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3%高滲鹽水抑制腦出血患者繼發(fā)炎性損傷的臨床研究

2023-09-18 19:24廖洪民王勇王付裕朱家偉黃建軍
基層醫(yī)學(xué)論壇 2023年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:白細(xì)胞介素炎癥因子腦水腫

廖洪民 王勇 王付裕 朱家偉 黃建軍

【摘要】? 目的? ? 觀察3%高滲鹽水(hypertonic saline,HS)對(duì)腦出血患者血清炎性因子及神經(jīng)功能的影響,探討3% HS抑制炎性損傷的腦保護(hù)作用。方法? ? 采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將36例出血量15~20 mL的腦出血非手術(shù)治療患者分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,每組各18例。觀察組靜脈滴注3% HS(3 mL/kg),對(duì)照組靜脈滴注20%甘露醇(2.5 mL/kg),給藥頻率為每8 h一次,療程5 d。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測2組發(fā)病后12 h、1 d、3 d、7 d血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10水平,比較2組治療后7 d血腫周圍腦水腫體積、14 d NIHSS及90 d mRS評(píng)分。結(jié)果? ? 2組患者發(fā)病后血清炎性因子水平均明顯升高,發(fā)病12 h后的不同時(shí)間段,觀察組TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6均低于對(duì)照組,IL-10高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組治療后7 d血腫周圍腦水腫體積小于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組治療后14 d NIHSS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);隨訪90 d觀察組mRS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論? ? 3% HS可有效抑制腦出血后TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6釋放、促進(jìn)IL-10表達(dá),減輕血腫周圍腦水腫,對(duì)改善患者預(yù)后有益。

【關(guān)鍵詞】? 腦出血;高滲鹽水;炎癥因子;腦水腫;白細(xì)胞介素

3% hypertonic saline inhibits secondary inflammatory injury in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage:a clinical comparative study

Liao Hongmin,Wang Yong,Wang Fuyu,et al. The Guizhou Aerospace Hospital,Zunyi,Guizhou? 563003

【Abstract】? Objective? ? To observe the effects of 3% hypertonic saline(HS)on serum inflammatory factors and neurological function in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage,and to explore the brain protective effect on inflammatory injury. Methods? ? Using prospective randomized control method,36 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage with bleeding volume of 15~20 mL were randomly divided into observation group and control group,with 18 cases in each group.The observation group was intravenously injected with 3% HS(3 mL/kg)and the control group was intravenously injected with 20% mannitol(2.5 mL/kg).The administration frequency was once every 8 h for 5 days.The concentration of TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6 and IL-10 in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 12 h, 1 d,3 d and 7 d after onset.The volume of brain edema around hematoma,NIHSS score at 14 days and mRS score at 90 days were compared. Results? ? The serum inflammatory factor concentrations in the two groups were significantly increased after the onset.Other different time periods except 12 hours of onset,the concentrations of TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05),and the concentration of IL-10 in the observation group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).The volume of brain edema around the hematoma was smaller than that of the control group at 7 days(P<0.05);NIHSS score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group at 14 days,but the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05);After 90 days of follow-up,the mRS score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusions? ? 3% HS can effectively inhibit the release of TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6 after cerebral hemorrhage,promote the expression of IL-10,reduce the brain edema,and be beneficial to improve the prognosis of patients.

【Key Words】? Intracerebral hemorrhage;Hypertonic saline;Inflammatory factor;Brain edema;Interleukin

中圖分類號(hào):R743.3? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? 文章編號(hào):1672-1721(2023)04-0001-04

DOI:10.19435/j.1672-1721.2023.04.001

腦出血常導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)不同程度的殘疾,迄今臨床上還沒有能夠極大改善患者預(yù)后、降低致殘率的治療措施。腦出血后除血腫造成的機(jī)械性損傷外,炎癥反應(yīng)引起的繼發(fā)性腦損傷是導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)功能障礙的重要原因,調(diào)控神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)很可能成為減輕腦損傷、改善神經(jīng)功能的有效方法。近期文獻(xiàn)[1]報(bào)道,高滲鹽水(hypertonic saline,HS)具有調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體免疫及炎癥反應(yīng)的作用,但針對(duì)腦出血患者的相關(guān)研究較少。本研究通過觀察3%HS對(duì)腦出血患者血清中幾種主要炎性因子表達(dá)、血腫周圍腦水腫及預(yù)后的影響,探討HS抑制炎性損傷的腦保護(hù)作用。

