王海俠
【摘要】目的:分析舒適護(hù)理聯(lián)合母乳喂養(yǎng)干預(yù)對(duì)產(chǎn)婦生理與心理狀態(tài)的影響。方法:在2021年1月—2021年12月本院建檔的產(chǎn)婦中選取158例作為研究對(duì)象。將先入院的79例產(chǎn)婦設(shè)為對(duì)照組,后入院的79例產(chǎn)婦設(shè)為觀察組。給予對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理,給予觀察組舒適護(hù)理聯(lián)合母乳喂養(yǎng)干預(yù)。比較兩組婦產(chǎn)的生理變化以及心理狀態(tài)發(fā)生的改變。結(jié)果:觀察組產(chǎn)后2h的出血量、泌乳始動(dòng)時(shí)間均和對(duì)照組相比有顯著的減少,而泌乳量卻比對(duì)照組有明顯的增多(P<0.05)。護(hù)理前,兩組的HAMD、HAMA評(píng)分差距很小,不具備統(tǒng)計(jì)性(P>0.05)。護(hù)理后,兩組評(píng)分均有顯著的降低,且觀察組的得分比對(duì)照組降低程度更大,分析顯示有差異性(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:對(duì)分娩后產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行舒適護(hù)理聯(lián)合母乳喂養(yǎng)干預(yù)可顯著提升泌乳質(zhì)量,減少產(chǎn)后出血量,并有效改善各種負(fù)面情緒,有利于產(chǎn)后恢復(fù)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】舒適護(hù)理;母乳喂養(yǎng)干預(yù);產(chǎn)婦;生理狀態(tài);心理狀態(tài)
Effects of comfort nursing combined with breastfeeding intervention on maternal physiological and psychological status
WANG Haixia
Fengxiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Baoji, Shaanxi 721400, China
【Abstract】Objective: To analyze the effect of comfort nursing combined with breastfeeding intervention on maternal physiological and psychological state. Methods: From January 2021 to December 2021, 158 puerperae who were registered in our hospital were selected as the research objects. The 79 puerperae who were first admitted to the hospital were set as the control group, and the 79 puerperae who were later admitted to the hospital were set as the observation group. The control group was given basic nursing, and the observation group was given comfort nursing combined with breastfeeding intervention. The physiological changes and psychological changes of the two groups were compared. Results: The amount of bleeding and the onset time of lactation in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group, but the amount of lactation was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Before nursing, the difference of HAMD and HAMA scores between the two groups was very small and did not have statistical significance (P>0.05). After nursing, the scores of the two groups decreased significantly, and the scores of the observation group decreased more than those of the control group. The analysis showed that there were differences (P<0.05). Conclusion: Comfort nursing combined with breastfeeding intervention f on maternal can significantly improve lactation quality, reduce postpartum hemorrhage, and effectively improve various negative emotions, which is beneficial to postpartum recovery.
