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異位垂體后葉的成因、影像特征及臨床意義

2024-04-30 19:28顧芳羅義琳張國(guó)平
關(guān)鍵詞:磁共振成像

顧芳 羅義琳 張國(guó)平

[摘要] 異位垂體后葉(EPP)是鞍區(qū)的一個(gè)重要影像學(xué)征象,可出現(xiàn)在多種先天性和后天性鞍區(qū)病變中。在T1WI上,EPP表現(xiàn)為正中隆起或沿垂體柄區(qū)域分布的高信號(hào)結(jié)節(jié)。對(duì)EPP的形成機(jī)制進(jìn)行分析,包括遺傳因素和后天性因素的影響,探討EPP的相關(guān)疾病、影像學(xué)特征及其臨床意義;分析EPP研究中存在的不足和未來(lái)研究的可能方向。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 異位垂體后葉;磁共振成像;抗利尿激素;垂體柄;中樞性尿崩癥

異位垂體后葉(ectopic posterior pituitary lobe,EPP)是指在正常位置(垂體窩內(nèi))未顯示垂體后葉,而T1WI示垂體后葉(高信號(hào)小結(jié)節(jié))位于鞍上。EPP被視為下丘腦-垂體區(qū)域的重要影像學(xué)特征,對(duì)診斷和理解某些垂體和下丘腦疾病具有重要意義。EPP可出現(xiàn)在多種先天性和后天性鞍區(qū)病變中,在頭顱MRI T1WI上可檢測(cè)到EPP,表現(xiàn)為正中隆起或沿垂體柄區(qū)域分布的高信號(hào)結(jié)節(jié),伴或不伴鞍內(nèi)正常的垂體后葉高信號(hào)[1-3](圖1)。EPP的影像學(xué)特征和臨床意義已有一定研究,但其具體的形成機(jī)制仍需深入探討。本研究旨在探討與EPP相關(guān)的疾病類型,分析其形成機(jī)制,包括先天性和后天性因素的影響,總結(jié)EPP的影像學(xué)特征,并探討EPP在臨床中的應(yīng)用,以及研究中存在的不足和未來(lái)的研究方向。

1? EPP的相關(guān)疾病

EPP的出現(xiàn)與多種鞍區(qū)病變相關(guān),包括先天性病變和后天性病變。EPP在先天性疾病,如孤立性生長(zhǎng)激素缺乏和多種激素缺乏的垂體柄阻斷綜合征(pituitary stalk interruption syndrome,PSIS)中被廣泛描述,常伴垂體柄缺如或變細(xì)、腺垂體發(fā)育不良[4]。根據(jù)垂體柄是否中斷或缺失,PSIS被分為部分型和完全型,EPP在完全型PSIS中更多見(jiàn)[5]。此外,卡爾曼綜合征、小頭畸形、Chiari Ⅰ型畸形、視交叉發(fā)育不良、全前腦畸形、腦室旁結(jié)節(jié)狀灰質(zhì)異位等多種畸形與EPP相關(guān)[6-10]。

目前,臨床對(duì)EPP相關(guān)的后天性病變關(guān)注較少,研究主要集中于垂體大腺瘤患者中。研究表明,垂體大腺瘤發(fā)生率與其體積呈正相關(guān),高度≥20 mm即可形成EPP;高度<20 mm的垂體瘤,如突然發(fā)生瘤內(nèi)出血壓迫垂體柄,也可形成EPP[11-13]。創(chuàng)傷后垂體柄截?cái)嗑C合征(post-traumatic pituitary stalk transection syndrome,PSTS)是兒童EPP形成的另一個(gè)罕見(jiàn)原因,PSTS與PSIS具有相似的影像學(xué)特征,但PSTS不伴其他的中線缺陷,PSTS中EPP的形成被認(rèn)為與胎兒在臀位分娩過(guò)程中垂體柄的損傷有關(guān)[14-16]。EPP還可出現(xiàn)在嚴(yán)重的頭部外傷、垂體術(shù)后及蛇毒毒素?fù)p傷的患者中[17-19],但較罕見(jiàn)。

