劉鉆福,竇玉青,張本強(qiáng),周之蔚,4,李玉輝,任 杰,李 賢,高云鵬,徐秀紅*
烘烤工藝對(duì)加熱卷煙烤煙原料香氣成分及感官質(zhì)量的影響
劉鉆福1,2,竇玉青1,張本強(qiáng)3,周之蔚1,2,4,李玉輝3,任 杰1,李 賢1,2,高云鵬1,2,徐秀紅1*
(1.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院煙草研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部煙草生物學(xué)與加工重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,青島 266101;2.中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院研究生院,北京 100081;3.山東中煙工業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,濟(jì)南 250100;4.上海煙草集團(tuán)有限責(zé)任公司,上海 200082)
為明確烘烤工藝對(duì)加熱卷煙烤煙原料香氣成分和感官質(zhì)量的影響,對(duì)不同烘烤工藝調(diào)制的初烤中部煙葉按照加熱卷煙感官評(píng)價(jià)方法進(jìn)行感官質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),檢測熱裂解煙氣中的香氣物質(zhì)含量,并對(duì)煙氣中香氣物質(zhì)含量與感官質(zhì)量的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果表明,不同烘烤工藝處理樣品熱裂解煙氣中的香氣成分含量有一定差異。與H1處理相比,H2處理呋喃類、有機(jī)酸類、烯類、酯類等物質(zhì)含量分別降低了3.63、0.43、0.30和0.87百分點(diǎn);而生物堿類、醛酮類、酚類、醇類等物質(zhì)含量分別提高了3.40、1.45、0.16和0.23百分點(diǎn)。H3處理呋喃類、生物堿類、酚類、烯類、酯類等物質(zhì)含量分別降低了4.91、1.22、1.17、0.50和1.04百分點(diǎn);醛酮類、有機(jī)酸類、醇類等物質(zhì)含量分別提高了5.63、2.05和1.15百分點(diǎn)。在感官質(zhì)量方面,H1、H2和H3處理烤后煙葉加熱卷煙感官質(zhì)量得分分別為76.9、79.6和89.2,H3處理顯著高于其余兩個(gè)處理。冗余分析和相關(guān)分析表明,H2處理有利于煙堿的積累,影響加熱卷煙的勁頭。H3處理巨豆三烯酮3、DDMP、棕櫚酸含量顯著提高,且巨豆三烯酮3是H3處理熱裂解釋放成分中的典型香氣成分,與口感、豐滿度和香氣的分布方向一致。在8點(diǎn)式精準(zhǔn)烘烤工藝基礎(chǔ)上適當(dāng)提高變黃溫度,降低干筋期溫度,有利于加熱卷煙烤煙原料感官品質(zhì)的提升。
烘烤工藝;加熱卷煙;感官質(zhì)量;香氣成分
傳統(tǒng)卷煙煙霧中檢測到的大多數(shù)有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)都是由燃燒引起的[1]。加熱卷煙是利用熱源對(duì)煙草材料進(jìn)行加熱后釋放煙氣,煙草材料只受熱并不燃燒的一種新型煙草制品[2-3]。加熱卷煙的抽吸溫度一般在350 ℃以下,僅發(fā)生蒸餾及較簡單的熱解反應(yīng),不僅可以滿足吸煙者對(duì)于煙堿的需求,還可有效減少高溫燃燒、熱解和熱合成過程中潛在有害物質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生,很大程度上降低了煙草制品對(duì)人體和環(huán)境的危害[4-7]。但是,相較于燃燒溫度,加熱卷煙的加熱溫度較低,其所釋放的香氣較傳統(tǒng)卷煙顯著減少,在抽吸過程中缺乏煙草本香,制約了加熱卷煙的發(fā)展。由于加熱卷煙香氣釋放的方式由燃燒變?yōu)闊崃呀?,因此加熱卷煙原料端的配套生產(chǎn)加工技術(shù)調(diào)整也成為研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。
