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不同縫隙連接蛋白與線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)蛋白在肝移植術(shù)后早期急性腎損傷中的變化

2023-05-27 16:57麥康鳳李佳嬡魏靖茹陳潮金李曉蕓
新醫(yī)學(xué) 2023年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:急性腎損傷肝移植

麥康鳳?李佳嬡?魏靖茹?陳潮金?李曉蕓

【摘要】目的 探索不同縫隙連接蛋白在肝移植術(shù)后早期急性腎損傷中與線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)失衡及線粒體損傷可能的關(guān)系。方法 將24只SPF級(jí)SD雄性健康大鼠隨機(jī)分為假手術(shù)組(sham組,n = 6),肝移植手術(shù)再灌注2 h、4 h、8 h組

(M2、M4、M8組,每組n = 6)。sham組只開(kāi)腹進(jìn)行血管分離,M組進(jìn)行原位肝移植手術(shù),各組檢測(cè)腎功能、腎病理及腎皮質(zhì)縫隙連接蛋白32(Cx32)、縫隙連接蛋白43(Cx43)、線粒體動(dòng)力相關(guān)蛋白1(Drp1)、線粒體融合蛋白1(Mfn1)、線粒體融合蛋白2(Mfn2)、融合相關(guān)蛋白視神經(jīng)萎縮相關(guān)蛋白A1(Opa1)、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)蛋白C/EBP 同源蛋白(CHOP)的表達(dá),于電鏡下觀察線粒體形態(tài)變化。結(jié)果 與sham組相比,M2組腎組織損傷病理評(píng)分增高(P < 0.01),并隨時(shí)間增加趨勢(shì)增高,M8組達(dá)到高峰(P < 0.001),但血清肌酐(SCr)和血清尿素氮(BUN)僅M8組增高(P < 0.001,P < 0.05);與sham組相比,M2組大鼠Cx32表達(dá)增加(P < 0.01),M4組Cx43表達(dá)增加(P < 0.001),M8組均達(dá)到峰值(P < 0.001);與sham組比較,M2組線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)蛋白Drp1、Mfn1、Mfn2、OPA1表達(dá)均增加(P

【關(guān)鍵詞】急性腎損傷;肝移植;縫隙連接蛋白;線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)

Changes of different connexins and mitochondrial dynamins in early acute kidney injury after liver transplantation Mai Kangfeng, Li Jiaai, Wei Jingru,Chen Chaojin, Li Xiaoyun. Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China

Corresponding author, Li Xiaoyun, E-mail: lixyun@mail.sysu.edu.cn

【Abstract】Objective To explore the potential relationship between different connexins and mitochondrial dynamic imbalance and mitochondrial injury in early acute kidney injury after liver transplantation. Methods 24 healthy specific pathogen-free (SPF) SD male rats were randomly divided into the sham operation group (sham group, n = 6), and 2-, 4- and 8-h reperfusion liver transplantation groups (M2, M4 and M8 groups, n = 6 each). In the sham group, open surgery alone was performed for vessel separation. In the M2, M4 and M8 groups, orthotopic liver transplantation was conducted. Renal function and renal pathological examination were determined. The expression levels of connexin 32 (Cx32), Cx43, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), mitofusin-1 (Mfn1), Mfn2, optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), an endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein, were detected in each group. The morphological changes of mitochondria were observed under electron microscope. Results Compared with the sham group, the pathological score of kidney tissue injury in the M2 group was increased (P < 0.01), and gradually increased over reperfusion time, and reached the peak in the M8 group (P < 0.001). However, serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were up-regulated only in the M8 group (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). Compared with the sham group, Cx32 level was increased in the M2 group (P < 0.01), Cx43 level was increased in the M4 group (P < 0.001), and reached the peak in the M8 group (both P < 0.001). Compared with the sham group, the expression levels of Drp1, Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1 were up-regulated in the M2 group (all P < 0.001). Under electron microscope, mitochondrial injury, mitochondrial autophagy, lysosomal autophagy and slightly swollen rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed in the M2 group. The degree of mitochondrial injury was aggravated over reperfusion time during liver transplantation. Mitochondrial autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum - mitochondria contact sites were observed in the M2, M4 and M8 groups. Conclusions Kidney pathological injury and mitochondrial injury occur early after autogenous orthotopic liver transplantation in SD rats. The diagnosis of kidney injury by SCr and BUN levels can be delayed. The expression level of Cx32 in the renal tissues is up-regulated early after liver transplantation. Active mitochondrial division and fusion can be seen, suggesting that the transmission of injury signals by Cx32 is associated with mitochondrial injury and mitochondrial dynamic imbalance, which may be an important mechanism of early acute kidney injury after liver transplantation.