1? ? 資料與方法

1.1? ? 一般資料? ? 共納入貴州航天醫(yī)院近3年收治的高血壓腦出血非手術(shù)治療患者36例,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,每組18例。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡35~70歲,發(fā)病12 h內(nèi)入院;CT證實(shí)為腦實(shí)質(zhì)出血,血腫量15~20 mL,格拉斯哥昏迷評(píng)分(GCS)≥9分且病情相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)血腫擴(kuò)大或出血大量破入腦室系統(tǒng)、并發(fā)腦積水;(2)腦腫瘤、創(chuàng)傷或其他腦血管疾病引起的腦出血;(3)抗凝、抗血小板藥物相關(guān)性腦出血;(4)合并急性感染性疾?。唬?)嚴(yán)重心臟、腎功能不全患者。2組患者性別、年齡、出血量、入院時(shí)美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)評(píng)分差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),有可比性,見表1。該研究項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審批,患者及家屬知情同意。

1.2? ? 治療方法? ? 2組患者入院后均給予止血?jiǎng)?、神?jīng)營養(yǎng)藥、降壓藥及維持水電解質(zhì)平衡等常規(guī)治療,發(fā)病6 h后觀察組靜脈滴注3% HS 3 mL/kg,對(duì)照組靜脈滴注20%甘露醇2.5 mL/kg,滴注時(shí)間為20 ~30 min,給藥頻率為每隔8 h一次。療程5 d。

1.3? ? 觀察指標(biāo)

1.3.1? ? 血清炎性因子濃度? ? 檢測2組發(fā)病后12 h內(nèi)、1 d、3 d、7 d血清腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)和白介素-10(IL-10)水平。采集肘靜脈血5mL于肝素抗凝管中混勻,并在30 min內(nèi)離心15 min(3 000 r/min),分離取出血清分裝,置-20 ℃冰箱保存。采用雙抗體夾心酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)批量檢測,試劑盒購于武漢賽培生物科技有限公司,嚴(yán)格按說明書操作。

1.3.2? ? 血腫周圍腦水腫體積? ? 采用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助半定量的容量分析法計(jì)算2組治療后7 d腦水腫體積。方法為:腦CT掃描以聽眥線為基準(zhǔn),層厚5 mm,先用自由手工具勾畫出血腫邊界,分別計(jì)算每層腦出血面積,將其乘以層厚,再將全部血腫層面計(jì)算所得的結(jié)果相加得出血腫總體積V1;同法勾勒出周圍水腫輪廓,計(jì)算血腫及水腫總體積V,腦水腫體積即V2=V-V1。

1.3.3? ? 神經(jīng)功能評(píng)估? ? 采用NIHSS在治療14 d時(shí)對(duì)患者意識(shí)、眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)、視野、肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)和感覺、共濟(jì)、語言、認(rèn)知和注意力進(jìn)行神經(jīng)功能等級(jí)評(píng)價(jià),共計(jì)11項(xiàng),評(píng)分為0~42分,得分越高說明患者的神經(jīng)功能缺損越嚴(yán)重。隨訪90 d,采用改良Rankin評(píng)分量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)評(píng)估患者神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)及日常生活能力的狀況,mRS評(píng)分范圍為0~6分,0分為神經(jīng)功能正常,6分為死亡,分?jǐn)?shù)越高提示神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)越差。

1.4? ? 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法? ? 使用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分比表示,行χ2檢驗(yàn),計(jì)量資料以x±s表示,行方差分析和t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2? ? 結(jié)果

2.1? ? 2組血清炎癥因子比較? ? 2組患者發(fā)病后血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及IL-10水平均逐漸升高,3 d時(shí)檢測到峰值,7 d時(shí)血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平明顯降低,但仍高于發(fā)病初期水平,血清IL-10水平在7 d時(shí)仍未見明顯下降。發(fā)病12 h內(nèi)2組炎癥因子水平差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),隨后不同時(shí)間段,觀察組血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平均低于對(duì)照組,而IL-10水平高于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。

2.2? ? 2組腦水腫體積、NIHSS、mRS評(píng)分比較? ? 觀察組治療7 d時(shí)血腫周圍腦水腫體積小于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),觀察組治療14 d時(shí) NIHSS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。隨訪90 d觀察組mRS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。

