羅麗雯

“閱讀”這一話題，自2018至2020年，都是高考閱讀理解題考查的內(nèi)容。如表1所示：

如上表所示，2018年所考的閱讀材料指出，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)能在閱讀中找到興趣的孩子越來越少；2019年的文章，以作者與圖書館的緣分為線索，體現(xiàn)了作者喜歡閱讀，并將閱讀的樂趣傳遞給下一代。2020年新高考改革前最后一份卷所用的閱讀材料，點明重新閱讀一本書的樂趣——可以加深對自己的了解?？梢钥闯?，高考閱讀文章一直在倡導“閱讀”“悅讀”，呼吁考生培養(yǎng)閱讀的興趣，養(yǎng)成閱讀習慣。

新高考改革后，雖未再見以“悅讀”為主題的文章，但2023年新高考全國卷4套題中，有3套題的閱讀C篇是與書籍相關(guān)的，“閱讀”“書本”依然是高考閱讀題的重心，那這三篇閱讀是怎樣的呢？我們先看一下表2：（書的封面來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)）

從表2可以看到，新高考三套題的C篇都是英語書籍的簡介。Ⅰ卷介紹的這本書，提倡“數(shù)碼極簡主義”，書的內(nèi)容與現(xiàn)在隨處可見的“低頭族”的問題息息相關(guān)，作者在書中提出幫助讀者減少沉迷于數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品的方法。Ⅱ卷在簡介這本“書中之書”之后，提出“書本不會過時，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)達的時代，書本還能保護我們隱私”的觀點。這與紙質(zhì)書本在新科技的影響下，遭受冷遇的情況相關(guān)，而紙質(zhì)書可以保護我們的隱私這點更是觸碰到我們不少人心中的痛。甲卷 C篇則以作者自身經(jīng)歷——因Jostein Gaarder的書接觸到哲學，再因為Eric Weiner所寫的書重喚對哲學的喜愛，并簡介了Eric Weiner這本書，特別點出了這是一本“可將哲學用于改善生活”的書。這一觀點有助于改變?nèi)藗儗Α罢軐W”的刻板印象，因為我們可能認為哲學是沉悶的或深不可“觸”的。所以從選材上來看，這三本書都具有現(xiàn)實意義。

而作為高考閱讀題的材料，高考的閱讀題從告訴考生閱讀有樂趣，轉(zhuǎn)向直接推薦具體的書籍，告訴考生“書中自有實用干貨”。那這幾篇考查了哪些方面呢？我們先來閱讀2023新高考全國 Ⅰ卷 C篇，對文章和題目進行分析。

【例1】2023新高考全國 Ⅰ卷 C篇

The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism， including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works， and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.

To do so， I divided the book into two parts. In part one， I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism， starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable， before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.

Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy： the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days， you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.

In the final chapter of part one， I'll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so， I'll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1，600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them， and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.

The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate （培養(yǎng)） a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters， I examine issues such as the importance of solitude （獨處） and the necessity of cultivating highquality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices， which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.

文本分析：

利用各段首句（閱讀篇章中劃線句子），不難發(fā)現(xiàn)本文的結(jié)構(gòu)為總-分，這點不再贅述，文章結(jié)構(gòu)則借助思維導圖展示（如圖1）：

本次文本分析，主要是放在作者的語言表達上。這篇是作者書本的自序，語言簡潔平實，而且作者采用的表達（見表3）大多以I do …you'll do…這樣的語句，更像是作者與讀者進行面對面的交流。這些像“對話”的表達，是不少題目解題的關(guān)鍵。接下來我們一起來看一下題目。

28. What is the book aimed at？

A. Teaching critical thinking skills.

B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.

C. Solving philosophical problems.

D. Promoting the use of a digital device.

解析：本題問這本書的寫作目的。根據(jù)第一段第一句提出的“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism， …， and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy…”，寫作目的應是兩個不定式所表達的內(nèi)容，而理解的關(guān)鍵就在digital minimalism，digital是數(shù)碼，于是可以排除A和C兩個答案。但剩下的B，D選項都含有digital，于是關(guān)鍵就是minimalism一詞的意思。

解題思路一：拆詞法，觀察一下minimalism，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)含有mini和ism，其中ism是后綴，一般表“主義”，如realism，現(xiàn)實主義，Impressionism印象主義，這兩個詞都在2019版新人教選擇性必修三Unit 1的單詞表中有出現(xiàn)。mini，指“小，迷你”，如果按這個思路推測，digital minimalism不是指讓我們?nèi)ナ褂脭?shù)碼產(chǎn)品，相反是讓我們減少使用數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品，因此本題應該選B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.