【Key words】Acute kidney injury; Liver transplantation; Connexin; Mitochondrial dynamics

急性腎損傷(AKI) 是肝移植圍術(shù)期常見(jiàn)且嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥,發(fā)生率高達(dá)40.7%,AKI不僅是術(shù)后早期主要死亡原因之一,還是引發(fā)慢性腎衰竭及影響長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,且目前尚無(wú)特效藥,因此關(guān)注肝移植術(shù)后早期AKI是防止肝移植術(shù)后腎功能繼續(xù)惡化的關(guān)鍵[1]。線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)失衡所致腎小管細(xì)胞能量代謝紊亂和細(xì)胞損傷是早期AKI激活機(jī)制。腎小管細(xì)胞含有豐富的線粒體,由線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)維持的線粒體穩(wěn)態(tài)對(duì)于正常的腎功能至關(guān)重要[2]??p隙連接(GJ)是細(xì)胞間直接通信的重要方式,由縫隙連接蛋白(Cx)組成。Cx32、Cx43等在腎臟中的表達(dá)豐富,本課題組的前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Cx32及Cx43與腎小管上皮細(xì)胞損傷凋亡及肝移植術(shù)后AKI惡化有關(guān)[3-4]。

本研究將關(guān)注點(diǎn)提前至肝移植術(shù)后早期,觀察不同的Cx及線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)蛋白變化特點(diǎn),探索Cx32、Cx43在肝移植術(shù)后早期AKI中與線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)失衡及線粒體損傷可能的關(guān)系,為肝移植術(shù)后早期腎保護(hù)策略的制定提供理論依據(jù)。

材料與方法

一、材 料

1.實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物

24只SPF級(jí)5~6周齡的雄性SD大鼠來(lái)源于湖南斯萊克景達(dá)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物有限公司[SCXK(湘)2019-0004],體重200~220 g。動(dòng)物建模及取材均在華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心內(nèi)完成[SYXK(粵)2022-0136]。按照每籠3只群養(yǎng),溫度約25℃,相對(duì)濕度約60%,晝夜間隔12 h,允許動(dòng)物自由攝食飲水。本研究方案經(jīng)華南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)審查批準(zhǔn)(倫理編號(hào):2022D092)。

二、方 法

1. 建立大鼠自體原位肝移植模型

大鼠常規(guī)禁食不禁飲12 h,將其麻醉后消毒、開(kāi)腹。阻斷肝門前在尾靜脈注射1 mL肝素生理鹽水(50 U/mL),分別結(jié)扎左膈上靜脈、脾胃底靜脈、右腎上腺靜脈;阻斷肝門后經(jīng)門靜脈推注3 mL常溫肝素鹽水(25 U/mL)將肝內(nèi)血驅(qū)回心臟;再經(jīng)門靜脈冷灌注0~4℃肝素生理鹽水(12.5 U/mL)20 mL。待肝臟顏色均勻變?yōu)橥咙S色時(shí)結(jié)束無(wú)肝期(20±1)min,縫補(bǔ)靜脈血管穿刺點(diǎn),給予48℃ 0.0002%腎上腺素和去甲腎上腺素混合沖洗腹腔以復(fù)溫,阻斷肝門后在尾靜脈注射1 mL魚精蛋白(1 mg/mL),然后縫合腹部切口并復(fù)蘇大鼠[5]。

2. 動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)分組及處理

采用隨機(jī)數(shù)表法將24只大鼠隨機(jī)分為4組,每組6只,分別為假手術(shù)組(sham組)以及肝移植模型M2組、M4組、M8組。sham組只開(kāi)腹進(jìn)行血管分離,肝移植模型M組則進(jìn)行原位肝移植手術(shù)。在肝臟再灌注后2 h(M2組)、4 h(M4組)、8 h(M8組) 分別麻醉大鼠,處死大鼠后取其血及腎組織,采用生化儀檢測(cè)血清肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮(BUN)水平。以上各組分別隨機(jī)選取3只大鼠,采用蛋白質(zhì)印跡法檢測(cè)其腎組織中Cx32、Cx43、線粒體動(dòng)力相關(guān)蛋白1(Drp1)、線粒體融合蛋白1(Mfn1)、線粒體融合蛋白2(Mfn2)、融合相關(guān)蛋白視神經(jīng)萎縮相關(guān)蛋白A1(Opa1)和內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)蛋白C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)的表達(dá)情況;用石蠟包埋腎切片,經(jīng)HE染色在光鏡下觀察并進(jìn)行病理評(píng)分,參照文獻(xiàn)[6]評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)估腎小管損傷情況,包含腎小管擴(kuò)張、腎小管上皮損傷和管腔形成,采用4分法,0分:無(wú)變化;1分:影響<25%的視野;2分:影響25%~50%的視野;3分:影響51%~75%的視野;4分:影響>75%的視野;經(jīng)4%戊二醛固定腎組織包埋切片,行2%醋酸鈾飽和乙醇溶液和枸櫞酸鉛染色后在透射電鏡下觀察線粒體內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)超微結(jié)構(gòu)。