3? ? 討論

腦出血后血腫周圍腦組織發(fā)生的炎癥反應(yīng)對(duì)于機(jī)體自身清除血腫至關(guān)重要,但過度的炎癥反應(yīng)會(huì)加重腦組織損害。腦組織炎性損傷機(jī)制涉及小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化、炎性細(xì)胞浸潤、趨化因子和炎性細(xì)胞因子的釋放等。小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)主要的免疫細(xì)胞,在神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮重要作用。腦出血時(shí),小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞最先被激活并大量聚集在血腫周圍,分化形成不同的表型,以此應(yīng)對(duì)急性腦損傷。其中,M1型小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞主要介導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng)和神經(jīng)損傷,其特征是高表達(dá)TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等。M2型小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞主要是抑制炎癥并參與清除血腫和壞死組織、促進(jìn)腦組織修復(fù)[2-3],其特征是高表達(dá)IL-10、IL-4、CD206等。上述炎性因子中,TNF-α是炎癥反應(yīng)的啟動(dòng)因子,不僅直接作用于血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,影響其通透性而致腦水腫,還可誘導(dǎo)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表達(dá)黏附分子和趨化因子,促使外周大量白細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞等更易透過血-腦屏障,向血腫周圍腦組織浸潤,進(jìn)而合成與釋放更多的炎性細(xì)胞因子,其中包括IL-6、IL-1β等。這些細(xì)胞因子的促炎作用最終導(dǎo)致血-腦屏障進(jìn)一步破壞,加重腦水腫和大量神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡,引發(fā)炎性損傷的級(jí)聯(lián)放大效應(yīng)[4-5]。IL-10作為一種重要的抗炎和免疫調(diào)節(jié)因子,可通過抑制TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6、一氧化氮和主要組織相容性復(fù)合基因Ⅱ的表達(dá),抑制炎性細(xì)胞因子的遷移等多種途徑發(fā)揮抗炎作用[6-7]。鑒于血腫周圍腦組織中較高水平的促炎和抗炎細(xì)胞因子在繼發(fā)性損傷中的復(fù)雜作用,許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為調(diào)節(jié)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的表型,抑制促炎因子過度釋放,調(diào)節(jié)促炎和抗炎因子之間的平衡,是有望減輕腦損傷、改善預(yù)后的治療策略。

高滲鹽水具有良好的擴(kuò)容和滲透性治療作用,廣泛應(yīng)用于創(chuàng)傷性休克患者的液體復(fù)蘇,以及顱腦創(chuàng)傷等并發(fā)顱內(nèi)壓增高的治療,其降顱壓效果、安全性及對(duì)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的影響優(yōu)于甘露醇[8-9]。近年來,又出現(xiàn)HS抑制炎性因子產(chǎn)生、減輕機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)的報(bào)道[1,10,11],但針對(duì)腦出血的相關(guān)臨床研究較少。本文選擇腦出血保守治療患者作為研究對(duì)象,避免了手術(shù)操作對(duì)結(jié)果帶來的干擾。研究結(jié)果顯示,2組患者發(fā)病后血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-10水平均明顯升高,3 d時(shí)測得峰值,7 d時(shí)抗炎因子IL-10濃度仍無明顯下降,而幾種促炎因子濃度明顯降低,但仍高于發(fā)病初期水平,其濃度變化趨勢與腦出血后腦組織病理損害發(fā)展變化相一致。在發(fā)病12 h后的不同時(shí)間段,觀察組血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平均低于對(duì)照組,而IL-10水平高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。觀察組治療7 d時(shí)腦水腫體積小于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)果表明,3% HS能有效抑制促炎因子釋放,并上調(diào)抗炎因子IL-10表達(dá)水平,減輕了血腫周圍炎癥反應(yīng)及腦水腫。筆者推測3% HS抑制神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)的作用可能與抑制M1型小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞釋放炎癥因子,并促進(jìn)活化的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞向M2型分化有關(guān)。目前,HS抑制炎癥的分子機(jī)制尚不清楚,可能與其高滲作用導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞收縮,細(xì)胞信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)發(fā)生改變,抑制了中性粒細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞的活化有關(guān)[12]。徐玢等[13]報(bào)道應(yīng)用HS脫水治療急性重癥腦出血患者,可減少炎癥性單核細(xì)胞CD14+、CD16+亞群表達(dá),從而抑制促炎因子TNF-α表達(dá),同時(shí)通過促進(jìn)CD14++細(xì)胞群增生,而增加單核細(xì)胞IL-10表達(dá),減輕炎癥反應(yīng),調(diào)節(jié)卒中后的免疫失衡。

