趙志先 劉宇
【摘要】 目的:探討與分析經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)房顫患者左心耳(LAA)功能及其與血栓形成的相關(guān)性。方法:選擇2021年1月1日-2022年8月1日在內(nèi)蒙古科技大學(xué)包頭醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院診治的60例房顫患者作為研究對(duì)象,所有患者均給予經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,觀察LAA功能,判斷血栓形成情況,并對(duì)血栓形成與LAA功能進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析。結(jié)果:60例患者中,發(fā)生血栓10例,占比16.67%。血栓組房顫類型、體重指數(shù)、年齡、病程、性別、收縮壓、舒張壓與非血栓組對(duì)比,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。血栓組左心房(LA)前后徑、左右徑均顯著大于非血栓組(P<0.05),血栓組LAA血流最大排空速度、血流最大充盈速度均顯著低于非血栓組(P<0.05)。血栓組LAA開口寬度指數(shù)(LAA-WI)、LAA開口面積指數(shù)(LAA-OI)、LAA開口長(zhǎng)度指數(shù)(LAA-LI)均顯著高于非血栓組(P<0.05)。Pearson分析顯示,LA前后徑、左右徑、LAA-WI、LAA-OI、LAA-LI均與血栓形成呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05),LAA血流最大排空速度、LAA血流最大充盈速度均與血栓形成呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:有血栓的房顫患者經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)多伴有LA、LAA結(jié)構(gòu)與功能異常,且LAA功能與血栓形成存在相關(guān)性。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 血栓形成 房顫 經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖 左心房 左心耳 相關(guān)性
Evaluation of Left Atrial Appendage Function and Its Correlation with Thrombosis in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation by Transesophageal Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography/ZHAO Zhixian, LIU Yu. //Medical Innovation of China, 2023, 20(11): -107
[Abstract] Objective: To explore and analyze the evaluation of left atrial appendage (LAA) function and its correlation with thrombosis in patients with atrial fibrillation by transesophageal real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Method: A total of 60 patients with atrial fibrillation diagnosed and treated in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology from January 1st, 2021 to August 1st, 2022 were selected as the research subjects. All patients were given transesophageal real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to observe the LAA function, judge the thrombosis situation, and analyze the correlation between thrombosis and LAA function. Result: Among the 60 patients, 10 cases developed thrombus, accounting for 16.67%. There were no significant differences in atrial fibrillation type, body mass index, age, course of disease, gender, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure between thrombus group and non-thrombus group (P>0.05). The anterior-posterior and left-right diameters of the left atrium (LA) in the thrombus group were significantly bigger than those in the non-thrombus group (P<0.05), and the maximum blood flow emptying velocity and the maximum blood flow filling velocity of the LAA in the thrombus group were significantly lower than those in the non-thrombus group (P<0.05). The LAA width index (LAA-WI), LAA open area index (LAA-OI) and LAA length index (LAA-LI) in the thrombus group were significantly higher than those in the non-thrombus group (P<0.05). Pearson analysis showed that the anterior-posterior and left-right diameters of the LAA, and LAA-WI,
LAA-OI, LAA-LI were all positively correlated with thrombosis (P<0.05), while the maximum blood flow emptying velocity and the maximum blood flow filling velocity of the LAA were negatively correlated with thrombosis (P<0.05). Conclusion: Atrial fibrillation patients with thrombus are often accompanied by structural and functional abnormalities of LA and LAA evaluated by transesophageal real-time three-dimensional echocardiography, and the function of left atrial appendage is related to thrombosis.