解題思路二：“曲線救國”法。既然這是一本書的簡介，那么書的內(nèi)容應該與書的目的一致，利用第三段“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days…”（這要求你遠離在線活動30天），既然是要求讀者遠離在線活動，那就不會是D. Promoting the use of a digital device.（推廣使用數(shù)碼設(shè)備），可以排除D選項。

29.What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean？

A. Clearup.B. Addon.

C. Checkin.D. Takeover.

解析：本題問劃線詞的意思。

解題思路一：利用“…the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.” This一詞應是指代前面提到的digital declutter，如上一題所解釋，既然是要求讀者遠離在線活動30天，那么declutter的意思應是A. Clearup.

解題思路二：利用圖1，也即是本文的思維導圖，考生也可以推測出digital declutter是與digital minimalism是同義轉(zhuǎn)換，所以如果懂得構(gòu)詞法的同學，則可以利用minimalism推測出declutter是清理、減少的意思。

30.What is presented in the final chapter of part one？

A. Theoretical models.B. Statistical methods.

C. Practical examples.D. Historical analyses.

解析：本題問書的第一部分的最后一章內(nèi)容是什么。

解題思路一：利用表3中的語言表達“I'll guide you …In doing so， I'll …You'll hear…and learn…”可見這一章作者是要指引讀者做一些事情，而要達到這一目的，“作者會……讀者會聽到和學到……”，因為最后一章呈現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容，關(guān)鍵就在看讀者會聽到和學到什么，其具體內(nèi)容為You'll hear these participants' stories and learn what strategies worked well for them， and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.（聽到參與者的故事，學習對他們來說有用的策略，避免他們踩過的陷阱）。由此可見，答案為C. Practical examples.

解題思路二：利用圖1，也即是本文的思維導圖，考生可以推斷出這部分作者在推薦一些辦法，A是表示理論模式，B表示統(tǒng)計方法，D表示歷史分析，顯然都不屬于“建議”，可以排除。

31.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two？

A. Use them as needed.

B. Recommend them to friends.

C. Evaluate their effects.

D. Identify the ideas behind them.

解析：本題問作者建議讀者如何使用第二部分所提供的實踐。再次利用表3的語言表達“I examine … You can view…”，可知關(guān)鍵在于 You can view…這一部分，具體為“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.”（你可以將這些實踐當作工具箱，借助它們來幫助你，形成適合你所處特定環(huán)境的極簡數(shù)碼生活方式。）由此可見，答案為A。

問及書本的內(nèi)容，涉及書的寫作目的（總）或是某一章節(jié)的內(nèi)容（分），借助的是首段，還有“You'll see… and learn”“You can view…”等語句解答。既然 2023新高考全國 II卷的C篇也是與介紹書本有關(guān)，那我們看能否也用這一思路來解決一些問題。

【例2】2023新高考全國 Ⅱ卷C篇

Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book， represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history， in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists' representations of books and reading， we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.

In this “book of books，” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school， with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed（描繪）alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume， deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago， but they record moments we can all relate to.

Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect（才智）， wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press， books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently， as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway， artists have used them as the raw material for artworkstransforming covers， pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.

Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21stcentury point of view， the printed book is certainly ancient， but it remains as interactive as any batterypowered ereader. To serve its function， a book must be activated by a user： the cover opened， the pages parted， the contents reviewed， perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked， a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private， “offline” activity.

文本分析：

利用表4的內(nèi)容可以看出，雖然本文也是介紹一本書，但文章結(jié)構(gòu)與I卷有所不同。I卷全篇文章都在介紹同一本書，本篇只有前兩段在介紹Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers一書。后面兩段是討論“書本”的價值。但與I卷的文章相似，在介紹書本時（“In this ‘books of books'”），作者同樣用了“We see scenes… These scenes…”這樣的表達。

在對文本有整體的把握之后，我們看一下題目。

28. Where is the text most probably taken from？

A. An introduction to a book.

B. An essay on the art of writing.

C. A guidebook to a museum.

D. A review of modern paintings.

解析：本題問文章出處。首段Reading Art： Art for Book? Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book（Reading Art： Art for Book Lovers是對日常物品——書本的頌揚），和第二段首句In this “book of books，”（在這本“書中的書”里），可以推測本文在介紹一本書，因此文章可能來自書的簡介。

29. What are the selected artworks about？

A. Wealth and intellect.

B. Home and school.

C. Books and reading.

D. Work and leisure.

解析：本題問所挑選的藝術(shù)品與什么相關(guān)。利用題干定位到第二段，再借助表4中的內(nèi)容：“We see scenes…”應是指書中所呈現(xiàn)內(nèi)容，“We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school， with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed（描繪）alone in many settings and poses—absorbed in a volume， deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. ”（我們能看到孩子們在家或?qū)W校學習閱讀的場景……在不同的背景中，成人以不同的姿勢，沉醉于書本，他們或若有所思，或沉浸于片刻的休閑中）讀者所能“看到”的應該是書中的內(nèi)容，因此答案應是C. Books and reading.