三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS 25.0處理數(shù)據(jù)。多組間的比較用單因素方差分析,各組與對(duì)照組的多重比較采用 Dunnett-t檢驗(yàn),P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

結(jié)果

一、腎功能與腎病理改變

1. SCr與BUN水平的變化

與sham組比較,M8組SCr、BUN水平增高(Dunnett-t = 5.274, P < 0.001; Dunnett-t = 2.737, P =?0.033),見(jiàn)圖1A、B。

2. 腎組織損傷病理評(píng)分及病理改變特點(diǎn)

與sham組比較,M2、M4,M8組腎組織損傷病理評(píng)分均增高,高峰出現(xiàn)在M8組(Dunnett-t = 3.935, P = 0.002; Dunnett-t = 6.018, P < 0.001; Dunnett-t = 11.110, P < 0.001),見(jiàn)圖1C。sham組腎小管病理形態(tài)正常,無(wú)明顯腫脹;M2組可見(jiàn)輕度腎小管上皮細(xì)胞水腫,腎小管輕度擴(kuò)張;M4組可見(jiàn)腎小管上皮細(xì)胞明顯水腫,腎小管明顯擴(kuò)張;M8組可見(jiàn)部分腎小管上皮細(xì)胞細(xì)胞核固縮、變性、壞死、脫落,較多管型形成,見(jiàn)圖1D。

二、Cx、線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)蛋白及線粒體形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)變化

1.肝移植術(shù)后再灌注不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)腎皮質(zhì)組織Cx表達(dá)

與sham組比較, Cx43表達(dá)在M2組無(wú)變化(Dunnett-t = 0.930, P = 0.710),在M4、M8組增加(Dunnett-t = 8.493, P < 0.001; Dunnett-t = 57.502, P < 0.001);Cx32表達(dá)在M2、M4、M8組均增加(Dunnett-t = 6.187, P = 0.002; Dunnett-t = 18.481, P < 0.001; Dunnett-t = 129.028, P < 0.001),見(jiàn)圖2A~C。

2.肝移植術(shù)后再灌注不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)腎皮質(zhì)線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)蛋白表達(dá)

與sham組相比,M2組Drp1、Mfn1、Mfn2、Opa1表達(dá)均增加(Dunnett-t = 11.742, P < 0.001; Dunnett-t = 7.580,P < 0.001; Dunnett-t = 13.949,P < 0.001; Dunnett-t = 34.298,P < 0.001),M4、M8組線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)蛋白表達(dá)與sham組比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)圖2D~I(xiàn)。

3.肝移植術(shù)后再灌注不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)腎皮質(zhì)組織線粒體形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)

透射電鏡檢測(cè)大鼠腎皮質(zhì)區(qū)線粒體結(jié)構(gòu)情況,sham組大鼠腎皮質(zhì)線粒體呈橢圓形,嵴結(jié)構(gòu)緊密、清晰、排列整齊,M2組大鼠出現(xiàn)腎皮質(zhì)線粒體腫脹、變形成圓點(diǎn)狀、內(nèi)膜嵴丟失,結(jié)構(gòu)紊亂,粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)輕度腫脹;M4組線粒體嵴結(jié)構(gòu)疏松、紊亂,可見(jiàn)自噬溶酶體,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中度腫脹,線粒體被吞噬消化;M8組線粒體腫脹、嵴結(jié)構(gòu)疏松、紊亂,線粒體外膜破裂損傷,可見(jiàn)自噬溶酶體,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)明顯腫脹;M2、M4、M8組均可見(jiàn)自噬線粒體及內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)-線粒體接觸位點(diǎn),見(jiàn)圖3。