煙葉烘烤是烤煙原料生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)之一,不同變黃和變筋溫度對(duì)煙葉香氣物質(zhì)含量及感官質(zhì)量均具有顯著影響。中低溫變黃、中低溫變筋有利于紅花大金元類胡蘿卜素降解產(chǎn)物、西柏烷類降解產(chǎn)物、苯丙氨酸類降解產(chǎn)物和美拉德反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物類致香物質(zhì)總量的提高[8];中低溫變筋能顯著提高NC55和中煙100美拉德反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物、苯丙氨酸類降解產(chǎn)物總量[9-10]。而對(duì)于加熱卷煙的烤煙原料,傳統(tǒng)的烘烤工藝是否能滿足加熱卷煙的需求是急需解決的問題?,F(xiàn)有對(duì)加熱卷煙烤煙原料香氣的研究多集中于不同熱裂解溫度下的香氣物質(zhì)釋放特性[11-12],尚未見不同烘烤工藝對(duì)加熱卷煙烤煙原料感官質(zhì)量及其香氣物質(zhì)含量影響的研究報(bào)道?;诖耍狙芯吭凇?點(diǎn)式精準(zhǔn)烘烤工藝”基礎(chǔ)上[13-14],針對(duì)加熱卷煙烤煙原料需求特點(diǎn)對(duì)烘烤工藝進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化研究,旨在明確不同烘烤工藝與加熱卷煙烤煙原料香氣成分及感官質(zhì)量的關(guān)系,為加熱卷煙原料烘烤工藝的設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)提供參考。
烘烤試驗(yàn)于2020年在中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院煙草研究所青島實(shí)驗(yàn)基地進(jìn)行,2021年進(jìn)行了加熱卷煙烤煙原料香氣成分測定和感官質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。供試材料為中煙特香301中部煙葉。供試烤房為小型電熱溫濕度自控密集烤房(1.90 m×1.35 m×1.40 m),每烤房裝煙數(shù)量為10夾,每夾鮮煙12 kg。
試驗(yàn)共設(shè)計(jì)3個(gè)工藝處理。H1:8點(diǎn)式精準(zhǔn)烘烤工藝。H2:在8點(diǎn)式工藝基礎(chǔ)上,增加36 ℃穩(wěn)溫點(diǎn),降低定色前期溫度和干筋期溫度。H3:在8點(diǎn)式工藝基礎(chǔ)上,烘烤起始溫度調(diào)整為40 ℃,降低干筋期溫度。每個(gè)處理重復(fù)3次。各處理具體烘烤工藝參數(shù)見表1-3。
1.3.1 熱裂解煙氣中的香氣成分測定 制作樣品步驟:稱取2 mg樣品粉末裝入熱裂解坩堝中。熱裂解氛圍為氮?dú)?,氣流速度?75 mL/min;裂解溫度為300 ℃,加熱時(shí)間5 min;解吸溫度為280 ℃。
氣相色譜質(zhì)譜條件:HP-5MS毛細(xì)管色譜柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm);載氣為氦氣,流量為1 mL/min;采用分流模式,分流比為50∶1;進(jìn)樣口溫度250 ℃;升溫程序?yàn)?0 ℃保持3 min,以10 ℃/min的速率升高溫度到280 ℃,保持15 min;溶劑延遲2.5 min;電離方式為電子轟擊源(EI);電離能量70 eV;離子源溫度230 ℃;四極桿溫度150 ℃;全掃描,掃描范圍29~400 amu。采用NIST2008和WILEY07兩個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)譜庫進(jìn)行定性分析,面積歸一法進(jìn)行定量分析。
表1 H1烘烤工藝參數(shù)
注:2/3指葉片數(shù)量或變化程度達(dá)到2/3,下同。
Note: 2/3 refers to the number of leaves or the degree of change up to 2/3, the same below.
