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老年患者關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中腦電圖紡錘波缺失與蘇醒期譫妄的關(guān)系

2024-04-29 00:44劉玉梅黃輝高潔禚艷麗褚海辰
精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志 2024年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:波組紡錘腦電圖

劉玉梅 黃輝 高潔 禚艷麗 褚海辰

[摘要]目的探討老年患者關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中腦電圖紡錘波缺失與蘇醒期譫妄(emergence delirium, ED)的關(guān)系,并進(jìn)一步分析患者發(fā)生ED的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。方法選取2020年11月—2021年2月于青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院在全身麻醉下行關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的老年患者69例,記錄患者術(shù)前、術(shù)中信息,以及術(shù)后麻醉蘇醒后恢復(fù)室停留時(shí)間和術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率。根據(jù)患者術(shù)中腦電圖是否存在紡錘波分為紡錘波組和缺失紡錘波組,分析術(shù)中腦電圖紡錘波缺失與ED的關(guān)系。再根據(jù)患者術(shù)后是否發(fā)生ED分為ED組和非ED組,對(duì)兩組患者的各項(xiàng)觀察指標(biāo)進(jìn)行單因素分析,將單因素分析中P<0.05的因素以及以往研究報(bào)道的危險(xiǎn)因素納入多因素Logistic回歸分析模型,分析患者ED發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)果單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,缺失紡錘波組患者發(fā)生ED比例顯著高于紡錘波組,差異有顯著性(χ2=11.189,P<0.05)。ED組和非ED組患者的年齡、性別、中風(fēng)史和腦電圖紡錘波缺失比例比較差異有顯著性(t=-3.804,χ2=4.071~11.189,P<0.05);多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡(OR=1.197,95%CI=1.066~1.344)和術(shù)中腦電圖紡錘波缺失(OR=6.062,95%CI=1.384~26.543)是ED發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論關(guān)節(jié)置換老年患者術(shù)中腦電圖紡錘波缺失與ED的發(fā)生有關(guān);術(shù)中腦電圖紡錘波缺失、年齡是患者術(shù)后發(fā)生ED的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,可能是預(yù)測(cè)ED發(fā)生的重要參考指標(biāo)。

[關(guān)鍵詞]關(guān)節(jié)成形術(shù),置換;蘇醒譫妄;紡錘波;腦電描記術(shù);麻醉,全身;危險(xiǎn)因素;老年人

[中圖分類號(hào)]R741.041[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A

Relationship between intraoperative EEG spindle loss and emergence delirium in elderly patients undergoing joint replacement surgeryLIU Yumei, HUANG Hui, GAO Jie, ZHUO Yanli, CHU Haichen (Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China)

[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between intraoperative electroencephalographic (EEG) spindle loss and emergence delirium (ED) in elderly patients undergoing joint replacement surgery, and to further analyze the independent risk factors for ED. MethodsA total of 69 elderly patients who underwent joint replacement surgery under general anesthesia in The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from November 2020 to February 2021 were selected. Preoperative and intraoperative indicators, as well as length of stay in postanesthesia care unit and postoperative delirium incidence, were recorded. According to the presence or absence of EEG spindle waves, the patients were divided into spindle group and spindle loss group, and the relationship between intraoperative EEG spindle loss and ED was analyzed. The patients were then divided into ED group and non-ED group according to the presence or absence of ED after surgery. A univariate analysis was performed on various indicators of patients in the two groups. Factors with P<0.05 in univariate analysis and risk factors reported in previous studies were included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis model to identify independent risk factors for ED. ResultsThe results of univariate analysis showed that the proportion of ED in the spindle loss group was significantly higher than that in the spindle group (χ2=11.189,P<0.05). There were significant differences in age, sex, stroke history, and the proportion of EEG spindle loss between the ED group and the non-ED group (t=-3.804,χ2=4.071-11.189,P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=1.197,95%CI=1.066-1.344) and intraoperative EEG spindle loss (OR=6.062,95%CI=1.384-26.543) were indepen-dent risk factors for ED. ConclusionIn elderly patients undergoing joint replacement surgery under general anesthesia, intrao-perative EEG spindle loss is associated with the occurrence of ED. Intraoperative EEG spindle loss and age are independent risk factors for ED and may be important reference indicators for predicting the occurrence of ED.