30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean？

A. Understand.B. Paint.

C. Seize.D. Transform.

解析：本題問第二段劃線部分的意思。These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago， but they record moments we can all relate to. 利用上一題的分析，我們知道these scenes是指人們閱讀書本的情景，這些情景可能是數(shù)百年前所繪制的，但他們記錄的是我們可以“看得懂”的瞬間。因此答案為A。

31. What does the author want to say by mentioning the ereader？

A. The printed book is not totally out of date.

B. Technology has changed the way we read.

C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.

D. People now rarely have the patience to read.

解析：本題問作者提及電子閱讀器想表明什么。利用ereader所在的句子“From a 21stcentury point of view， the printed book is certainly ancient， but it remains as interactive as any batterypowered ereader.”可以看出，作者認為紙質(zhì)書與電子閱讀器一樣具有互動性。由此可知，紙質(zhì)書并沒有過時，答案為A. The printed book is not totally out of date.

雖然兩篇文章內(nèi)容構(gòu)成有所差異，但從問題的設(shè)置來看，題目更多還是圍繞著所介紹的書本——不管是書本的寫作目的還是文章的來源，都是考查學生對書本的總體把握；問書的某一章節(jié)的內(nèi)容，或是書本中的藝術(shù)品關(guān)于什么內(nèi)容，也都是考查學生對書本具體內(nèi)容的了解。前者的答案一般來自首段，后者借助的是“You'll hear … and learn…”和“We see scenes…”等描寫書的細節(jié)的語句中找到答案。

至于2023新高考全國甲卷 C篇，它與這兩篇是否相似呢？請閱讀以下文章。

【例3】2023新高考全國甲卷 C篇

I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World. It was full of ideas that were new to me， so I spent the summer with my head in and out of that book. It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy （哲學）.

That love for philosophy lasted until I got to college. Nothing kills the love for philosophy faster than people who think they understand Foucault， Baudrillard， or Confucius better than you — and then try to explain them.

Eric Weiner's The Socrates Express： In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers? reawakened my love for philosophy. It is not an explanation， but an invitation to think and experience philosophy.

Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher's work in the context （背景） of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates， see like Thoreau， listen like Schopenhauer， and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This， more than a book about understanding philosophy， is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.

He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences， and he does so with plenty of humor. Weiner enters into conversation with some of the most important philosophers in history， and he becomes part of that crowd in the process by decoding （解讀） their massages and adding his own interpretation.

The Socrates Express is a fun， sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire， loneliness， and aging. The invitation is clear： Weiner wants you to pick up a coffee or tea and sit down with this book. I encourage you to take his offer. It's worth your time， even if time is something we don't have a lot of.

文本分析：

本文一開始是記敘在作者13歲時，因為Sophie's World（《蘇菲的世界》）一書喜歡哲學，但熱情只持續(xù)到大學。接著又因為看到The Socrates Express： In Search of Life Lessons from Dead Philosophers（《蘇格拉底快車：從哲學家先人那里尋找人生教訓》），重喚起他對哲學的熱情。而后作者對這本書進行了簡介。

借助介紹書本每一段的第一句，我們可以大致勾勒出本文的思維導圖：如圖2所示。

通過作者在簡介這本書的行文中，我們同樣可以看到“Weiner starts each chapter with a scene…and then frames …”“we learn to…”等的表達。所以簡介書本內(nèi)容部分，與另外兩篇閱讀是相似的。接著我們來看一下題目。

28. Who opened the door to philosophy for the author ？

A. Foucault.B. Eric Weiner.

C. Jostein Gaarder.D. A college teacher.

解析：本題問誰為作者打開哲學之門。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“It spoke to me and brought me into a world of philosophy （哲學）.”（它把我?guī)нM哲學的世界），順藤摸瓜，往前閱讀會發(fā)現(xiàn)it指代的是 Sophie's World （《蘇菲的世界》），而這本書的作者是Jostein Gaarder。因此答案為C. Jostein Gaarder.

29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4？

A. To compare Weiner with them.

B. To give examples of great works.

C. To praise their writing skills.

D. To help readers understand Weiner's book.

解析：本題問作者在第4段為何羅列了四位偉大的哲學家。根據(jù)題干，我們找到“… we learn to wonder like Socrates， see like Thoreau， listen like Schopenhauer， and have no regrets like Nietzsche.”（我們學會像Socrates那樣去思考，像Thoreau一樣去看事情，像Schopenhauer那樣去聽，像Nietzsche那樣沒有遺憾）借用前兩篇的閱讀題目的思路，“讀者可以學習到的”就是書中呈現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。因此作者提及他們的原因應是D. To help readers understand Weiner's book.

