梁為祥
平時(shí)教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多學(xué)生在使用英語倍數(shù)時(shí)概念模糊,尤其在語言表達(dá)上出現(xiàn)很多錯(cuò)誤。為了使學(xué)生弄清楚倍數(shù)概念和表達(dá)形式,今后使用時(shí)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)概念和表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤,特將其分幾個(gè)方面講述。
英文倍數(shù)既可表示增加,也可表示減少。但漢語中表示減少一般不用倍數(shù),而用“減少到……”“是原來的……”或“減少了……”。例如:
1)The computer improves the working conditions and raises efficiency five times.
a.這臺(tái)電腦改善了工作條件,并使工作效率提高了四倍。(純?cè)黾樱?/p>
b.這臺(tái)電腦改善了工作條件,并使工作效率提高到五倍。(含基數(shù))
2)This year, car production costs have dropped four times.
a.今年汽車生產(chǎn)成本降低了四分之三。(純減數(shù))
b.今年汽車生產(chǎn)成本降低到四分之一。(剩余數(shù))
一、英語中的“兩倍、三倍、四倍”等表示法
兩倍常用twice、double、duple、twofold、as... again as表示(不可用two times),譯為“翻一番”或“為……的兩倍”。例如:
1. Mary is twice his age.(瑪麗比他的年齡大一倍。)
2. The watch is worth twice the value.(這塊手表值這個(gè)價(jià)格的兩倍。)
3. The salesman demanded double the usual money.(這個(gè)銷售員要了比平常多一倍的錢。)
4. The highway is as wide again as that one.(這條高速公路的寬度是那條的兩倍。)
三倍常用three times、triple、treble、threefold“表示,譯為“增加兩倍”“增加到三倍”或“為……的三倍”。例如:
1. John has paid three times the usual price.(約翰付了正常價(jià)格三倍的錢。)
2. Our grains have trebled/tripled this year.(今年我國的糧食增產(chǎn)了兩倍。)
四倍常用quadruple、基數(shù)詞+ times/fold表示,譯為“增加三倍”“增加到四倍”或“為……的四倍”。例如:The factory has produced fourfold as many cars as it did last year.(這家工廠今年生產(chǎn)的小汽車相當(dāng)于去年的四倍。)
上面的double(=twofold)在句子中可用作名詞、形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞,表示倍數(shù)時(shí)需要置于形容詞性物主代詞之前。例如:
1. Eight is the double of four.(8是4的兩倍。)
2. My elder brother is double her age.(我哥哥的歲數(shù)比她大一倍。)
3. The sports ground is double as broad as that one.(這個(gè)操場是那個(gè)操場的兩倍寬。)
double作形容詞還可以表示“雙重的”。例如:Tour serves the double objectives of health and culture.(旅游能達(dá)到增進(jìn)健康和提高修養(yǎng)的雙重目的。)
treble(=threefold)在句子中可用作形容詞和動(dòng)詞。treble和triple兩個(gè)詞通常可以換用,但有時(shí)候只能用triple,例如:The organization is the triple alliance.(這個(gè)組織是三國同盟。)
二、倍數(shù)比較的表示法
1. X times + as + adj./adv. + as:這種結(jié)構(gòu)可譯為:A是B的X倍(或凈增加X-1倍)。例如:① Classroom A is twice as wide as Classroom B. (A教室的寬度是B教室的兩倍。)② He runs three times as fast as comrade Li.(他跑的速度是李同志的三倍。)
2. X times + the comparative degree of adj./adv. (如greater、longer、larger、faster) + than: 這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的意思同樣是A是B的X倍。例如:Runway A is three times longer than B.(跑道A是B的三倍長。)
3. X times + the width/length/breadth/level/value/velocity... + of:這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的意思是凈增加X-1倍(是X倍)。例如:① Taihu Lake is twice the width of Chaohu Lake.(太湖的寬度是巢湖的兩倍。)② The measure of area of our university is 50 times the size of the middle school.(我們大學(xué)的面積是這所中學(xué)的五十倍。)
4. half as much/many/large again as:這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示凈增加一半。試比較:① half as much/many as(是……的一半);② half as much/many again as(比……多一半);③ as much/many again as(比……多一倍)。例如:① The farm has half as much grain as that one does.(這個(gè)農(nóng)場的糧食只有那個(gè)農(nóng)場的一半。)② John is half as old again as Mary.(約翰的歲數(shù)比瑪麗大一半。)③ I have as many books again as she.(我的書比她多一倍。)
英語中的times表示“倍”“次”“乘”,即原數(shù)的X倍、增加到X倍,不可譯為“增加X倍”。
三、倍數(shù)增減的其他表示法