[KEY WORDS]Arthroplasty, replacement;? Emergence delirium; Spindle; Electroencephalography; Anesthesia, general; Risk factors; Aged

蘇醒期譫妄(emergence delirium,ED)是發(fā)生在全身麻醉蘇醒期的一種急性腦功能障礙,以突發(fā)的注意力障礙和意識(shí)障礙為主要特征,不僅可能增加患者在麻醉蘇醒后恢復(fù)室(PACU)停留時(shí)間,還可能增加術(shù)后譫妄(POD)及術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能下降發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[1-3]。ED在老年患者中的發(fā)生率為15%~53%甚至更高[1,3-5],其臨床表型主要為“低活動(dòng)型”或“混合型”,臨床漏診率為30%~60%。因此,識(shí)別與預(yù)防ED發(fā)生有重要臨床意義。目前術(shù)中腦電圖常用于監(jiān)測(cè)麻醉深度,以減少患者術(shù)中知曉的發(fā)生[6]。神經(jīng)精神領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)植物狀態(tài)或顱腦損傷患者的腦電圖出現(xiàn)紡錘波與意識(shí)恢復(fù)有相關(guān)性[7-8]。目前,關(guān)于術(shù)中腦電圖的研究主要集中于全身麻醉藥物對(duì)腦電圖各個(gè)頻段振蕩的影響,術(shù)中腦電圖變化特點(diǎn)(如紡錘波的變化)和腦功能障礙(如ED)的相關(guān)研究較少 [9-10]。因此,本研究采用前瞻性、觀察性隊(duì)列的研究方法,首先分析關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)老年患者術(shù)中腦電圖紡錘波缺失與ED的關(guān)系,并進(jìn)一步分析ED發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。

1對(duì)象與方法

1.1研究對(duì)象

選取2020年11月—2021年2月于我院行關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的老年患者作為研究對(duì)象?;颊呒{入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡≥60歲,美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)為2、3級(jí)者;②非急癥手術(shù),且為單側(cè)全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(THA)或單側(cè)全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(TKA)者;③術(shù)中計(jì)劃實(shí)施全身麻醉者;④術(shù)中計(jì)劃行持續(xù)腦電監(jiān)測(cè)者;⑤術(shù)后沒有轉(zhuǎn)入重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室計(jì)劃者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①全身麻醉藥物過敏者;②患有癡呆或精神疾病者;③術(shù)中腦電監(jiān)測(cè)基線不穩(wěn),數(shù)據(jù)無(wú)法分析者。最終共納入69例患者。

1.2麻醉過程、腦電采集和分組

患者入手術(shù)室后,常規(guī)建立靜脈通路,持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)生命體征。所有患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)均相同,麻醉維持視病情選擇是否復(fù)合吸入七氟烷麻醉(復(fù)合麻醉),手術(shù)進(jìn)行至縫皮時(shí)停止泵注全身麻醉藥物,患者自主睜眼、呼之能應(yīng)定義為蘇醒。術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方式均為經(jīng)靜脈患者自控鎮(zhèn)痛。

所有患者均通過ConView YY-106麻醉深度監(jiān)護(hù)儀(型號(hào):PC-2101301023,浙江普可醫(yī)療科技有限公司)進(jìn)行腦電圖監(jiān)測(cè),根據(jù)以往研究,選取蘇醒前20 min的無(wú)干擾腦電數(shù)據(jù),采樣頻率為250 Hz。采用Matlab軟件(Matlab 2018b)進(jìn)行腦電圖分析,若腦電圖紡錘波數(shù)量<0.5個(gè)/min,則記為紡錘波缺失,紡錘波的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[11]。根據(jù)術(shù)中腦電圖是否存在紡錘波分為紡錘波組和缺失紡錘波組,同時(shí)按照患者術(shù)后是否發(fā)生ED[12]分為ED組和非ED組。