表2 H2烘烤工藝參數(shù)
表3 H3烘烤工藝參數(shù)
1.3.2 加熱卷煙感官質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià) 由加熱卷煙評(píng)吸專家依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《新型卷煙感官評(píng)價(jià)方法》(Q/YNZY.J04.022—2015),對(duì)不同工藝烤后烤煙原料制作的加熱卷煙煙支的豐滿度(10分)、香氣(30分)、勁頭(10分)、諧調(diào)性(10分)、刺激性(15分)和口感(25分)指標(biāo)分別進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)打分。感官質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)滿分為100分。
采用SAS 9.4進(jìn)行方差分析,利用R語言Hmisc包進(jìn)行pearson相關(guān)分析,vegan包進(jìn)行冗余分析,ggplot2包進(jìn)行作圖。
由表4和圖1可知,不同烘烤工藝處理樣品熱裂解煙氣中的香氣成分含量有差異。與H1處理相比,H2處理呋喃類、有機(jī)酸類、烯類、酯類等物質(zhì)含量分別降低了3.63、0.43、0.30和0.87百分點(diǎn);生物堿類、醛酮類、酚類、醇類等物質(zhì)含量分別提高了3.40、1.45、0.16和0.23百分點(diǎn)。其中含量降低的成分主要包括糠醛、5-甲基呋喃醛、5-羥甲基糠醛、苯甲酸、2-呋喃甲酸、角鯊烯、2-糠酸甲酯;含量提高的成分主要包括煙堿、2-羥基-2-環(huán)戊烯-1-酮、2,3-二氫-3,5二羥基-6-甲基-4(H)-吡喃-4-酮、鄰苯二酚、4-羥基苯乙醇等。H3處理呋喃類、生物堿類、酚類、烯類、酯類等物質(zhì)含量分別降低了4.91、1.22、1.17、0.50和1.04百分點(diǎn),醛酮類、有機(jī)酸類、醇類等物質(zhì)含量分別提高了5.63、2.05和1.15百分點(diǎn)。其中含量降低的成分主要包括糠醇、5-羥甲基糠醛、煙堿、對(duì)苯二酚、雙戊烯、2-糠酸甲酯,含量提高的成分主要包括2,3-二氫-3,5二羥基-6-甲基-4(H)-吡喃-4-酮(DDMP)、巨豆三烯酮3、棕櫚酸、肉豆蔻酸、亞麻烯醇。
表4 不同烘烤工藝烤后煙葉熱裂解煙氣中的香氣成分
注:數(shù)字后不同字母代表0.05水平的顯著性,下同。
Note: different letters after numbers represent significance at the 0.05 level, the same below.
圖1 不同處理煙葉熱裂解各類別香氣總含量
將3種烘烤工藝處理的烤后煙葉,制作成加熱卷煙,并依據(jù)加熱卷煙評(píng)吸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行評(píng)分,由表5可知,H3處理顯著提高了烤煙原料的豐滿度、香氣和口感,綜合得分以H3處理顯著高于其他兩個(gè)處理。H2處理在諧調(diào)性和口感方面得分高于H1,但香氣得分低于H1,綜合得分與H1無明顯差異。
為了進(jìn)一步明確煙氣中的香氣成分與感官質(zhì)量的關(guān)系,利用R語言軟件進(jìn)行冗余分析和相關(guān)分析。冗余分析(圖2)中較小散點(diǎn)分別代表各裂解香氣物質(zhì),箭頭指向代表各感官評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。散點(diǎn)投影距離樣本點(diǎn)越近,則表示對(duì)該工藝樣本的貢獻(xiàn)率越高,相關(guān)性越強(qiáng);散點(diǎn)在箭頭方向的投影越大,則表示對(duì)該感官指標(biāo)的貢獻(xiàn)率越高;箭頭夾角為銳角時(shí),角度越小則表示感官指標(biāo)間正相關(guān)性越強(qiáng),夾角為鈍角時(shí),角度越大則表示感官指標(biāo)間負(fù)相關(guān)性越強(qiáng)。由圖2可知,不同烘烤工藝烤后加熱卷煙烤煙原料在感官質(zhì)量和香氣成分含量有明顯的差異,兩個(gè)主成分可以有效區(qū)分3個(gè)工藝處理的樣本,RDA1和RDA2分別解釋76.49%和22.51%的香氣成分變化信息。在感官評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)中,豐滿度、香氣和口感評(píng)價(jià)參數(shù)分布在H3處理樣本周圍,說明H3處理可以顯著影響加熱卷煙香氣、豐滿度和口感等評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。H2處理影響加熱卷煙勁頭,煙堿是H2處理中貢獻(xiàn)率最高的成分。煙堿和勁頭在圖中空間分布一致,進(jìn)一步說明H2處理能顯著提高卷煙中煙堿釋放量,進(jìn)而增加加熱卷煙的勁頭。刺激性受H1處理影響最大。進(jìn)一步分析香氣成分與感官質(zhì)量指標(biāo)的關(guān)系發(fā)現(xiàn),巨豆三烯酮3、棕櫚酸、肉豆蔻酸和DDMP分布在H3處理樣本周圍,說明這些香氣成分對(duì)H3處理的貢獻(xiàn)率較高,是H3處理加熱卷煙釋放的典型香氣物質(zhì),并且與口感、豐滿度和香氣的分布方向一致。
表5 不同烘烤工藝烤后加熱卷煙烤煙原料的感官質(zhì)量
注:數(shù)字后不同字母代表0.05水平的顯著性。Note: Different letters after numbers represent significance at the 0.05 level.