本研究結(jié)果還顯示,觀察組治療后14 d時(shí)NIHSS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);隨訪90 d觀察組mRS評(píng)分低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),提示3% HS未能明顯改善患者早期神經(jīng)功能障礙,但遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后好于對(duì)照組。分析此結(jié)果可能的原因有:一是腦出血后腦損傷機(jī)制十分復(fù)雜,單方面的治療改善及其改善程度均不足以顯著改善患者早期神經(jīng)功能,但由于神經(jīng)炎癥及血腫周圍腦水腫程度是影響腦出血患者神經(jīng)功能及預(yù)后的主要因素,HS減輕了炎性損傷及腦水腫,為后期神經(jīng)修復(fù)創(chuàng)造了有利條件;甘露醇則無抗炎作用的報(bào)道。二是HS促進(jìn)了IL-10表達(dá),IL-10可加速血腫清除并改善神經(jīng)功能[14]。Jiang等[15]報(bào)道血清中IL-10水平越高,與更好的mRS評(píng)分和神經(jīng)功能預(yù)后相關(guān)。三是HS的抗炎作用可能受到其高滲程度、輸注量和持續(xù)時(shí)間的影響。

綜上所述,3% HS能抑制腦出血后炎性因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6產(chǎn)生,并提高IL-10的表達(dá)水平,從而抑制血腫周圍早期炎癥反應(yīng),減輕腦水腫,對(duì)改善患者預(yù)后有益。因本研究納入的病例數(shù)較少,可能存在數(shù)據(jù)偏倚,尚需更大樣本量的臨床研究,同時(shí)有必要深入研究闡明HS抑制炎癥的分子機(jī)制。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]? ? CORREIA C D J,ARMSTRONG R,CARVALHO P O D,et al. Hypertonic Saline Solution Reduces Microcirculatory Dysfunction and Inflammation in a Rat Model of Brain Death[J].Shock,2019,51(4):495-501.

[2]? ?ZHU H,WANG Z,YU J,et al.Role and mechanisms of cytokines in the secondary brain injury after intracerebml hemorrhage[J].Prog Neurobiol,2019,178:101610.

[3]? ? ZHANG Z,ZHANG Z,LU H,et al.MicrogIial polarization and inflammatory mediators after intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Mol Neurobiol,2017,54(3):1874-1886.

[4]? ? SHI K B,TIAN D C,LI Z G,et al.Global brain inflammation in stroke[J].Lancet Neurol,2019,18(11):1058-1066.

[5]? XUE M,YONG V W.Neuroinflammation in intracerebral haemorrhage:immunotherapies with potential for translation[J].The Lancet Neurology,2020,19(12):1023-1032.

[6]? BADNER A,VIDAL P M ,HONG J,et al. Endogenous Interleukin-10 Deficiency Exacerbates Vascular Pathology in Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury[J].Neurotrauma.2019,36(15):2298-2307.

[7]? ? NI G,CHEN S,YUAN J,et al.Comparative proteomic study reveals the enhanced immune response with the blockade of interleukin 10 with anti-IL-10 and anti-IL-10 receptor antibodies in human U937 cells[J].Plos One,2019,14(3):e0213813.

[8]? ? SHI J,TAN L,YE J,et al.Hypertonic saline and mannitol in patients with traumatic brain injury:A systematic and meta-analysis[J].Medicine,2020,99(35):e21655.

[9]? ? MANGAT H S,WU X,GERBER L M,et al. Hypertonic Saline is Superior to Mannitol for the Combined Effect on Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Burdens in Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury[J].Neurosurgery,2020,86(2):221-230.

[10]? SCHERIBMAN D L,HONG C M,KELEDJIAN K,et al.Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline Reduce Swelling and Modulate Inflammatory Markers in a Rat Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage[J]. Neurocrit Care,2018,29(2):253-263.

[11]? ?PIMENTEL R N,PETRONI R C,BARBEIRO H V,et al. Hypertonic solution-induced preconditioning reduces inflammation and mortality rate[J].Journal of Inflammation,2019,16(1):112-118.

[12]? ?ZENG W X,HAN Y L,ZHU G F,et al. Hypertonic saline attenuates expression of Notch signaling and proinflammatory mediators in activated microglia in experimentally induced cerebral ischemia and hypoxic BV-2 microglia[J].BMC Neurosci,2017,18(1):32.

[13]? ? 徐玢,張初吉,劉志忠,等.高滲鹽水對(duì)重癥腦出血患者單核細(xì)胞亞群及細(xì)胞因子表達(dá)的影響[J].中國臨床醫(yī)生雜志,2016,44(7):38-42.

[14]? ? LI Q,LAN X,HAN X,et al.Microglia-derived interleukin-10 accelerates post-intracerebral hemorrhage hematoma clearance by regulating CD36[J].Brain Behav Immun,2021,94(37):437-457.

[15]? JIANG C,WANG Y,HU Q,et al. Immune changes in peripheral blood and hematoma of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage [J].FASEB J,2020,34(2):2774-2791.

(收稿日期:2022-11-11)

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