1.3觀察指標(biāo)和評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

記錄所有患者的術(shù)前、術(shù)中指標(biāo),包括年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(BMI)、ASA分級(jí)、性別、白蛋白水平、高血壓史、冠心病病史、中風(fēng)史、手術(shù)類型、是否復(fù)合麻醉、丙泊酚和舒芬太尼總用量、手術(shù)時(shí)間、麻醉時(shí)間、機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間和腦電圖紡錘波缺失比例。記錄紡錘波組和缺失紡錘波組患者的手術(shù)后指標(biāo),包括ED、PACU停留時(shí)間和POD發(fā)生比例。POD的評(píng)估依據(jù)精神障礙診斷和統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)第5版中的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[13],對(duì)患者從術(shù)后第1~5天每天固定時(shí)間進(jìn)行評(píng)估,任意一次陽(yáng)性定義為POD。

1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用IBM SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以±s表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以例(率)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法;非正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。將單因素分析中P<0.05因素以及以往研究報(bào)道的危險(xiǎn)因素納入進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析,分析ED獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。所有檢驗(yàn)均為雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05認(rèn)為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1紡錘波組與缺失紡錘波組患者術(shù)后相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較

缺失紡錘波組與紡錘波組患者術(shù)后ED發(fā)生比例比較差異具有顯著意義(χ2=11.189,P<0.05);兩組患者手術(shù)以后PACU停留時(shí)間以及POD發(fā)生比例比較差異均無(wú)顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)果見表1。

2.2ED組和非ED組患者術(shù)前和術(shù)中各相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較

兩組患者的年齡、性別、中風(fēng)史和腦電圖紡錘波缺失比例比較,差異均有顯著性(t=-3.804,χ2=4.071~11.189,P<0.05),其余各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)比較差異均無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05)。結(jié)果見表2。

2.3患者術(shù)后ED的多因素分析

既往研究示手術(shù)類型也為ED的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[14],因此將上述單因素分析中年齡、中風(fēng)史(無(wú)=0,有=1)、性別(女=0,男=1)、術(shù)中是否缺失腦電圖紡錘波(不缺失=0,缺失=1)以及手術(shù)的類型(THA=0,TKA=1)等指標(biāo)作為自變量,以ED作為因變量,進(jìn)行多因素logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示年齡和術(shù)中腦電圖紡錘波缺失是老年患者關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)ED發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。見表3。

3討論

睡眠時(shí)腦電圖中出現(xiàn)紡錘波主要集中在深睡眠期,研究認(rèn)為紡錘波形成與突觸變化有關(guān),紡錘波可能參與促進(jìn)睡眠時(shí)的記憶鞏固過程[15-16]。也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為睡眠時(shí)腦電圖紡錘波的形成與睡眠時(shí)維持大腦不受外界干擾、抑制大腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)整合有關(guān),對(duì)阻止夢(mèng)游癥及夜驚癥等異睡癥有重要意義[17-18]。研究顯示,腦電圖紡錘波的頻率、密度、振幅與持續(xù)時(shí)間會(huì)隨著年齡發(fā)生變化,這些變化可能反映了丘腦皮質(zhì)回路的成熟過程[19]。WAMSLEY等[20]通過研究精神分裂癥患者發(fā)現(xiàn),腦電圖紡錘波的異??赡芴崾厩鹉X皮質(zhì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)功能障礙,從而導(dǎo)致記憶整合受損,因此患者表現(xiàn)為記憶缺陷、睡眠障礙等陽(yáng)性癥狀。此外,隨著年齡增長(zhǎng),紡錘波會(huì)出現(xiàn)數(shù)量減少、幅度降低的情況,當(dāng)伴有認(rèn)知障礙時(shí),這種變化更加顯著[21]。因此睡眠時(shí)腦電圖中出現(xiàn)紡錘波可能與維持睡眠狀態(tài)和促進(jìn)記憶鞏固有關(guān);腦電圖紡錘波異常則可能反映了丘腦皮質(zhì)功能障礙,患者可表現(xiàn)為精神癥狀或認(rèn)知障礙等。腦電圖紡錘波是認(rèn)識(shí)大腦成熟過程的一扇窗戶,以后可能會(huì)成為評(píng)估大腦功能的一項(xiàng)重要指標(biāo)。

