黃澤胤 謝明花 陳月碧 黎學(xué)友 郭昱嵩 王中鐸 董忠典
摘要 以成年雌性弓背青鳉(Oryzias curvinotus)為研究對象,研究了不同環(huán)境相關(guān)濃度(0.93、9.33和102.33 μg/L)雙酚AF(BPAF)短期暴露對其生存、生長和生殖的影響。結(jié)果表明,102.33 μg/L BPAF暴露21 d極顯著降低了成年雌性弓背青鳉的存活率和生長狀況因子;9.33和102.33 μg/L BPAF暴露導(dǎo)致成年雌性弓背青鳉肝細(xì)胞排列松散、脂肪積累減少,102.33 μg/L BPAF暴露還導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞形態(tài)出現(xiàn)明顯腫脹;102.33 μg/L BPAF暴露導(dǎo)致其卵母細(xì)胞大多停留在初級卵母細(xì)胞階段,抑制了卵母細(xì)胞的成熟。另外,102.33 μg/L BPAF暴露顯著或極顯著上調(diào)了vtglike、vtg1、vtg2和chgh在肝臟中的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平以及cyp11a、cyp19a1a和gsdf在卵巢中的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平。不同環(huán)境相關(guān)濃度的BPAF暴露對成年弓背青鳉雌魚有較強(qiáng)的致死效應(yīng)、生長抑制效應(yīng)、雌激素效應(yīng),并可引起肝損傷和卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)生障礙。
關(guān)鍵詞弓背青鳉;內(nèi)分泌干擾物;雙酚AF;雌激素效應(yīng);生殖毒性
中圖分類號X174文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼A
文章編號0517-6611(2023)08-0079-07
doi:10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2023.08.019開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識碼(OSID):
Toxic Effects of Bisphenol AF Exposure at Environmental Concentrations on the Growth and Reproduction of Adult Female Oryzias curvinotus
HUANG Ze-yin,XIE Ming-hua,CHEN Yue-bi et al(Key Laboratory of Aquaculture in South China Sea for Aquatic Economic Animal of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes/ Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University,Zhanjiang,Guangdong 524088)
AbstractAdult female Oryzias curvinotus were used as research objects to study the effects of short-term exposure with BPAF at different environmental concentrations (0.93,9.33 and 102.33 μg/L) on the survival, growth and reproduction of O.curvinotus.The results showed that the survival rate and condition factor of adult female O.curvinotus were extremely significantly reduced by the exposure with 102.33 μg/L BPAF for 21 days.Exposure with 9.33 and 102.33 μg/L BPAF resulted in loose arrangement of hepatocytes and the reduction of fat accumulation in adult female O.curvinotus.Exposure with 102.33 μg/L BPAF caused significant swelling of liver cell morphology.102.33 μg/L BPAF caused oocytes to stay in the primary oocyte stage and inhibited the maturation of oocytes.102.33 μg/L BPAF significantly or extremely significantly up-regulated the transcript levels of vtglike,vtg1,vtg2 and chgh in the liver,and the transcript levels of cyp11a,cyp19a1a and gsdf in the ovary.Exposure with environmental concentrations of BPAF had strong lethal effects,growth inhibitory effects,and estrogen effects on adult female O.curvinotus,and could cause liver damage and oocyte dysfunction.