注:DDMP為2,3-二氫-3,5二羥基-6-甲基-4(H)-吡喃-4-酮。
圖3 巨豆三烯酮3與感官指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性
香氣是評(píng)價(jià)加熱卷煙制品的重要指標(biāo),而調(diào)制工藝對(duì)加熱卷煙烤煙原料香氣物質(zhì)的形成有重要影響[15]。烘烤過程中溫濕度條件是影響烤煙香氣物質(zhì)形成的主要因素。烘烤過程中較低的溫度和適宜的濕度,有利于各類酶活性的提高,酶失活較慢,從而促進(jìn)煙葉生理生化變化、前體物質(zhì)的轉(zhuǎn)化分解及香氣物質(zhì)的形成[16]。適當(dāng)提高變黃期溫度,有利于多酚類物質(zhì)的積累[17]。干筋溫度的降低可以減少香氣物質(zhì)的降解,促進(jìn)香氣濃度的提高[18]。本研究結(jié)果表明,適當(dāng)提高變黃溫度、低溫干筋(H3)處理加熱卷煙烤煙原料煙氣中醛酮類、有機(jī)酸類、醇類等物質(zhì)的含量顯著較高;適當(dāng)降低變黃溫度、低溫干筋(H2)處理,熱裂解煙氣中的生物堿類含量顯著較高。這與代麗等[19]在傳統(tǒng)卷煙烤煙原料上的研究結(jié)果不盡一致,可能由于加熱卷煙在低溫加熱狀態(tài)下一些香氣物質(zhì)不易釋放導(dǎo)致。
糠醛在美拉德反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物中含量最高,受變黃溫度影響也較大[8],以H1處理煙氣中含量最高,說明38 ℃變黃更有利于煙葉烘烤中糠醛的形成。煙氣中糠醇含量以H3處理最低,這可能是因?yàn)橄鄬?duì)較高的變筋溫度不利于煙葉烘烤中糠醇的合成有關(guān)[8]。煙氣中巨豆三烯酮 3 含量以H3處理最高,H1處理次之,說明較高的變黃溫度有利于提高烤后煙葉中巨豆三烯酮3的含量,但也有研究[8]表明,變黃溫度對(duì)煙葉中巨豆三烯酮3含量影響較小。H3處理煙氣中棕櫚酸含量最高,而H1和H2處理無顯著差異,說明較高的變黃溫度有利于棕櫚酸的形成,這與已有研究[8]結(jié)果不一致,有待于進(jìn)一步研究明確。變黃溫度單獨(dú)對(duì)煙葉煙堿含量影響不大[20-21],本研究結(jié)果適當(dāng)降低變黃溫度和干筋溫度有利于加熱卷煙煙氣中煙堿含量的提高,這可能主要是由于干筋期溫度降低,從而減少了游離煙堿的揮發(fā),而勁頭與煙氣游離煙堿含量密切相關(guān),游離煙堿含量越高,勁頭越大[22]。
與傳統(tǒng)卷煙相比,影響加熱卷煙感官質(zhì)量的因素較多,如加熱卷煙的制作過程繁瑣,加熱卷煙煙氣的釋放規(guī)律與傳統(tǒng)卷煙有所差別[23-24],感官質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與傳統(tǒng)卷煙有所差異等。在傳統(tǒng)卷煙感官質(zhì)量方面,烤后煙葉質(zhì)量以38 ℃變黃處理綜合表現(xiàn)最優(yōu)[20]。而在加熱卷煙感官質(zhì)量方面,H3處理感官質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)得分最高,這可能因?yàn)镠3處理結(jié)合了較低的干筋期溫度,減少了小分子香氣物質(zhì)的揮發(fā),適合加熱卷煙的抽吸方式。在感官評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)中,豐滿度、香氣和口感評(píng)價(jià)參數(shù)分布在H3處理樣本周圍,說明H3處理可以顯著影響加熱卷煙的香氣相關(guān)的評(píng)價(jià)參數(shù)。而H1和H2處理分別影響加熱卷煙的刺激性和勁頭。進(jìn)一步分析香氣成分與感官評(píng)價(jià)的關(guān)系發(fā)現(xiàn),巨豆三烯酮3是H3處理中的典型香氣物質(zhì),并且與口感、豐滿度和香氣的分布方向一致,這與趙璐等[25]研究結(jié)果一致。
結(jié)果表明,在8點(diǎn)式精準(zhǔn)烘烤工藝基礎(chǔ)上適當(dāng)提高變黃溫度,降低干筋期溫度,有利于提高加熱卷煙烤煙原料煙氣中巨豆三烯酮3的含量,提高加熱卷煙的豐滿度、香氣和口感等。H3工藝可以作為加熱卷煙烤煙原料的烘烤工藝。
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Effects of Different Curing Techniques on Aroma Components and Sensory Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco Raw Materials for Heated Tobacco Cigarette Products
LIU Zuanfu1,2, DOU Yuqing1, ZHANG Benqiang3, ZHOU zhiwei1,2,4, LI Yuhui3, REN Jie1, LI Xian1,2, GAO Yunpeng1,2, XU Xiuhong1*
(1. Institute of Tobacco Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China,;2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; 3. China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China; 4. Shanghai Tobacco Group Co., Shanghai 200082, China)