2? EPP的影像學(xué)特征

EPP通常位于鞍外垂體柄或正中隆起處[20],而正常垂體后葉位于鞍內(nèi)后部,在垂體大腺瘤中,EPP主要出現(xiàn)在垂體柄的遠(yuǎn)端、鞍隔壓痕的上方[1];而在PSIS及PSTS患者中,EPP更傾向于出現(xiàn)在正中隆起區(qū),且常伴隨垂體柄缺失和腺垂體發(fā)育不良[14]。正常垂體后葉在T1WI上表現(xiàn)為蝶鞍內(nèi)后部結(jié)節(jié)狀高信號(hào),代表該區(qū)域含有抗利尿激素的神經(jīng)分泌顆粒[21-22]。與正常垂體后葉類似,在T1WI上,EPP呈結(jié)節(jié)狀或弧形的高信號(hào)。由于垂體后葉和垂體柄分別由垂體下動(dòng)脈和垂體上動(dòng)脈供血,垂體前葉則主要通過(guò)垂體門脈系統(tǒng)間接接受來(lái)自垂體上動(dòng)脈的血供。因此,在行垂體MRI動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描時(shí),正常垂體后葉和垂體柄通常比垂體前葉更早強(qiáng)化[23]。Takahashi等[12]利用MRI動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描研究發(fā)現(xiàn),垂體大腺瘤中EPP與正常垂體后葉具有相似的動(dòng)態(tài)強(qiáng)化特征。此外,EPP非常穩(wěn)定,部分垂體大腺瘤患者即使手術(shù)解除垂體柄周圍結(jié)構(gòu)的壓力,EPP在術(shù)后仍在垂體柄顯示,術(shù)后隨訪數(shù)年其位置相對(duì)于垂體柄不會(huì)發(fā)生變化,且鞍內(nèi)正常垂體后葉高信號(hào)也未重新出現(xiàn)[24],這表明EPP非短暫或偶然現(xiàn)象。在極罕見(jiàn)情況下,部分EPP可在鞍內(nèi)及中央隆起或沿漏斗柄區(qū)域同時(shí)觀測(cè)到2個(gè)T1WI亮點(diǎn),這在少數(shù)垂體大腺瘤患者及先天發(fā)育異常的患者中也有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,在部分先天性EPP中,其被認(rèn)為可能與其他中線缺陷和垂體前葉激素缺乏有關(guān)[2,13,25]。

3? EPP的臨床意義

下丘腦-神經(jīng)垂體軸是神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)的重要樞紐。位于下丘腦的視上核和室旁核的神經(jīng)元合成抗利尿激素(ADH)和催產(chǎn)素,其軸突從下丘腦的神經(jīng)元延伸至垂體后葉構(gòu)成下丘腦-神經(jīng)垂體束,并將ADH和催產(chǎn)素經(jīng)軸突運(yùn)輸至垂體后葉儲(chǔ)存,在身體需要時(shí)釋放至血液中[26-27]。當(dāng)下丘腦神經(jīng)元或下丘腦-神經(jīng)垂體束損傷,導(dǎo)致ADH合成或分泌不足時(shí),則會(huì)導(dǎo)致中樞性尿崩癥(central diabetes insipidus,CDI)的發(fā)生,臨床表現(xiàn)為多飲和多尿。MRI在CDI的診斷中具有重要作用,當(dāng)垂體后葉T1WI高信號(hào)存在時(shí),代表下丘腦-神經(jīng)垂體軸功能完整,而CDI患者垂體后葉T1WI高信號(hào)消失(圖2)[28]。

無(wú)論先天性病變還是后天性病變,即使正常垂體后葉缺失,只要患者存在EPP,就不會(huì)發(fā)生永久性CDI;反之,當(dāng)EPP與正常垂體后葉T1WI高信號(hào)同時(shí)缺失時(shí),患者更有可能發(fā)生永久性CDI[14,24,29]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)也證實(shí),垂體柄損傷后,伴隨EPP的形成,術(shù)后受試動(dòng)物CDI癥狀逐步消失[30]。然而,神經(jīng)垂體T1WI高信號(hào)的缺失并不一定表示病理狀態(tài),在一些非CDI人群中,神經(jīng)垂體T1WI高信號(hào)也可消失,其可能與受到垂體大腺瘤內(nèi)不均質(zhì)信號(hào)的干擾、腫瘤的遮蔽、血漿滲透壓增高、ADH濃度的降低、孕期、血液透析或糖尿病未得到良好控制、嚴(yán)重的神經(jīng)厭食及應(yīng)激狀態(tài)的影響等有關(guān)[13,11,31]。雖然EPP的存在表明神經(jīng)垂體功能完整,但在某些患者垂體術(shù)后早期且EPP可見(jiàn)的情況下,也有可能發(fā)生短暫CDI,這可能是由于手術(shù)損傷垂體柄遠(yuǎn)端EPP的血管,繼而導(dǎo)致ADH的釋放或分泌機(jī)制出現(xiàn)短暫障礙[29]。EPP在鞍區(qū)腫瘤或腫瘤樣病變的術(shù)前影像診斷中具有重要作用。之前研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EPP是垂體大腺瘤的特征性影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),在鑒別垂體大腺瘤和其他鞍區(qū)腫瘤或腫瘤樣病變中具有很高的價(jià)值[1](圖3)。