【Key Words】Comfort nursing; Breastfeeding intervention; Maternal; Physiological state; Psychological state
產(chǎn)婦在分娩后身體激素急劇變化,直接影響到情緒,出現(xiàn)焦慮、抑郁的不良心理,而不良心理則會(huì)直接影響到產(chǎn)婦泌乳,甚至發(fā)生堵塞等問(wèn)題,因此需要制定相應(yīng)的護(hù)理措施,對(duì)患者的生理與心理狀態(tài)進(jìn)行調(diào)整,促進(jìn)產(chǎn)后恢復(fù)[1-2]。舒適護(hù)理作為一種新型的護(hù)理模式,使人在生理、心理、社會(huì)、靈性上達(dá)到最愉悅的狀態(tài),或者縮短、降低不愉快程度,制定規(guī)范性的護(hù)理措施。母乳喂養(yǎng)是指用母親的乳汁喂養(yǎng)嬰兒的方式[3-4]。研究顯示,用母乳喂養(yǎng)的嬰兒發(fā)展更為健康,效果包括增強(qiáng)免疫力、提升智力、減少嬰兒猝死癥的發(fā)生、減少兒童期肥胖、減少罹患過(guò)敏性疾病的概率等等。在過(guò)去的幾十年中,有越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)證明母乳喂養(yǎng)對(duì)健康有益,母乳喂養(yǎng)干預(yù)則通過(guò)改變母親對(duì)嬰兒喂養(yǎng)行為的干預(yù),促進(jìn)母乳喂養(yǎng),提高母乳喂養(yǎng)率[5],因此通過(guò)對(duì)舒適護(hù)理聯(lián)合母乳喂養(yǎng)干預(yù)對(duì)產(chǎn)婦生理與心理狀態(tài)的影響進(jìn)行分析,為臨床護(hù)理提供依據(jù),具體內(nèi)容如下。
1.1 一般資料
在2021年1月—2021年12月本院建檔的產(chǎn)婦中選取158例作為研究對(duì)象,將先入院的79例產(chǎn)婦設(shè)為對(duì)照組,后入院的79例產(chǎn)婦設(shè)為觀察組。對(duì)照組,初產(chǎn)婦49例,經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦30例,年齡22~36歲,平均年齡(29.11±2.33)歲,孕周36~41周,平均孕周(38.65±2.22)周;觀察組,初產(chǎn)婦48例,經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦31例,年齡21~36歲,平均年齡(28.87±2.44)歲,孕周37~41周,平均孕周(38.88±2.15)周。分析患者一般資料,兩組無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05)。
1.2 方法
對(duì)照組給予患者基礎(chǔ)護(hù)理,在分娩之前指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)前檢查,對(duì)生命體征進(jìn)行監(jiān)控,做好飲食指導(dǎo)和健康教育,并輔助分娩。
觀察組在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上加入舒適護(hù)理聯(lián)合母乳喂養(yǎng)干預(yù),①舒適護(hù)理:為患者提供溫馨的分娩環(huán)境,保持室內(nèi)空氣清新、溫度適宜、光線柔和,放置一些花卉和知識(shí)性掛圖,以減輕心理壓力;在分娩過(guò)程中給予適宜的指導(dǎo),在宮縮間隙指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)婦安靜休息,閉上雙眼深呼吸,呼氣時(shí)全身放松,引導(dǎo)其回憶愉悅的經(jīng)歷,緩解分娩壓力;分娩中給予產(chǎn)婦持續(xù)性的情感支持和鼓勵(lì),通過(guò)體貼、撫摸、安慰等形式,使產(chǎn)婦在精神上得到支持,增加自信心和耐力,減少因精神因素導(dǎo)致的分娩困難。②母乳喂養(yǎng)干預(yù):在產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)檢期間講解母乳喂養(yǎng)對(duì)自身以及嬰兒的積極影響,并將純母乳喂養(yǎng)、混合喂養(yǎng)以及人工喂養(yǎng)的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行講解,糾正產(chǎn)婦對(duì)于母乳喂養(yǎng)的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)知;在分娩之前指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)婦做好母乳喂養(yǎng)準(zhǔn)備,如分娩前未分泌乳汁,進(jìn)行乳房按摩,如分娩前已經(jīng)分泌乳汁,則每日使用毛巾對(duì)乳房進(jìn)行擦拭,如存在乳頭結(jié)痂的問(wèn)題,則進(jìn)行及時(shí)的清理;對(duì)于正確的母乳喂養(yǎng)方法進(jìn)行講解,指導(dǎo)產(chǎn)婦學(xué)習(xí)哺乳姿勢(shì)和技巧,使產(chǎn)婦在分娩之前掌握母嬰姿勢(shì)和哺乳姿勢(shì),并進(jìn)行喂養(yǎng)次數(shù)、嬰兒吸吮時(shí)間、乳房吸空所需時(shí)間等知識(shí)教育;在分娩后母嬰同室,在嬰兒產(chǎn)出的30min即進(jìn)行母嬰皮膚接觸,時(shí)間30min以上,同時(shí)協(xié)助嬰兒進(jìn)行吸吮,增加母嬰感情,促進(jìn)子宮收縮。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)。