Key wordsOryzias curvinotus;Endocrine disruptor;Bisphenol AF;Estrogen effects;Reproductive toxicity
內(nèi)分泌干擾物(endocrine disrupting chemicals,EDCs)污染已被列為繼臭氧層空洞和地球變暖之后迫切需要治理的環(huán)境污染問題。雙酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)是最常見的內(nèi)分泌干擾物,具有類雌激素效應(yīng)、神經(jīng)毒性、遺傳毒性和生殖毒性等[1-4],目前已被多個(gè)地區(qū)和行業(yè)禁用[5-6]。雙酚AF(bisphenol AF,BPAF)又名六氟雙酚A,是一種新型的含氟雙酚類物質(zhì),也是BPA的主要替代物之一。它在工業(yè)上主要用作氟橡膠硫化促進(jìn)劑,也可用于電子產(chǎn)品、光纖、食品包裝盒加工、醫(yī)藥中間體等[7]。隨著BPAF用量的增加,在產(chǎn)品的制造、消費(fèi)和廢棄過程中BPAF不可避免會釋放到各類環(huán)境介質(zhì)中[6,8-9]。
水體作為容納BPAF的主要介質(zhì),近年來水體中BPAF含量呈現(xiàn)增加的趨勢[9-13]。德國地表水中BPAF的濃度為0.1~180.0 μg/L[13];嘉興市BPAF工廠附近河水中BPAF濃度高達(dá)15.3 μg/L[14]。2006—2007年,美國74個(gè)污水處理廠污水污泥樣品中BPAF檢出率為46%,干重1.79~72.20 μg/kg[15]。目前飲用水中BPAF的相關(guān)報(bào)道較少,但BPAF在水源和飲用水樣本中的檢出率僅次于BPA[16-17]。Mandrah等[18]在瓶裝碳酸飲料樣品中也檢測到BPAF。
研究表明,BPAF具有內(nèi)分泌干擾效應(yīng)、生殖毒性、生長和發(fā)育毒性以及神經(jīng)毒性[19-26]。盡管現(xiàn)階段水環(huán)境中BPAF含量較低,但BPAF具有半衰期長、易富集、難降解等特性,同時(shí)由于其CF3基團(tuán)具有更高的電負(fù)性和活性,即使低劑量的BPAF也可能具有更高的結(jié)合激素受體潛力,嚴(yán)重威脅水生生物的健康[27]。污染物的毒性受水體理化因子的影響,同一種污染物在不同鹽度、溫度、pH等環(huán)境條件下可能具有不同的毒性,此外不同的物種對相同污染物的敏感度也可能存在差異[28-29]。目前對BPAF的水生生態(tài)毒理研究主要集中在斑馬魚上[24-26,30-31]。若要準(zhǔn)確評估BPAF的水生生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),有必要開展BPAF暴露對不同種類水生生物的生態(tài)毒性效應(yīng)研究。
弓背青鳉(Oryzias curvinotus)體型小、適鹽范圍廣、易于實(shí)驗(yàn)室養(yǎng)殖、世代周期短、產(chǎn)卵量大、胚胎發(fā)育透明且遺傳性別明確,是理想的海洋環(huán)境監(jiān)測模型[32-34]。研究環(huán)境相關(guān)濃度BPAF對弓背青鳉生長和生殖的影響,有助于闡明BPAF對魚類的內(nèi)分泌干擾效應(yīng)機(jī)制,也為確定水體中BPAF的安全濃度提供支持。筆者以雌性弓背青鳉成魚為研究對象,使用不同環(huán)境濃度的BPAF對其進(jìn)行短期暴露,從個(gè)體、組織、細(xì)胞、分子水平研究BPAF暴露對弓背青鳉生存、生長、組織結(jié)構(gòu)及繁殖相關(guān)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)的影響,旨在為全面評估BPAF的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1材料與方法
1.1試驗(yàn)材料試驗(yàn)所用弓背青鳉為南海水產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)動物增養(yǎng)殖重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室繁育的高橋群體F代成年雌魚(10月齡),試驗(yàn)水體為經(jīng)過曝氣的自來水。養(yǎng)殖水溫為(26 ± 1)℃,光暗周期為14 h∶10 h,pH 7.2~8.4,每天投喂新鮮孵化的豐年蟲(Artemia salina)2次。BPAF(CAS 1478-61-1)購自Sigma公司。取適量BPAF粉末溶于二甲基亞砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO,國產(chǎn)分析純),配制濃度分別為10、1和100 μg/mL 的儲存液,用棕色玻璃瓶儲存,并置于-20 ℃冰箱中暗處,備用。