全身麻醉維持期與深睡眠期狀態(tài)相似,目前全身麻醉期間腦電圖紡錘波與術(shù)后大腦功能障礙的相關(guān)研究較少,一項(xiàng)包含626例患者(包括各個(gè)年齡層)的全麻下行非心臟手術(shù)的觀察性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),紡錘波主導(dǎo)的腦電蘇醒軌跡缺失與ED的發(fā)生顯著相關(guān)(術(shù)中使用氯胺酮或氧化亞氮時(shí)尤為顯著),紡錘波主導(dǎo)的腦電蘇醒軌跡缺失可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致ED發(fā)生的增加[14]。另外,對(duì)1例經(jīng)歷多次手術(shù)均反復(fù)發(fā)生ED的中年患者腦電圖分析顯示,在發(fā)生ED時(shí),該患者麻醉蘇醒期腦電圖紡錘波缺失,并有與老年患者相似的腦電圖特征[22]。本研究通過對(duì)全身麻醉期間腦電圖紡錘波與術(shù)后ED的關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示缺失紡錘波組患者ED發(fā)生率顯著高于紡錘波組,與上述研究結(jié)果一致。由此可見,紡錘波缺失可能反映了大腦處于“認(rèn)知衰老”狀態(tài),這或許與丘腦皮質(zhì)功能障礙、大腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)整合紊亂有關(guān),“認(rèn)知衰老”的大腦更容易發(fā)生功能障礙[14-15,23]。

本研究首先對(duì)患者是否發(fā)生ED的相關(guān)因素進(jìn)行單因素分析,結(jié)果顯示年齡、性別、中風(fēng)史、腦電圖紡錘波缺失與患者術(shù)后ED發(fā)生可能相關(guān)。老年患者常伴有大腦功能退化,各項(xiàng)生理功能下降,更容易發(fā)生術(shù)后并發(fā)癥尤其是腦功能障礙;性別的差異提示激素水平的差異,進(jìn)而影響術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生;中風(fēng)史提示,如患者已有腦血管病變,在此基礎(chǔ)上,手術(shù)刺激、循環(huán)波動(dòng)等因素綜合作用,可使患者術(shù)后腦功能障礙風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[24-25]。本研究進(jìn)一步行多因素logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡和術(shù)中腦電圖紡錘波缺失是ED的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。隨著年齡增長(zhǎng),機(jī)體的新陳代謝減緩,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)退行性變、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞減少、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)合成能力下降、腦內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)合成紊亂等多種因素的綜合作用下,老年患者更容易發(fā)生術(shù)后認(rèn)知能力下降和思維紊亂;而腦電圖紡錘波缺失一定程度上反映了大腦的“認(rèn)知衰老”狀態(tài),因此患者發(fā)生ED的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高。

本研究存在一些局限性:①本研究為觀察性研究,無(wú)最強(qiáng)因果解釋作用;②本研究納入患者排除了患有癡呆、精神疾病及術(shù)后轉(zhuǎn)入重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室治療患者,可能會(huì)存在選擇偏倚;③本研究為單中心研究,且對(duì)患者手術(shù)類型和年齡進(jìn)行了限制,所獲結(jié)果可能不適用于其他手術(shù)類型或其他年齡段人群。

綜上所述,在全身麻醉下接受關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)的老年患者,術(shù)中腦電圖紡錘波缺失與術(shù)后發(fā)生ED有關(guān),年齡和術(shù)中腦電圖紡錘波缺失是ED的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,本研究為臨床預(yù)測(cè)ED的發(fā)生提供了診斷參考指標(biāo)。

倫理批準(zhǔn)和知情同意:本研究涉及的所有試驗(yàn)均已通過青島大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的審核批準(zhǔn)(文件號(hào)QYFYWZLL26225)。所有試驗(yàn)過程均遵照《人體醫(yī)學(xué)研究的倫理準(zhǔn)則》 的條例進(jìn)行。受試對(duì)象或其親屬已經(jīng)簽署知情同意書。

作者聲明:劉玉梅、黃輝、高潔、褚海辰參與了研究設(shè)計(jì);劉玉梅、禚艷麗參與了論文的寫作和修改。所有作者均閱讀并同意發(fā)表該論文,且均聲明不存在利益沖突。

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(本文編輯 耿波 厲建強(qiáng))

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