???王東林
患者,女,56歲。因“右眼Nd:YAG激光后囊切開術后視物不見5 d”于2020年9月27日就診于濟南明水眼科醫(yī)院。糖尿病病史17年,口服藥物控制血糖,血糖控制可。因右眼玻璃體積血、糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變、年齡相關性白內障于2020年8月06日在濟南明水眼科醫(yī)院行右眼玻璃體切割+白內障摘除+人工晶狀體植入術。術后3 d視力由0.02恢復至0.15,術后20 d激光掃描檢眼鏡可見視盤邊界清楚、顏色稍淡,杯盤比約0.5,動靜脈血管形態(tài)走形未見異常,視網(wǎng)膜呈豹紋狀,全視網(wǎng)膜激光斑反應良好,黃斑中心凹反光未見(見圖1);光學相干斷層掃描(OCT)檢查示:視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮(RPE)層和橢圓體帶欠連續(xù)(見圖2)?;颊哂已坌g后1個半月復查時,訴右眼視力下降,查體見右眼視力0.05,后囊膜增厚混濁,診斷為右眼后發(fā)性白內障。于2020 年8 月22日門診行右眼 Nd:YAG激光后囊切開術,激光能量1.5 mJ/脈沖,爆破點數(shù)25點,后囊孔3.5 mm,術后即查視力0.15,眼壓18 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),裂隙燈顯微鏡下檢查示:右眼角膜透明,前房中深,房水閃輝(+),人工晶狀體位正,后囊膜切開,玻璃體腔少量混濁,眼底未查。術后5 d,患者訴右眼視物不見,來濟南明水眼科醫(yī)院就診。全身檢查未見明顯異常。眼科檢查示:右眼視力光感,矯正無提高;左眼視力0.8,矯正無助;右眼、左眼眼壓分別為14 mmHg、15 mmHg。裂隙燈顯微鏡檢查示:雙眼角膜透明,人工晶狀體透明、位正,右眼玻璃體腔內含大量色素性混濁,眼底模糊見視盤界清、色淡,全視網(wǎng)膜牽拉高起,波動差,視網(wǎng)膜顳側數(shù)個牽拉裂孔,黃斑區(qū)裂孔(見圖3)。OCT檢查示黃斑裂孔,視網(wǎng)膜脫離(見圖4)。眼部B型超聲檢查示:右眼視網(wǎng)膜脫離(見圖5)。左眼眼前節(jié)及眼底檢查未見明顯異常。診斷:右眼黃斑裂孔性視網(wǎng)膜脫離。右眼行23G玻璃體切割視網(wǎng)膜復位手術,術中剝除黃斑區(qū)內界膜,注入硅油。術后1個月,右眼矯正視力0.12,OCT檢查示黃斑裂孔閉合,黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜復位(見圖6)。
討論:
后囊膜混濁(Posterior capsule opacification,PCO)是白內障囊外摘除術最常見的并發(fā)癥,Nd:YAG激光后囊切開術是PCO的首選治療方法,但也會導致視網(wǎng)膜脫離、黃斑囊樣水腫和黃斑裂孔等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。國內外有文獻報道白內障術后后囊混濁Nd:YAG后囊切開術后可能會造成黃斑裂孔。有文獻報道,行Nd:YAG激光后囊切開術的患者中黃斑裂孔的發(fā)生率為2%。但Nd:YAG激光后囊切開導致玻璃體切割術后黃斑裂孔性視網(wǎng)膜脫離鮮有報道。目前,臨床上關于Nd:YAG激光后囊切開術后發(fā)生黃斑裂孔的機制尚不統(tǒng)一,多數(shù)學者認為Nd:YAG激光造成的瞬時聲變使得玻璃體出現(xiàn)前移位的改變,導致了玻璃體對黃斑區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜切線方向的牽引作用,從而形成黃斑裂孔;也有研究認為Nd:YAG激光后囊切開后前后房房水的直接溝通引起壓力的波動所致;亦有研究認為,激光能量較強直接導致黃斑裂孔形成。本病例中,玻璃體收縮可能不是導致黃斑裂孔形成的原因,因為該患者已行玻璃體切割手術,且術中未發(fā)現(xiàn)殘留的玻璃體后皮質。本例患者形成黃斑裂孔的原因可能是Nd:YAG光脈沖波因缺乏玻璃體的緩沖直接傳輸?shù)胶髽O。玻璃體內的高透明質酸含量使得玻璃體成為充滿黏彈性的膠質而不僅僅是黏性液體,這樣就形成了一種良好的“減震器”,從而保護玻璃體周圍組織(如視網(wǎng)膜)免于或減低沖擊下的損害,玻璃體切除后“減震”的效果大大減小了,亦不排除玻璃體切除術后殘留少量前部玻璃體后皮質牽拉造成。由于Nd:YAG激光后囊切開引起玻璃體切割術后黃斑裂孔性視網(wǎng)膜脫離的病例較少,發(fā)病機制還需進一步探討。