1.2BPAF暴露試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)選取120條生長規(guī)格一致、健康的成年雌性弓背青鳉用于BPAF暴露試驗(yàn);選取12 L的玻璃缸作為暴露容器,暴露溶液體積為8 L,每缸隨機(jī)放入10條弓背青鳉。將弓背青鳉暴露于不同環(huán)境相關(guān)濃度(100、10和1 μg/L)的BPAF(即BPAF暴露處理組),另設(shè)置對照組(含0.01‰的DMSO)。所有BPAF暴露處理組均含有0.01‰(V/V)的DMSO。每個(gè)處理設(shè)置3個(gè)平行,試驗(yàn)暴露周期為21 d,暴露水體每48 h全部更新。試驗(yàn)過程中水溫、光照周期和投喂方式與常規(guī)飼養(yǎng)保持一致。暴露期間,每天用一次性吸管吸取殘餌和糞便,挑出并記錄死亡個(gè)體。分別在暴露第8天和第16天從每個(gè)玻璃缸中取相同體積暴露48 h的水體和新更換的水體,混合后送至廣東省科學(xué)院測試分析研究所(中國廣州分析測試中心)測定暴露水體中BPAF的濃度。暴露結(jié)束后,將所有魚置于冰上麻醉后立刻測量魚的體長和濕重,計(jì)算生長狀況因子(condition factor,K)。生長狀況因子計(jì)算公式為K=濕重/(體長)×100。測量結(jié)束后解剖,取肝臟和卵巢組織:肝臟和卵巢組織分成2份,1份置于4%的多聚甲醛(PFA)中,用于組織切片制備;另1份置于RNALater中,用于總RNA提取。
1.3組織切片制備和總RNA提取將獲得的部分肝臟和卵巢組織于4%的PFA中固定18 h,隨后進(jìn)行乙醇溶液系列脫水、二甲苯透明、石蠟包埋、切片(厚度6~8 μm)、蘇木精-伊紅(H.E)染色,置于光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察并拍照。取用RNALater保存的肝臟和卵巢組織,參照Trizol 試劑盒(Invitrogen,美國)說明書提取總RNA,通過瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測總RNA的完整性;然后,使用美國NanoDrop 2000(賽默飛,美國)測定總RNA樣品的A/A。所有RNA樣品18S和28S條帶清晰,A/A為1.8~2.0,符合后續(xù)試驗(yàn)要求。
1.4cDNA制備和熒光定量分析參照HiScript 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit(諾唯贊,南京)使用說明書,配制反轉(zhuǎn)錄體系,使用PCR儀進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄,獲得cDNA。將獲得的cDNA用雙蒸水(ddHO)稀釋20倍,-20 ℃下保存?zhèn)溆?。參考筆者所在實(shí)驗(yàn)室弓背青鳉轉(zhuǎn)錄組數(shù)據(jù),獲取部分與生殖相關(guān)的基因序列[35-37],并設(shè)計(jì)熒光定量引物(表1)。qPCR反應(yīng)在羅氏LC96熒光定量PCR儀上運(yùn)行,反應(yīng)體系共15.0 μL,包括2×PerfectStart TM Green qPCR SuperMix(全式金,北京)7.5 μL,上下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.3 μL,cDNA 2.0 μL,ddHO 4.9 μL。反應(yīng)程序如下:95 ℃ 預(yù)變性 30 s;95 ℃ 5 s,60 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 10 s(收集熒光),40個(gè)循環(huán);隨后進(jìn)行熔解曲線分析。以eef1b和rps4x為內(nèi)參基因[37-38],對目的基因進(jìn)行歸一化處理。定量結(jié)果采用2-ΔΔCt方法評估目的基因相對于對照組的相對表達(dá)量。
1.5數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)與分析試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均以平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的形式表示,使用GraphPad Prism 8軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析并繪圖。采用單因素ANOVA檢驗(yàn)分析方法中的Tukey多重比較,分析對照組與BPAF暴露處理組各數(shù)據(jù)的差異顯著性。
2結(jié)果與分析
2.1BPAF在暴露水體中的實(shí)際濃度如表2所示,BPAF在暴露過程中的濃度保持穩(wěn)定,3個(gè)BPAF處理組在試驗(yàn)過程中BPAF實(shí)際濃度分別為0.93、9.33和102.33 μg/L,實(shí)測濃度與理論濃度接近;在對照組中未檢測到BPAF,說明試驗(yàn)水體未被BPAF污染。所有處理組BPAF暴露濃度均以實(shí)測濃度表示。
2.2BPAF暴露對雌性弓背青鳉成魚生存、生長的影響0.93和9.33 μg/L的BPAF暴露處理21 d未對雌性弓背青鳉成魚的生存造成影響,而102.33 μg/L的BPAF暴露處理極顯著降低了弓背青鳉的存活率(圖1A)。各濃度BPAF暴露沒有對弓背青鳉體長和體重造成顯著影響(圖1B、C),但102.33 μg/L BPAF暴露極顯著降低了弓背青鳉生長狀況因子(圖1D)。
