ankledeep, with; asteam, perceptually rising fromof the cattle,and mingling with the fog, which seemed to, hungabove.All the pens in the center of the large area,and as many temporary pens as could be, were filled with sheep; tied up to postswere long lines of beasts and oxen,.Countrymen, butchers,drovers, hawkers, boys, thieves,idlers, and vagabonds of every low grade, were;of drovers,of dogs,of oxen,of sheep,of pigs,of hawkers,on all sides;of bells andof voices, that issued from every publichouse;;the hideous and discordant din that resounded from every corner of the market; andfigures constantly, and; rendered it ascene,which quite.
用狄更斯小說中的話來說,這里出現(xiàn)了“一派嘈雜聲組成的 喧 鬧”(a tumult of discordant sounds),讓主人公Oliver Twist感到驚愕、惶惑。作家的目光也在不斷變換移動,從高處的大街到地面的寬闊地帶,從大街的淺處到深處(three or four deep,即三到四列橫隊),從牲口到人,從氣味到物質(zhì),從趕牲口的人的吆喝到牲口的不同叫聲,從嘈雜的人群到他們的各種擁擠(crowding)、推搡(pushing)、驅(qū)逐(driving)、拍打(beating)、高呼(whooping)、吼叫(yelling),真夠鬧騰,讓人驚詫(stunning)、疑慮(bewildering)、惶惑(confound)。這里,狄更斯使用了不同的詞語精準描摹牲畜的聲音和牲畜販子(drover)的叫呼,如whistling(打唿哨聲)、barking(狂吠聲)、bellowing(低嚎)、plunging(猛沖向)、bleating(咩咩的羊叫聲)、grunting(豬的嘟噥叫聲)、squeaking(短促尖利的吱吱叫聲)、oaths(發(fā)誓咒罵聲)、roar(咆哮聲)。眾聲喧嘩,人畜混雜,好一個喧囂集市的早晨!如果讀者看到生活中的街頭或者集市情景,不妨學(xué)習(xí)精準使用這些詞匯;勤學(xué)常用,注意類似詞匯的精微語義差別,時間一長,它們就會內(nèi)化為自己的活用詞匯。
值得一提的是,這一段的第一句“It was market morning.”使用了地道的英語單詞(Anglo-Saxon words),文風(fēng)平易樸實。說起使用簡單地道的盎格魯-撒克遜英語詞匯,我們不妨來看看美國作家、諾貝爾文學(xué)獎獲得者John Steinbeck的《憤怒的葡萄》()一書的開頭:
To theand part ofof Oklahoma,the last rains came, and they did not.The plows.The last rainsthe corn quickly andand grass along the sides of the roads so that.In the last part of Mayand the clouds that hadfor so long in the spring.The sunon the growing corn day after day until a line of brown spread along.The clouds appeared, and went away, and in a while, they did not try any more.The weeds grew darker green to protect themselves, and they did not spread any more.The surface of the earth, and as the sky became pale, so the earth became pale, pink in the red country and white in the gray country…(P.1)
Afollowed the rain clouds, driving them on northward,.A day went by and the wind increased, steady, unbroken by gusts.The dust from the roadsbeside the fields, and fell into the fields a little way.Now the wind grew strong and hard andt in the corn fields.Little by little the sky was darkened by the mixing dust,,.The wind grew stronger.like.The cornthe wind and.did notnow, butthe darkening sky.
The wind grew stronger,,straws and old leaves, and even little clods,.The air and the sky darkened and through them, and there was ain the air.During a nightfaster over the land,amonguntiland thentoward the earth.
.In the gray sky a red sun appeared,; and as,toward darkness, and the windover the fallen corn.(P.2)
不難看出,作者沒有使用任何宏大正式的詞語,也沒有使用音節(jié)復(fù)雜的外來長單詞,基本上都是地道的英語本土短小單詞(比如開頭的 come、cut、scarred)。作者描寫的是俄克拉何馬州的紅土地情況,玉米在春天的長勢,雨水的來臨和土壤的變化,天上太陽微妙的變化和地上色彩的細膩幻變,風(fēng)勢的強弱以及它與玉米接觸的不同情狀。文中使用的都是常見的高頻單詞,特別是動詞,簡短形象。在筆者看來,這里沒有任何一個多余單詞。同樣地,這里也沒有任何一句多余句子。這里的每一個句子基本上使用的是主動語態(tài),都在傳遞事物的運動或活動狀態(tài);句子呈現(xiàn)出來的流動感相當強,這是因為句子簡短、精悍、有力。唯其如此,才格外傳神,表達的意境才容易鐫刻在讀者腦海中。每個句子宛若飽蘸濃墨重彩的畫筆,勾勒出具有特別強烈質(zhì)感的畫面,很容易把讀者帶進那個特定時空的土地和氣候情境當中,為讀者在后面感受人物的命運作好鋪墊。
在這里,我們感受到了普通英語單詞的神奇和精彩。單詞不是表達抽象的思想或觀念,不是了無生機的靜態(tài)描述。我們聽到了風(fēng)聲;目睹了土壤因為得到少得可憐的雨水而發(fā)生的各種微妙變化;親歷了玉米生長的幾個階段,從長出根須到葉子,直至枯萎死亡。我們印象深刻的還有從土壤蛻變出來的各種灰塵,在狂風(fēng)和微風(fēng)中,經(jīng)受不同的命運和結(jié)果。此外,作者對色彩的捕捉更是準確微妙,仿佛他就是天才的油畫家,對色彩如此鐘情敏感。所有這一切描繪,如果作者不是細心觀察生活和耐心體會自然景象變幻之人,怎么可能用如此簡潔傳神的文字準確有力地勾畫出來呢?
因此,閱讀和理解文本離不開對生活的細心觀察和體會,以心入文,讓文入心,悉心揣摩。文本用精準的英語小詞,去描摹人物和情狀,有所區(qū)別,有所對照,傳神地表達要傳遞的信息。這是閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ),也是用英語寫作的基本積累過程。法國作家莫泊桑在論述福樓拜的《包法利夫人》()時說:
“Obsessed by this absolute belief that there exists only one way of expressing a thing, one noun to name it, one adjective to qualify it, one verb to set it in motion, he engaged in a superhuman labor in order to discover for each sentence that noun, that epithet, and that verb.Thus he believed in a mysterious harmony of language, and when a suitable term did not seem to him euphonious, he searched for another with an unconquerable patience,certain that he did not have the true,unique word.”
“他(福樓拜)相信,表達一個事物只有一種方式,只有一個名詞給它命名,只有一個形容詞對它進行修飾,只有一個動詞使之運動,他癡迷于這一絕對信念,為了給每個句子找到那個名詞、那個形容詞、那個動詞,付出超人的艱辛。就這樣,他相信語言神秘而又和諧,當一個合適的詞語在他看來似乎并不動聽悅耳時,他就憑無可征服的耐心,去尋找另外一個詞語,因為他肯定他還沒有找到那個真正的、獨一無二的詞語?!?/p>
大翻譯家嚴復(fù)說,自己有時候為了找到一個對應(yīng)的恰切的漢語表達,要推敲良久,真是“一名之立,旬月踟躕”。其實,作家寫作又何嘗不是如此啊。我們在閱讀時,唯有精心細致地閱讀,對照生活,細心體會,才能感受到作家遣詞造句的殫精竭慮,才能日后在自己的寫作中精確地使用詞語。