圖1.患者玻璃體切割術后20 d右眼激光掃描檢眼鏡圖像右眼視盤邊界清楚、顏色稍淡,杯盤比約0.5,動靜脈血管形態(tài)走形未見異常,視網(wǎng)膜呈豹紋狀,全視網(wǎng)膜激光斑反應良好,黃斑中心凹反光未見Figure 1. Scanning laser ophthalmoscope image of the right eye 20 d after vitrectomy.The right eye's optic disc had a clear border and a lighter color.The cup-to-disk ratio is about 0.5.There is no abnormality in the morphology of arteries and veins.The retina was in a leopard pattern.The laser spot response of the whole retina was good,and the macular fovea was not reflected.
圖2.患者玻璃體切割術后20 d右眼OCT圖像右眼視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層和橢圓體帶欠連續(xù)Figure 2. OCT image of the right eye 20 d after vitrectomy.The retinal pigment epithelium layer and ellipsoid zone of the right eye were not continuous.
圖3.患者Nd:YAG后囊切開術后5 d右眼激光掃描檢眼鏡圖像右眼視盤邊界清楚、顏色稍淡,杯盤比約0.5,全視網(wǎng)膜牽拉高起,波動差,視網(wǎng)膜顳側數(shù)個牽拉裂孔形成,黃斑區(qū)裂孔形成Figure 3. Scanning laser ophthalmoscope image of the right eye 5 d after the Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy.The right eye's optic disc had a clear border and slightly lighter color.The cup-to-disk ratio was about 0.5.The whole retina was stretched high and fluctuates poorly.Several traction holes were formed on the temporal side of the retina,and macular holes were formed.
圖4.患者Nd:YAG激光后囊切開術后5 d右眼OCT圖右眼黃斑裂孔形成,視網(wǎng)膜脫離Figure 4. OCT image of the right eye 5 d after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.The macular hole formed and the retina was detached of the right eye.
圖5.患者Nd:YAG激光后囊切開術后5 d右眼B型超聲圖右眼視網(wǎng)膜脫離Figure 5. B-mode ultrasound image of the right eye 5 d after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.The retina was detached of the right eye.
圖6.患者視網(wǎng)膜復位術后1個月右眼黃斑OCT圖右眼黃斑裂孔閉合,視網(wǎng)膜復位Figure 6. OCT image of the right eye 1 month after retinal reattachment.The macular hole was closed and the retina reattached of the right eye.
總之,Nd:YAG激光后囊切開有引起黃斑裂孔性視網(wǎng)膜脫離的風險,會嚴重損害患者視功能,在臨床中應警惕此類并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
利益沖突申明
本研究無任何利益沖突作者貢獻聲明
??疲菏占瘮?shù)據(jù);參與選題、設計及資料的分析和解釋;撰寫論文;根據(jù)編輯部的修改意見進行修改。王東林:參與選題、設計、資料的分析和解釋,修改論文中關鍵性結果、結論,根據(jù)編輯部的修改意見進行核修