2.3BPAF暴露對雌性弓背青鳉成魚肝臟和卵巢組織學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響0.93 μg/L BPAF暴露處理21 d后弓背青鳉肝臟組織學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)(圖2B)在形態(tài)上與對照組(圖2A)相比沒有明顯差異,肝細(xì)胞呈多邊形且排列緊密,僅脂肪含量與對照組相比略有降低;9.33和102.33 μg/L BPAF暴露處理組肝細(xì)胞排列松散,肝臟細(xì)胞間間隙增大,脂肪含量降低(圖2C、D);102.33 μg/L BPAF暴露還導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)明顯的腫脹和形狀改變(圖2D)。對照組弓背青鳉的卵巢含有各期卵母細(xì)胞(圖3A),0.93 μg/L BPAF暴露處理未對卵巢結(jié)構(gòu)造成明顯的影響(圖3B),但9.33和102.33 μg/L的BPAF暴露處理抑制了弓背青鳉卵母細(xì)胞的成熟,卵母細(xì)胞多停留在初級卵母細(xì)胞階段(primary oocyte,PO)(圖3C、D)。
51卷8期黃澤胤等環(huán)境相關(guān)濃度雙酚AF暴露對成年雌性弓背青鳉生長和生殖的毒性效應(yīng)2.4BPAF暴露對雌性弓背青鳉成魚基因轉(zhuǎn)錄水平的影響在肝臟中,102.33 μg/L的BPAF暴露可以顯著上調(diào)卵黃蛋白原(vitellogenins,vtgs)和透明帶蛋白前體(choriogenins,chgs)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平,其中vtg2和chgh的上調(diào)顯著(P<0.05),vtglike和vtg1的上調(diào)極顯著(P<0.01),chgl和chghm的上調(diào)不顯著(P>0.05);0.93和9.33 μg/L的BPAF暴露未對vtgs和chgs的表達(dá)造成顯著影響(圖4A)。在卵巢中,102.33 μg/L的BPAF暴露顯著上調(diào)了細(xì)胞色素P450芳香化酶(cyp19a1a)基因、細(xì)胞色素p450介導(dǎo)側(cè)鏈裂解酶(cholesterolside chain cleavage enzyme,cyp11a)基因,另外9.33和102.33 μg/L的BPAF暴露極顯著上調(diào)了gsdf的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平(圖4B)。
3討論
該研究在雌性弓背青鳉成魚暴露過程中BPAF的實(shí)測濃度與理論濃度基本一致,表明在48 h暴露時(shí)間內(nèi)BPAF的穩(wěn)定性較高,這與其半衰期較長且難降解的特性[27]相符,提示BPAF對水生生物具有持久性危害。
該研究中102.33 μg/L BPAF暴露導(dǎo)致成年弓背青鳉雌魚存活率顯著下降。目前關(guān)于BPAF對水生生物的致死濃度研究較少。Yang等[31]使用1.0 mg/L的BPAF對2月齡斑馬魚進(jìn)行28 d暴露處理,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)試驗(yàn)組雌、雄斑馬魚的存活率與對照組相比沒有顯著差異;陳亞文[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)用500 μg/L 的BPAF處理成年斑馬魚30 d并未導(dǎo)致斑馬魚死亡;楊洋等[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)BPAF暴露24 h對斑馬魚胚胎致畸的半數(shù)效應(yīng)濃度為2.00 mg/L,暴露96 h的半數(shù)致死濃度為1.84 mg/L;Mu等[39]研究了BPAF、BPA、BPF和BPS對斑馬魚胚胎的半數(shù)致死濃度,分別為1.95、10.43、19.59和>50 mg/L。郭婧穎等[40]通過毒性試驗(yàn)測得BPAF對大型溞(Daphnia magna)的24 h和48 h半數(shù)致死濃度分別為9.70和5.02 mg/L。綜合以上研究可推測出成年雌性弓背青鳉對水體中BPAF的耐受程度較斑馬魚和大型溞等水生動物更低,水體中BPAF會對弓背青鳉的生存造成威脅。