30. What does the author like about The Socrates Express？

A. Its views on history are wellpresented.

B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.

C. It includes comments from readers.

D. It leaves an open ending.

解析：本題問作者為何喜歡 The Socrates Express一書。借助第四段“This， more than a book about understanding philosophy， is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.”（這不僅是一本哲學書，更是一本讓我們學會用哲學來提高生活質(zhì)量的書），可知答案為B. Its ideas can be applied to daily life.

31. What does the author think of Weiner's book ？

A. Objective and plain.

B. Daring and ambitious.

C. Serious and hard to follow.

D. Humorous and straightforward.

解析：問作者是如何看待Weiner的書。倒數(shù)第二段提及“He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise … and he does so with plenty of humor.”（他將哲學想法變成有吸引力的實踐……為了達到這個目的，他寫得非常幽默）還有最后一段“The Socrates Express is a fun， sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity ”（這是一本有趣的、觀點尖銳的書，它用它簡潔的表達吸引讀者）根據(jù)這些內(nèi)容，可知答案為D. Humorous and straightforward.

本篇以作者個人經(jīng)歷作為開始，而后再引出作者想要介紹的書本。在考查與書本相關(guān)內(nèi)容上，第29題考查的方向與前兩篇是相似的，包括答題的思路也比較接近。到此，三篇以“書籍”為主題的閱讀文章已全部介紹完畢，究竟我們從中可以學習什么呢？

相似點小結(jié)：

1.主要內(nèi)容的相似

雖然三篇文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu)有所不同，但主要內(nèi)容都是書的簡介，包括介紹書的主要內(nèi)容，和書中某一章節(jié)的內(nèi)容。在這過程中都體現(xiàn)了書的價值，或能引導讀者解決現(xiàn)實問題，或能保護讀者的隱私，或可用于幫助讀者提升生活質(zhì)量。

但2023新高考全國 I卷的文章為書的自序，所以作者并沒有提到對書本的態(tài)度。甲卷的C篇，因為The Socrates Express這本書對作者是影響較大的，所以作者表達了對這本書的喜歡；而II卷介紹的是“書中書”，借由這本書的內(nèi)容，作者強調(diào)書籍并沒有過時，相反，紙質(zhì)書仍有它的現(xiàn)實價值。

2.考查的相似點

3.價值觀上的倡導

新高考的閱讀材料挑選的是英語書的簡介。這些文章中的書本，或有現(xiàn)實指導意義，或與藝術(shù)相關(guān)，或?qū)ψ髡哂兄嬗绊懀涔餐c都是表明書本跟我們息息相關(guān)，特別是Reading Art： Art for book lovers一書，以藝術(shù)的形式展現(xiàn)了不同時空、不同的人閱讀的情形，書的價值得以體現(xiàn)，而背后的意義不言自喻：請重視書本，請多閱讀。

建議：

1.這三篇文章都是放在C篇的位置，結(jié)合文章所使用的詞匯、長難句等，文章的難度還是比較大的。但是，利用本文中解析題目的方法，其實考生是可以做到“敵方高空防守，我方低空襲擊”的。例如遇到考查書中具體某個章節(jié)所呈現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容，這三篇文章都是借助“You'll learn…， You can view… We see scenes …We learn”等這樣的語句來表達。這幾個主句所帶的賓語從句正是解答題目的關(guān)鍵所在。換句話說，為了清楚介紹書本的內(nèi)容，作者經(jīng)常會以讀者可以閱讀到什么、學到什么的角度出發(fā)來描寫，甚至會舉例子進行說明，而這些語句通常比較好理解，也是我們解題的突破口。

2.作為英語科的考試，考查的材料從近幾年經(jīng)?？疾榈难芯繄蟾骖?，到現(xiàn)在幾乎是“原汁原味”的英語書籍簡介，其傳遞的信息也很明顯：注重考查學生的英語核心素養(yǎng)。語言能力固然是看懂文章的基礎(chǔ)，但考生是否能提升自己的思維品質(zhì)，通過利用閱讀策略、運用語言能力等，達到理解地道英語文章的目的，都是非常重要的。這就要求考生除了掌握課內(nèi)的知識外，還應拓寬學習的渠道，在課后的學習中主動學習，形成閱讀書籍、特別是英語書籍的習慣。只有不斷提升自己學習能力，才能更好地應對未來的挑戰(zhàn)。