[Key words] Thrombosis Atrial fibrillation Transesophageal real-time three-dimensional echocardiography Left atrium Left atrial appendage Correlation
First-author's address: The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College of Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014030, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2023.11.025
房顫的全稱為心房顫動(dòng)(atrial fibrillation,AF),為臨床上常見的心律失常[1]。房顫患者喪失了規(guī)則有序的心房電活動(dòng),而表現(xiàn)為快速、無序的顫動(dòng)波,引起不規(guī)則的心率,是心房電活動(dòng)的嚴(yán)重紊亂。當(dāng)前房顫在國內(nèi)的發(fā)病率為0.05%左右,發(fā)病率隨年齡的增加而增加[2-3]。房顫可引起腦卒中、心力衰竭、血栓等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量[4]。長(zhǎng)期房顫可導(dǎo)致左心房(left atrium,LA)、左心耳(left atrial appendage,LAA)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能發(fā)生改變,逐漸降低患者射血功能,減慢血液流速,促進(jìn)血栓形成[5]。目前房顫的治療方法多為射頻消融術(shù),但是在治療前需確保無血栓形成,以防其在治療期間發(fā)生體循環(huán)栓塞、肺循環(huán)栓塞等[6]。超聲為房顫的主要診斷方法,具有經(jīng)濟(jì)有效、無創(chuàng)快捷、可重復(fù)性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn),特別是經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖(transesochageal echocardiography,TEE)可用于評(píng)估房顫患者LAA與LA的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,可以明確患者是否存在血栓,還可定量分析LA功能,從而輔助治療,改善患者的預(yù)后[7-8]。TEE在臨床上的應(yīng)用也不受心臟運(yùn)動(dòng)位移的影響,具有采集迅速、快速成像等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[9]。本文具體探討與分析了經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)房顫患者的左心耳功能與血栓形成的相關(guān)性,以明確經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖的價(jià)值,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選擇2021年1月1日-2022年8月
1日在內(nèi)蒙古科技大學(xué)包頭醫(yī)學(xué)院第二附屬醫(yī)院診治的房顫患者60例作為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有房顫病史,經(jīng)病史、心電圖確診為房顫;年齡20~75歲;依從性良好;臨床資料完整;精神狀態(tài)良好。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):超聲圖像質(zhì)量欠佳;惡性腫瘤;凝血功能異常;免疫功能異常;妊娠期與哺乳期婦女;合并靜脈曲張、狹窄;檢查期間退出;參加同期其他臨床研究。本次研究得到了醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)與所有患者的同意。
1.2 方法 所有患者均給予經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,采用GE公司的9500型彩色超聲診斷儀,探頭頻率為2.0~7.0 MHz?;颊邫z查前8 h禁止飲食、飲水,檢查時(shí)采用利多卡因膠漿(生產(chǎn)廠家:濟(jì)川藥業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國藥準(zhǔn)字H10880008,規(guī)格:10 g︰0.2 g)進(jìn)行麻醉,用時(shí)震蕩,在胃鏡檢查前5~10 min將本品含于咽喉部片刻后慢慢咽下,一次用量為10 g,2~3 min后可將胃鏡插入進(jìn)行檢查。協(xié)助患者取仰臥位,抬起下頜,探頭經(jīng)食管插入,在食管距中切牙30~40 cm時(shí)進(jìn)行超聲掃描,同時(shí)調(diào)整超聲參數(shù)確保LAA圖像清晰。詳細(xì)觀察LAA血栓情況,由2位經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的影像科醫(yī)師(副主任醫(yī)師及以上職稱或5年及以上工作年限)對(duì)經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖圖像進(jìn)行分析。所有患者在超聲后給予造影檢查,明確血栓發(fā)生情況,血栓判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為注射造影劑后LAA充盈缺損。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) (1)記錄所有患者的一般資料,包括房顫類型、體重指數(shù)、年齡、病程、性別、血壓等。(2)觀察和記錄所有患者的LA前后徑、左右徑與LAA血流最大排空速度、LAA血流最大充盈速度。(3)觀察和記錄所有患者LAA處于最大容積幀時(shí)的LAA開口寬度指數(shù)(left atrial appendage width index,LAA-WI)、LAA開口面積指數(shù)(left aerial appendage open area index,LAA-OI)、LAA開口長(zhǎng)度指數(shù)(left aerial appendage length index,LAA-LI)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 選擇SPSS 23.00軟件進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù)以(x±s)表示,計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,分別采用t檢驗(yàn)、字2檢驗(yàn);相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson分析。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)為α=0.05,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 血栓發(fā)生情況 60例患者中,血栓患者有10例,占比16.67%,納入血栓組,其余患者納入非血栓組。