討論

盡管目前有多種治療策略和藥物減輕腎損傷,但肝移植術(shù)后部分AKI患者腎功能呈惡化趨勢(shì),損傷不可逆。而目前臨床上診斷腎損傷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍然是腎病理,但由于倫理限制,在臨床實(shí)際操作中很難對(duì)所有患者進(jìn)行創(chuàng)傷性腎穿刺,尤其是早期AKI患者。AKI的診斷仍然以SCr為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而影響SCr的因素眾多,具有滯后性及偏差性,并不適用于評(píng)估肝移植患者的腎功能,不利于AKI的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)及防治[7-8]。

本研究以動(dòng)物模型模擬肝移植主要病理生理過(guò)程:夾閉血管后腸腔血液回流受阻至淤血缺血、開(kāi)放血管后炎癥因子和內(nèi)毒素大量釋放入血、循環(huán)劇烈波動(dòng),肝腎發(fā)生再灌注損傷等[9-10]。研究結(jié)果也證實(shí)了SCr、BUN的延后性,雖然腎病理顯示再灌注2 h已出現(xiàn)腎損傷,但再灌注8 h才顯示SCr、BUN較sham組明顯增高。本研究設(shè)立了再灌注2 h及4 h的組別,旨在探索AKI的早期作用機(jī)制,為早期AKI的潛在干預(yù)靶點(diǎn)提供參考依據(jù)。

研究表明Cx32的表達(dá)隨器官損傷加重而增加[11]。既往的研究顯示Cx32及Cx43表達(dá)在肝移植術(shù)后再灌注4 h已出現(xiàn)上調(diào),再灌注后8 h達(dá)到峰值,抑制Cx32、Cx43功能可通過(guò)減少氧化應(yīng)激和細(xì)胞凋亡來(lái)減輕肝移植術(shù)后AKI,但以上研究均未進(jìn)行更早期的觀察[3-4, 12-13]。本研究結(jié)果與上述研究一致,同時(shí)證實(shí)更早期即再灌注2 h時(shí)不僅腎病理顯示腎損傷,電鏡結(jié)果亦顯示線粒體損傷明顯,而此時(shí) Cx32表達(dá)增加、Cx43無(wú)變化,與此同時(shí),線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)相關(guān)蛋白Drp1、Mfn1、Mfn2、OPA1表達(dá)均增加,線粒體分裂融合表現(xiàn)均活躍,提示線粒體損傷在肝移植術(shù)后早期已出現(xiàn),可能與線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)失衡相關(guān)。

Chen等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)由Cx32組成的GJ控制活性氧的生成和相鄰細(xì)胞之間的分布,Cx32缺乏可減輕腎缺血誘導(dǎo)的AKI,抑制核因子κB/腫瘤抑制基因p53/ p53上調(diào)凋亡因子(NF-κB/p53/PUMA)介導(dǎo)的線粒體凋亡途徑,表明在AKI中Cx32可能與線粒體損傷有關(guān)。而線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)是保持線粒體在生理和病理?xiàng)l件下內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)的重要機(jī)制[15]。一項(xiàng)研究記錄了疊氮化物誘導(dǎo)的腎小管細(xì)胞損傷情況,在2 h

時(shí)線粒體迅速碎裂,但在12 h時(shí)才檢測(cè)到細(xì)胞凋亡,表明在AKI中,線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)失衡早于細(xì)胞凋亡等其他形式的表型出現(xiàn)[16]。本研究結(jié)果提示AKI早期即出現(xiàn)了線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)失衡,即線粒體分裂融合均增強(qiáng)及線粒體損傷,Cx32傳遞傷害性信號(hào)可能與AKI的早期作用機(jī)制相關(guān)。

研究顯示,在早期階段內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)內(nèi)未折疊蛋白的積累可導(dǎo)致應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的線粒體過(guò)度融合,內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激與腎缺血再灌注損傷早期發(fā)病機(jī)制有關(guān)[17-18]。本研究結(jié)果顯示肝移植術(shù)后早期線粒體融合蛋白Mfn2及內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激相關(guān)蛋白CHOP表達(dá)均增加,與此同時(shí)電鏡下觀察到肝移植術(shù)后早期即出現(xiàn)腫脹的粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng),肝移植各組均存在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)-線粒體接觸位點(diǎn)。本研究結(jié)果提示肝移植術(shù)巨大創(chuàng)傷引起的內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激可能使線粒體與內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)之間產(chǎn)生聯(lián)系,線粒體融合增強(qiáng)。本課題組的前期研究也證實(shí)Cx32可介導(dǎo)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)凋亡信號(hào)通路激活,在AKI中起重要作用[19]。因此本研究結(jié)果證實(shí)Cx32傳遞傷害性信號(hào)時(shí)也可能參與調(diào)節(jié)內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,并在肝移植術(shù)后早期AKI的過(guò)程中扮演重要的角色。