In order to clarify the effect of curing process on the aroma components and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco raw materials for heated tobacco products, the sensory quality of middle tobacco leaves with different curing processes was evaluated according to the sensory evaluation method of heated tobacco products. The content of aroma substances in pyrolysis flue gas was detected, and the relationship between the content of aroma substances in flue gas and the sensory quality was analyzed. The results showed that the contents of aroma components in pyrolysis flue gas of samples from different curing processes were different. Compared with H1 treatment, the contents of furans, organic acids, alkenes and esters in H2 treatment decreased by 3.63, 0.43, 0.30 and 0.87 percentage points, respectively. The contents of alkaloids, aldehydes and ketones, phenols and alcohols increased by 3.40, 1.45, 0.16 and 0.23 percentage points, respectively. The contents of furans, alkaloids, phenols, alkenes and esters in H3 treatment were decreased by 4.91, 1.22, 1.17, 0.50 and 1.04 percentage points, respectively. The contents of aldehydes and ketones, organic acids and alcohols were increased by 5.63, 2.05 and 1.15 percentage points, respectively. In terms of sensory quality, the scores of sensory quality of heated tobacco products from H1, H2 and H3 treatments were 76.9, 79.6 and 89.2, respectively, and the scores of H3 were significantly higher than those of H1 and H2. Redundant analysis and correlation analysis showed that H2 treatment was conducive to the accumulation of nicotine and affected the strength of heated tobacco products. The contents of megastigatrienone 3, DDMP and palmitic acid in H3 treatment were significantly increased, and megastigatrienone 3 was a typical aroma component in the pyrolysis release components, which was consistent with the distribution direction of taste, plumpness and aroma. On the basis of the eight-point curing technology, appropriately increasing the yellowing temperature and reducing the temperature at the stem drying stage was conducive to improving the sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco raw materials for heated tobacco products.
curing technology; heated tobacco products ; sensory quality; aroma composition
TS44+1
A
1007-5119(2022)03-0057-07
10.13496/j.issn.1007-5119.2022.03.009
中國煙草總公司山東省公司科技重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(201801);中國煙草總公司科技重大專項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目[110202001015(XX-11)];中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新工程(ASTIP-TRIC03)
劉鉆福(1997-),男,在讀碩士研究生,主要從事煙葉調(diào)制機(jī)理與技術(shù)研究。E-mail:1400904906@qq.com
,E-mail:xuxiuhong@caas.cn
2021-12-29
2022-02-23