2.2 兩組一般資料對(duì)比 血栓組房顫類型、體重指數(shù)、年齡、病程、性別、收縮壓、舒張壓與非血栓組比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
2.3 兩組LA與LAA相關(guān)指標(biāo)對(duì)比 血栓組LA前后徑、左右徑均顯著大于非血栓組(P<0.05),血栓組LAA血流最大排空速度、血流最大充盈速度均顯著低于非血栓組(P<0.05),見表2。
2.4 兩組LAA功能指標(biāo)對(duì)比 血栓組LAA-WI、LAA-OI、LAA-LI均顯著高于非血栓組(P<0.05),見表3。
2.5 相關(guān)性分析 Pearson分析顯示,LA前后徑、左右徑、LAA-WI、LAA-OI、LAA-LI與血栓形成呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05),LAA血流最大排空速度、LAA血流最大充盈速度與血栓形成呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05)。見表4。
3 討論
房顫屬于臨床上比較常見的心律失常性疾病,按照持續(xù)時(shí)間可以分為陣發(fā)性房顫、持續(xù)性房顫和永久性房顫,多發(fā)于中老年,其臨床表現(xiàn)為心率及心房頻率均出現(xiàn)異常增加[10-11]?,F(xiàn)代研究表明,長(zhǎng)期房顫可導(dǎo)致LA、LAA結(jié)構(gòu)和功能發(fā)生改變,逐漸降低患者射血功能,降低血液的流通速度,導(dǎo)致血液在心房?jī)?nèi)淤積形成血栓。若血栓在血管內(nèi)脫落則會(huì)隨著血液流至全身,從而引發(fā)腦血栓、下肢栓塞、偏癱及中風(fēng)等并發(fā)癥[12]。因此提高房顫患者血栓的早期診斷,并給予合理干預(yù)對(duì)于降低并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率具有重要意義。本研究顯示,60例患者中,發(fā)生血栓10例(血栓組),占比16.67%;血栓組的房顫類型、體重指數(shù)、年齡、病程、性別、收縮壓、舒張壓與非血栓組無明顯差異(P>0.05)。
LA是容量、壓力的敏感反應(yīng)器,LA結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的測(cè)定與評(píng)估對(duì)判定患者病情具有重要價(jià)值[13]。LAA是機(jī)體妊娠第3周形成的LA原始胚胎芽的殘余物,是LA一個(gè)極其重要的附屬結(jié)構(gòu),較右心耳狹長(zhǎng)、壁厚,呈狹長(zhǎng)彎曲的盲端結(jié)構(gòu)[14]。LAA腔面有豐富的梳狀肌而凹凸不平,根部較細(xì),基上緣較密,下緣稀疏。LAA具有正常的收縮及舒張功能,主動(dòng)收縮產(chǎn)生向上的排空波,彈性回縮產(chǎn)生向后的充盈波。經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖能夠清晰顯示LA、LAA結(jié)構(gòu)與功能特征,具有安全可靠、準(zhǔn)確度高等特征,可觀察到患者LAA血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變,在臨床評(píng)估LAA功能中發(fā)揮重要作用[15]。本研究顯示血栓組LA前后徑、左右徑均顯著大于非血栓組(P<0.05),血栓組LAA血流最大排空速度、血流最大充盈速度均顯著低于非血栓組(P<0.05),表明伴隨有血栓形成的房顫患者多伴隨有LA、LAA結(jié)構(gòu)與功能異常。從機(jī)制上分析,房顫患者LA功能受損,可出現(xiàn)心房頓抑現(xiàn)象,LAA的血流速度減慢,LA搏動(dòng)過快致收縮無力,LA內(nèi)血流隨之減慢,易導(dǎo)致血栓形成[16]。
經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖的分辨率比較高,三維成像不受LAA形態(tài)的影響,可觀察心腔容積的變化,能夠更加真實(shí)反映心腔的實(shí)際容量[17]。并且經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖可以從心臟的各方位進(jìn)行觀察,能獲取真實(shí)立體的LA與LAA構(gòu)型,對(duì)LAA血栓形成具有臨床預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值[18]。本研究Pearson分析顯示LA前后徑、左右徑、LAA-WI、LAA-OI、LAA-LI與血栓形成均呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05),LAA血流最大排空速度、LAA血流最大充盈速度與血栓形成均呈負(fù)相關(guān)(P<0.05),表明經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)房顫患者LAA功能與血栓形成的相關(guān)性較好。分析為,經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖不僅顯示血栓發(fā)生的具體部位口形態(tài)和相鄰心內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的緊密程度,還能顯示出血栓基底部范圍大小及其活動(dòng)度[19-20]。本研究也存在一定的不足,樣本數(shù)量偏少,沒有納入其他影像學(xué)方法進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,也沒有設(shè)置健康人群,將在后續(xù)研究中探討。
總之,有血栓形成的房顫患者經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)多伴有LA、LAA結(jié)構(gòu)與功能異常,且LAA功能與血栓形成存在相關(guān)性。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]黃丹青,張連仲,崔存英,等.經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖在非瓣膜性房顫患者中-重度二尖瓣反流中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[J].中國超聲醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2018,34(12):1095-1098.