綜上所述,關(guān)注Cx32、線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)、內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激的變化對(duì)于肝移植術(shù)后早期AKI機(jī)制探索具有重要的意義,Cx32傳遞傷害性信號(hào)與線粒體損傷及線粒體動(dòng)力學(xué)失衡相關(guān),可能為肝移植術(shù)后早期AKI的重要作用機(jī)制,值得進(jìn)一步的深入研究。

參 考 文 獻(xiàn)

[1] Thongprayoon C, Kaewput W, Thamcharoen N, et al. Incidence and impact of acute kidney injury after liver transplantation: a meta-analysis. J Clin Med, 2019, 8(3): 372.

[2] Cleveland K H, Brosius F C 3rd, Schnellmann R G. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and energetics in the diabetic renal proximal tubule by the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist formoterol. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2020, 319(5): F773-F779.

[3] Luo C, Yuan D, Li X, et al. Propofol attenuated acute kidney injury after orthotopic liver transplantation via inhibiting gap junction composed of connexin 32. Anesthesiology, 2015, 122(1): 72-86.

[4] Yuan D, Su G, Liu Y, et al. Propofol attenuated liver transplantation-induced acute lung injury via connexin43 gap junction inhibition. J Transl Med, 2016, 14(1): 194.

[5] Meng Q, Wu W, Zhang W, et al. IL-18BP improves early graft function and survival in lewis-brown Norway rat orthotopic liver transplantation model. Biomolecules, 2022, 12(12): 1801.

[6] Wang Y, Tian J, Qiao X, et al. Intermedin protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. BMC Nephrol, 2015, 16(1): 169.

[7] Molinari L, Del Rio-Pertuz G, Smith A, et al. Utility of biomarkers for sepsis-associated acute kidney injury staging. JAMA Netw Open, 2022, 5(5): e2212709.

[8] Pan H C, Yang S Y, Chiou T T Y, et al. Comparative accuracy of biomarkers for the prediction of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care, 2022, 26(1): 349.

[9] Nemeth N, Peto K, Magyar Z, et al. Hemorheological and microcirculatory factors in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury-an update on pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms and protective strategies. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(4): 1864.

[10] 吳永東, 汪華林, 林蓉宇, 等. 腎胺酶預(yù)防大鼠缺血再灌注致急性腎損傷的機(jī)制研究. 新醫(yī)學(xué), 2016, 47(1): 17-21.

[11] Chen Z Q, Sun X H, Li X J, et al. Polydatin attenuates renal fibrosis in diabetic mice through regulating the Cx32-Nox4 signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 2020, 41(12): 1587-1596.

[12] Yuan D, Li X, Luo C, et al. Inhibition of gap junction composed of Cx43 prevents against acute kidney injury following liver transplantation. Cell Death Dis, 2019, 10(10): 767.

[13] Wu S, Yao W, Chen C, et al. Connexin 32 deficiency protects the liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Eur J Pharmacol, 2020, 876: 173056.

[14] Chen C, Yao W, Wu S, et al. Crosstalk between connexin32 and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in renal ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Antioxid Redox Signal, 2019, 30(12): 1521-1538.

[15] Tang C, Cai J, Yin X M, et al. Mitochondrial quality control in kidney injury and repair. Nat Rev Nephrol, 2021, 17(5): 299-318.

[16] Brooks C, Wei Q, Cho S G, et al. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in acute kidney injury in cell culture and rodent models. J Clin Invest, 2009, 119(5): 1275-1285.

[17] Fan Y, Simmen T. Mechanistic connections between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) redox control and mitochondrial metabolism. Cells, 2019, 8(9): 1071.

[18] Almanza A, Carlesso A, Chintha C, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling-from basic mechanisms to clinical applications. FEBS J, 2019, 286(2): 241-278.

[19] Gu Y, Huang F, Wang Y, et al. Connexin32 plays a crucial role in ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptosis signaling pathway in ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. J Transl Med, 2018, 16(1): 1-13.

(收稿日期:2022-10-20)

(本文編輯:洪悅民)

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