肝臟在魚類物質(zhì)能量代謝、激素合成等生理過程中具有重要作用,是魚類監(jiān)測環(huán)境污染物毒性效應(yīng)的主要靶點(diǎn)[41-44],也是動物或人體富集BPAF的重要器官[45]。該研究中短期BPAF暴露導(dǎo)致雌性弓背青鳉成魚肝臟細(xì)胞排列松散、肝細(xì)胞體積變大。類似的結(jié)果也出現(xiàn)在BPAF和其他含氟類有機(jī)物的研究中,250和1 000 μg/L BPAF暴露組雄性斑馬魚中出現(xiàn)肝細(xì)胞排列松散,1 000 μg/L BPAF暴露組肝細(xì)胞明顯腫大、形狀不規(guī)則,但相同處理的雌性斑馬魚肝臟并未發(fā)生明顯改變[31];全氟十二烷酸腹腔注射斑馬魚,短時(shí)間即導(dǎo)致斑馬魚出現(xiàn)肝損傷,包括肝細(xì)胞腫脹、空泡化和核固縮等[46];全氟辛烷磺酸暴露處理雌性大鼠后,導(dǎo)致幼鼠肝細(xì)胞腫大[47]。因此,雌性弓背青鳉成魚肝臟在組織學(xué)上可作為監(jiān)測水體中BPAF等含氟類化合物的靶點(diǎn),顯著的肝臟病理學(xué)損傷可能是102.33 μg/L BPAF處理組弓背青鳉成魚死亡率高的誘因之一。另外,成年雌魚肝臟是卵黃蛋白原(vitellogenins,vtgs)、透明帶蛋白前體(choriogenins,chgs)等基因的主要表達(dá)器官。這些基因?qū)Νh(huán)境中雌激素類物質(zhì)敏感,在無外界因素刺激的情況下僅在雌魚肝臟中轉(zhuǎn)錄,在雄魚及幼魚中不發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)錄,而當(dāng)水環(huán)境中存在雌激素類物質(zhì)時(shí)則誘導(dǎo)這些基因的大量表達(dá)[48-50]。該研究中102.33 μg/L BPAF誘導(dǎo)vtglike、vtg1、vtg2和chgh的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平顯著上升,chgl和chghm的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平也明顯上調(diào)。該結(jié)果符合BPAF具有雌激素效應(yīng)的特性,類似的結(jié)果在250 μg/L BPAF暴露處理的雌性斑馬魚肝臟中也有發(fā)現(xiàn)[31];Mu等[39]研究表明BPAF顯著提高了斑馬魚胚胎中vtg1的mRNA 水平。綜合BPAF對弓背青鳉肝臟組織病理學(xué)特征和基因轉(zhuǎn)錄水平的影響,推斷BPAF對雌性弓背青鳉成魚既有雌激素效應(yīng)又有肝臟毒性效應(yīng)。
9.33 和102.33 μg/L BPAF暴露阻滯了雌性弓背青鳉成魚卵母細(xì)胞的發(fā)育,這與以前的研究結(jié)果相一致。Yang等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)BPAF短期暴露(250和1 000 μg/L暴露28 d)導(dǎo)致雌性斑馬魚卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育阻滯;陳亞文[24]研究表明經(jīng)BPAF處理的斑馬魚卵巢中卵母細(xì)胞發(fā)育受到抑制,其成熟卵母細(xì)胞數(shù)量較對照組顯著減少;BPAF急性暴露還可能導(dǎo)致性成熟雌性小鼠性腺形態(tài)異常和卵巢未分化的導(dǎo)管末端小葉增生[51]。因此,水體中環(huán)境相關(guān)濃度的BPAF對雌性弓背青鳉成魚具有較強(qiáng)的生殖毒性。該研究中BPAF暴露改變了雌性弓背青鳉成魚卵巢中cyp11a、cyp19a1a和gsdf的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平。在性激素合成過程中,CYP11A1是已知的唯一催化膽固醇向孕烯醇酮轉(zhuǎn)化的酶,后者是所有類固醇激素的共同前體[52]。cyp19a1a編碼的性腺芳香化酶可將雄激素轉(zhuǎn)化為雌激素,從而促進(jìn)卵巢分化[53-54]。該研究中BPAF暴露上調(diào)了雌性弓背青鳉成魚卵巢中cyp11a和cyp19a1a的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平。性腺體細(xì)胞衍生因子(gonadal soma derived factor,GSDF)屬于TGF-β超家族成員,主要參與魚類性別分化,對于維持魚類精原細(xì)胞的正常增殖發(fā)育具有重要作用[55-56];敲除羅非魚的gsdf導(dǎo)致遺傳雄魚性逆轉(zhuǎn)為雌魚,而過表達(dá)gsdf致使遺傳雌魚的性腺發(fā)育為精巢[57]。該研究中9.33和102.33 μg/L BPAF暴露顯著上調(diào)了雌性弓背青鳉成魚卵巢gsdf轉(zhuǎn)錄水平,這可能抑制了卵巢的成熟。據(jù)此推測BPAF對雌性弓背青鳉成魚的生殖毒性可能與BPAF改變了繁殖相關(guān)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平有關(guān)。
4結(jié)論
該研究結(jié)果表明,水體中環(huán)境相關(guān)濃度的BPAF暴露對雌性弓背青鳉成魚的生存和生長造成了不利影響。BPAF暴露還導(dǎo)致雌性弓背青鳉成魚肝損傷,上調(diào)了肝臟中vtgs和chgs轉(zhuǎn)錄水平,導(dǎo)致了卵巢結(jié)構(gòu)異常,阻礙了卵母細(xì)胞的成熟,影響了卵巢中cyp11a、cyp19a1a和gsdf的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平。作為一種新型的內(nèi)分泌干擾化合物,BPAF致毒機(jī)理及其對水生生物的危害需要引起更多的關(guān)注。
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