[2]楊洋,周微微,王祖祿,等.實(shí)時(shí)三維經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖在左心耳封堵術(shù)圍術(shù)期的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[J].中國超聲醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2021,37(4):406-409.
[3]郁怡,王群山,虞峻崴,等.經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖聯(lián)合雙源CT在左心耳封堵術(shù)及其隨訪中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值[J].中國超聲醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2020,36(4):373-376.
[4] DIAZ-AROCUTIPA C,GONZALES-LUNA A C,BRA?EZ-CONDORENA A,et al.Diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer to detect left atrial thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Heart Rhythm,2021,18(12):2128-2136.
[5] DU H,WILSON D,AMBLER G,et al.Small vessel disease and ischemic stroke risk during anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation after cerebral ischemia[J].Stroke,2021,52(1):91-99.
[6] GOPINATHANNAIR R,CHEN L Y,CHUNG M K,et al.
Managing atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association[J].Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2021,14(6):78.
[7] KAIKITA K,YASUDA S,AKAO M,et al.Bleeding and subsequent cardiovascular events and death in atrial fibrillation with stable coronary artery disease: insights from the AFIRE trial[J/OL].
Circ Cardiovasc Interv,2021,14(11):e010476.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34474583/.
[8]郁怡,王群山,馮向飛,等.二維和三維經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖在左心耳封堵術(shù)及其隨訪中的應(yīng)用研究[J].中國超聲醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2019,35(1):80-83.
[9]王寶震,張?jiān)?,郝曉一,?經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)患者左心耳功能與血栓形成的研究[J].中國超聲醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2019,35(5):419-422.
[10] KOVACS M J,WELLS P S,ANDERSON D R,et al.
Postoperative low molecular weight heparin bridging treatment for patients at high risk of arterial thromboembolism (PERIOP2): double blind randomised controlled trial[J].BMJ,2021,373:n1205.
[11] NOUBIAP J J,AGBAEDENG T A,NDOADOUMGUE A L,
et al.Atrial thrombus detection on transoesophageal echocardiography in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cardioversion or catheter ablation: a pooled analysis of rates and predictors[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2021,32(8):2179-2188.
[12]楊洋,周微微,王祖祿,等.實(shí)時(shí)三維經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖及心臟血管造影在左心耳封堵術(shù)中應(yīng)用價(jià)值[J].臨床軍醫(yī)雜志,2022,50(5):482-484,488.
[13]張又紅,伍偉科,鄭劍.經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)估非瓣膜性房顫患者左心耳功能的價(jià)值觀察[J].廣州醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2022,50(1):46-50.
[14]宋群霞,王麗紅.經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖對(duì)非瓣膜性房顫患者血栓形成危險(xiǎn)因素的研究[J].中國超聲醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2021,37(3):271-274.
[15] POPE M K,HALL T S,SCHIRRIPA V,et al.Cardioversion in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation: observational study using prospectively collected registry data[J/OL].
BMJ,2021,375:e066450.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34706884/.
[16]盛哲,史學(xué)功,趙韌,等.經(jīng)食管實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)價(jià)房性心律失常對(duì)二尖瓣結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的影響[J].安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2019,54(7):1113-1118.
[17]湯政德,韓志華,張繪莉,等.經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖在經(jīng)皮左心耳封堵術(shù)中的臨床價(jià)值[J].中國臨床醫(yī)學(xué),2019,26(5):736-740.
[18]段利科,張周龍.多層螺旋CT與超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷房顫患者左心耳血栓的臨床價(jià)值比較[J].中國CT和MRI雜志,2019,17(4):59-61,119.
[19] ANGIOLILLO D J,BHATT D L,CANNON C P,et al.
Antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a North American perspective: 2021 update[J].Circulation,2021,143(6):583-596.
[20] BROKMEIER H,KIDO K.Off-label use for direct oral anticoagulants: valvular atrial fibrillation, heart failure, left ventricular thrombus, superficial vein thrombosis, pulmonary hypertension-a systematic review[J].Ann Pharmacother,2021,55(8):995-1009.
(收稿日期:2022-10-27) (本文編輯:陳韻)
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2023年11期