英語中增減表示法最常見的是利用介詞by和to,其表意有所不同:by常表示增加或減少的凈數(shù),不含底數(shù),常可省略;to常表示增加、減少到某個(gè)數(shù)量,一般含底數(shù),例如:
1. increase / speed up / step up / raise / rise / go up / grow + by +倍數(shù):本結(jié)構(gòu)表示“增加X-1倍”或“增加到X倍”。例如:Our electronic equipment went up by three times over the last year.(我國電子設(shè)備比去年增加了兩倍。)
2. increase / be / rise / grow / multiply / go up + numeral + times or fold:本結(jié)構(gòu)表示“增加X-1倍”或“增加到X倍”。例如:① The output of computer has increased three times.(電腦產(chǎn)量增加了兩倍/增加到三倍。)② The long distance runner has increased the speed three times/threefold as against last race.(這個(gè)長跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員跟上次比賽相比已經(jīng)把速度提高了兩倍/提高到三倍。)
3. multiply X times和be multiplied by:本結(jié)構(gòu)表示“增加X-1倍”。例如:①The sale of mobile phones has been multiplied by three times since 2019.(自2019年以來,手機(jī)的銷售量增加了兩倍。)② This year our grain production has multiplied 2 times.(今年我國糧食產(chǎn)量提高了一倍。)
4. increase / exceed / go up / rise + by a factor of + numeral:此結(jié)構(gòu)中的factor表示增加的倍數(shù)時(shí),意思是“增加X-1”;表示減少時(shí),意思是“減少X-1”。例如:① increase by a factor 5(增加了四倍);② reduce by a factor of 5(減少了五分之四)。
5. decrease / drop / fall / weaken / step down / speed down / go down by:本結(jié)構(gòu)中by后所接表示純減數(shù)。例如:① The cost of mobile phone has dropped by 20%.(手機(jī)的成本下降了百分之二十。)② The building height has gone down by 10%.(這棟樓的高度下降了百分之十。)
6. decrease/reduce to:本結(jié)構(gòu)表示“減少到”。例如:① The students in this class have decreased to 30.(這個(gè)班的學(xué)生減少到了三十名。)② The cotton production this year has reduced to 80% because of the heavy drought.(由于嚴(yán)重干旱,今年棉花產(chǎn)量減少了百分之二十。)
7. multiple + upon/over:此結(jié)構(gòu)表示“超過……倍”。例如:① He is twice upon/over my age.(他的年齡是我的三倍。)② His books are three times over mine.(他的書是我的四倍。)
8. multiple + what + clause:此結(jié)構(gòu)表示“是……倍”。例如:① This month the price of the meat is twice what it was last month.(這個(gè)月的肉價(jià)是上個(gè)月的兩倍。)② The rent of the house is three times what it was five years ago.(房子的租金是5年前的三倍。)
9. noun + of + comparative object A + multiple + that of + comparative object B:這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示“A是B的……倍”。例如:① In Chongqing, the average temperature in July is almost six times that of January.(重慶7月的平均氣溫幾乎是1月的六倍。)② The size of the new park is four times that of the previous one.(新建的公園是以前的四倍大。)
10. percentage + above / higher than:本結(jié)構(gòu)表示“增加了……”。例如:① His income this month is 20 percent above that of last month.(他這個(gè)月的收入比上個(gè)月增加了百分之二十。)② The cotton output this year is 30 percent above that of last year.(今年的棉花產(chǎn)量比去年增加了百分之三十。)
11. up + multiple:這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示“增長了X-1倍”或“是原來的X倍”。例如:① Her salary this year is up 3-fold.(她今年的工資增長了兩倍。)② The number of my books is up twice this year.(我的書數(shù)量今年增加了一倍。)
12. register + percentage + increase/decrease:這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示“增加/減少了百分之……”。例如:① The output in April registered a twenty percent increase over March.(4月的產(chǎn)量比3月增長了百分之二十。)② The output in the second quarter registered a ten percent decrease over the first one.(第二季度的產(chǎn)量比第一季度下降了百分之十。)
(作者單位:東南大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院)