袁小林?于弟
2022年英語高考(全國乙卷)完形填空題中有如下幾句:
We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each 47 sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 48. We then asked the child if she could 49or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn't.
47.A. parentB. childC. researcherD. doctor
48. A. feetB. noseC. hands D. ears
49. A. seeB. helpC. reachD. fool
答案是:47. B48. D49. A
意思是:我們把二至四歲的孩子帶到我們南加州大學(xué)思維發(fā)展實驗室。每個孩子和一個成人坐下,成人遮住自己的眼睛或耳朵。然后我們問孩子能否看到成人或聽見成人聲音。令人吃驚的是,孩子們回答不能。
此完形填空后面還有一句:
Our 59suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism.
59.A. limitations?B. requirements
C. theoriesD. findings
答案是D。意思是:我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明當(dāng)一個孩子把毯子蓋在頭上“藏起來”時,這并不是自我主義的結(jié)果。
有同學(xué)問:文中為什么用her/she指代 adult和 child?
有趣的問題,為什么?
有同學(xué)說:是不是這里的adult是女性、child也是女孩?
的確,文中講到帶二至四歲的孩子做實驗,并安排成年人配合。一般情況下,被邀請來參加試驗的,應(yīng)該是一些女性而非男性,因為女性陪伴幼兒更合適。但此信息不需要在文中說明。因此文中用her來指代 adult就“無形”中說明了。
還要一種情況:傳統(tǒng)英語中指代性別不明的人如adult, child時。一般選擇使用he/him。如:
If your child is thinking about a gap year, he can get good advice from this website. (如果你的孩子正考慮間隔年,他可以從這個網(wǎng)站得到好的建議。)
后來西方女權(quán)運動興起,用he/him指代所有孩子,被女權(quán)主義者認(rèn)為是性別歧視。為了避免性別歧視,這個句子通常表述為:
If your child is thinking about a gap year, he or she can get good advice from this website.
人們覺得he or she的表達比較啰嗦,又常表述為:
If your child is thinking about a gap year, they can get good advice from this website.
這樣避免了性別歧視,也很流行。但又被批評單復(fù)數(shù)不一致,違反語法規(guī)則。
于是,人們想到遇到性別不明的人時,最好一律用女性來指代。
If your child is thinking about a gap year, she can get good advice from this website.
所以這篇完形填空用中her/she來指代adult和child。又如:
When a teacher takes her students on a field trip, she is responsible to bring every one of them safely back to school with her.
當(dāng)老師帶學(xué)生戶外旅行時,有責(zé)任把每個學(xué)生安全帶回學(xué)校。
這是英語人稱代詞的妙用,也是其背后隱藏的信息。
人稱代詞不僅僅是代詞而已,其背后常含有許多信息。類似的情況還有:
一、人稱代詞he/she 或him/her 指代動物
he/him指代雄性動物或龐大而威猛之物(也包括無生命物);
she/her指代雌性動物或柔弱而優(yōu)美之物(也包括無生命物)。如:
The fierce tiger came at the monkey, but he missed her.
兇猛的老虎撲向猴子,但沒有撲到。
We didn't know it was a she until it had kittens.
直到生了小貓,我們才知道這只貓是母的。
Be careful of that dog, he sometimes bites.
當(dāng)心那條狗,它(公狗)有時會咬人。
二、人稱代詞she可指代說話人喜愛或有感情的東西,比如國家、城市、學(xué)校、輪船、車輛、月亮。如:
We love our mother land. We hope she will be stronger and more beautiful.
我們熱愛祖國。我們希望她更強大更美麗。
China will always mean what she has promised to do.
中國一向遵守自己的承諾。
She was Titanic, a ship which was said never to sink.
她就是泰坦尼克號,據(jù)說是一艘永不會沉的船。
A nice car! How much did she cost?
很漂亮的車!花了多少錢?
The moon loses her brilliance when the sun makes his appearance.
太陽一出來,月亮就失去了光輝。
三、人稱代詞he 有時指代任何人,相當(dāng)于anyone。如:
He that travels far knows much.
遠行見識廣。
He who doesn't reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到長城非好漢。
No one remains what he is when he recognizes himself.
當(dāng)一個人認(rèn)清自己時,就不再是他原來的自己了。
To find a friend, one must close one eye. To keep him, two.
想找到朋友,一個人得閉上一只眼。想留住朋友,的閉上雙眼。
四、人稱代詞we, you, they有時并不指具體哪些人,泛指所有人。如:
Actually we all make mistakes.
事實上每個人都會犯錯誤。
You can never tell what they will do next.
誰也說不準(zhǔn)他們下一步要干什么。
You lead a horse to a river, but you cannot make him drink.
領(lǐng)馬到河邊易,逼馬飲水難。
They say prices are going to increase again.
據(jù)說物價又要上漲。
五、人稱代詞it也指代不知道性別或不清楚身份的人。如:
Go and see who it is that knocks at the door.
去看看究竟是誰在敲門。
Her baby is due next month. She hopes it will be a boy.
她的孩子下個月出生。她希望是個男孩。
Someone must have come this morning, but we don't know who it is.
上午一定有人來過,但我們不知道是誰。
We saw a tall man stand up and shake hands with Anna. It was the general manager.
我們看見一個高個子站起來和安娜握手。(原來)是總經(jīng)理。
六、it 還可以指代時間、地點、天氣、距離、抽象事物或某種情況等等。如:
It's over 200 miles from London to Manchester.
從倫敦到曼徹斯特有200多英里。
Can you believe she's forgotten it's my birthday today?
你相信她忘了今天是我的生日嗎?
It was very wet and windy the day I drove to my hometown.
我開車回家鄉(xiāng)那天風(fēng)雨交加。
It's said that stress will cause sleeplessness.
據(jù)說壓力大會引起失眠。
人稱代詞并非總是字面意義,有時含有某些隱藏的意義,需要我們根據(jù)上下文和英語的文化習(xí)慣去正確理解。