①兩組生理狀態(tài)對(duì)比,指標(biāo)包括產(chǎn)后2h出血量、泌乳始動(dòng)時(shí)間、泌乳量。
②兩組心理狀態(tài)對(duì)比[6],使用漢密爾頓焦慮(Hamilton Anxiety Scale,HAMD)、抑郁評(píng)分(Hamilton Anxiety Scale,HAMA)對(duì)心理情況進(jìn)行評(píng)估,兩種量表的問(wèn)題均采用0~4分的5級(jí)評(píng)分法,各級(jí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:0分:無(wú)癥狀;1分:輕; 2分:中等;3分:重;4分:極重,最后計(jì)算總分,分值越高心理狀態(tài)越差。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 23.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用(%)表示,進(jìn)行χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料采用(χ±s) 表示,進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 兩組患者生理狀態(tài)對(duì)比
觀察組產(chǎn)后2h出血量、泌乳始動(dòng)時(shí)間顯著低于對(duì)照組,泌乳量則顯著高于對(duì)照組相應(yīng)指標(biāo)值,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 兩組患者干預(yù)前后心理狀態(tài)評(píng)分比較
護(hù)理前兩組HAMD、HAMA評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),護(hù)理干預(yù)后兩組患者的HAMD、HAMA評(píng)分均降低,并且護(hù)理干預(yù)后觀察組HAMD評(píng)分、HAMA評(píng)分均顯著低于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
產(chǎn)婦在分娩之后情緒波動(dòng)較大,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)后出血增加,泌乳延遲,對(duì)于產(chǎn)婦以及胎兒均產(chǎn)生不利影響,因此需要在產(chǎn)后給予更加科學(xué)的護(hù)理措施,以提升護(hù)理質(zhì)量[7-8]。從本研究結(jié)果可知,觀察組產(chǎn)后2h出血量、泌乳始動(dòng)時(shí)間顯著低于對(duì)照組,泌乳量則顯著高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。護(hù)理前兩組心理狀態(tài)對(duì)比無(wú)差異(P>0.05);護(hù)理后觀察組HAMD評(píng)分、HAMA評(píng)分均顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。究其原因:舒適護(hù)理為患者提供人文護(hù)理,對(duì)患者進(jìn)行生理、心理、社會(huì)方面的護(hù)理,達(dá)到精神上的愉悅,降低分娩期間的心理壓力,調(diào)節(jié)產(chǎn)婦至最佳狀態(tài),可降低產(chǎn)后出血量,緩解心理壓力。舒適護(hù)理中環(huán)境的干預(yù)可使產(chǎn)婦在分娩中及時(shí)放松身心,積極配合助產(chǎn)士和醫(yī)生,提升分娩質(zhì)量[9];母乳喂養(yǎng)干預(yù)的使用,系統(tǒng)性的對(duì)母嬰喂養(yǎng)知識(shí)進(jìn)行講解,為產(chǎn)婦提供全面的喂養(yǎng)技巧指導(dǎo),并在分娩之后母嬰同室[10],及早吸吮,利于開(kāi)奶,及早建立喂養(yǎng)行為。通過(guò)對(duì)母乳喂養(yǎng)知識(shí)的講解,可糾正產(chǎn)婦喂養(yǎng)方面的認(rèn)知偏差,建立喂養(yǎng)信念,使產(chǎn)婦認(rèn)識(shí)到母乳喂養(yǎng)、混合喂養(yǎng)以及人工喂養(yǎng)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),結(jié)合產(chǎn)婦的實(shí)際選擇合適的喂養(yǎng)措施,提升母乳喂養(yǎng)質(zhì)量,因此泌乳時(shí)間提前,泌乳量也增加[11]。
綜上可見(jiàn),對(duì)分娩后產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行舒適護(hù)理聯(lián)合母乳喂養(yǎng)干預(yù)可提升顯著提升泌乳質(zhì)量,減少產(chǎn)后出血量,并有效改善各種負(fù)面情緒,有利于產(chǎn)后恢復(fù)。
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