4? EPP的形成機(jī)制

4.1? 先天性EPP的形成機(jī)制

某些先天性EPP可能由胚胎發(fā)生過(guò)程中的神經(jīng)元遷移受阻導(dǎo)致,通常與轉(zhuǎn)錄因子基因突變相關(guān),涉及垂體腺和其他中線前腦結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)育路徑。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PITI、PROPI、HES X1、LHX3、LHX4、SOX3與EPP有關(guān),這些基因通常與下丘腦-垂體軸的發(fā)育相關(guān)[6,32]。在PSIS中,約5%的患者存在已知基因(如TGIF、SHH、CDON、GPR161、PROKR2、GLI2、LHX4、OTX2、SOX3)的突變,這些突變引起早期胎兒中線結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)育異常,導(dǎo)致垂體柄和腺垂體發(fā)育不良或缺失,以及神經(jīng)垂體未完全下降至蝶鞍,繼而形成EPP[14]。

4.2? 后天性EPP形成機(jī)制的假說(shuō)

Saeki等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)垂體大腺瘤的形態(tài)與EPP的形成相關(guān)。EPP在有壓痕的垂體大腺瘤中發(fā)生率更高,因此推測(cè)EPP的形成主要是由于下丘腦-神經(jīng)垂體軸受壓,導(dǎo)致抗利尿激素在垂體柄的近端發(fā)生堵塞積累所致。然而,即使在垂體大腺瘤術(shù)后,解除了腫瘤對(duì)垂體柄的壓迫,EPP相對(duì)于垂體柄的位置并未發(fā)生改變,且鞍內(nèi)正常垂體后葉T1WI高信號(hào)也未重新出現(xiàn),說(shuō)明EPP的發(fā)生和形成不是暫時(shí)性改變。此外,EPP在動(dòng)態(tài)增強(qiáng)掃描后還可強(qiáng)化,說(shuō)明其具有良好的血液供應(yīng)。另外,出現(xiàn)EPP的患者均無(wú)永久性CDI發(fā)生,提示EPP可正常分泌垂體后葉激素。

4.3? 垂體柄損傷與EPP的形成的實(shí)驗(yàn)性證據(jù)

在神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌學(xué)發(fā)展的時(shí)代,進(jìn)行了各種實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)研究下丘腦垂體系統(tǒng),包括對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物和垂體手術(shù)的患者行垂體柄離斷和垂體切除術(shù)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在垂體柄切斷一段時(shí)間后,離斷的近端垂體柄殘端會(huì)增大、重構(gòu),形成一個(gè)異位的類垂體后葉組織,該組織神經(jīng)支配良好,高度血管化,并含大量的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌物質(zhì),不僅能提供基礎(chǔ)的垂體后葉激素,還能在機(jī)體需要時(shí)增加激素分泌[33-37]。Dellmann[38]對(duì)此進(jìn)行了概述:①垂體柄的遠(yuǎn)端殘端及垂體后葉發(fā)生了顯著的退行性變化,包括神經(jīng)軸突解體,神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌物質(zhì)逐漸耗盡,神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增生。②離斷垂體柄近端的變化則較獨(dú)特。一部分神經(jīng)軸突退化并迅速消失,另一部分則似乎未受損傷,并顯示出再生跡象。這種再生表現(xiàn)為軸突內(nèi)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌物質(zhì)含量的增高,軸突末梢體積的增加,并與周圍血管間隙形成緊密連接,這些膨脹的軸突最終重構(gòu)形成一種新的類垂體后葉組織。③視上核和視旁核中大量神經(jīng)元凋亡,且凋亡數(shù)量與垂體柄離斷的位置相關(guān),即離斷位置越接近下丘腦,細(xì)胞凋亡數(shù)量越多。此外,垂體柄離斷的部位對(duì)EPP的發(fā)育有重要影響:當(dāng)離斷位置靠近垂體時(shí),EPP良好發(fā)育;相反,當(dāng)離斷位置靠近下丘腦時(shí),EPP的發(fā)育相對(duì)較差[39]。雖然動(dòng)物模型揭示了垂體柄損傷后EPP組織的詳細(xì)再生過(guò)程,但這些研究并未系統(tǒng)地將EPP的影像學(xué)特征與病理改變聯(lián)系起來(lái)。最近的一項(xiàng)研究利用大鼠垂體柄損傷模型,并結(jié)合病理學(xué)和影像學(xué)技術(shù),對(duì)損傷后的垂體柄殘端進(jìn)行深入觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)垂體柄損傷后的殘端會(huì)膨大形成類垂體后葉組織,且T1WI呈高信號(hào),明確了EPP在T1WI上呈高信號(hào)的現(xiàn)象與其病理學(xué)改變之間的相關(guān)性[40]。

5? 不足與展望

目前,雖然已知先天性病變中EPP的形成與某些基因變異有關(guān),但這些基因變異是如何具體導(dǎo)致EPP的形成尚未完全闡明。未來(lái)研究需進(jìn)一步探索基因變異與EPP形成之間的確切關(guān)系。這可能需對(duì)EPP患者進(jìn)行更深入的基因分析,以及在動(dòng)物模型中進(jìn)行基因操縱實(shí)驗(yàn),以更好地理解這些基因如何影響垂體和下丘腦的發(fā)育。雖然目前很多證據(jù)支持后天性因素導(dǎo)致的EPP可能與垂體柄損傷后神經(jīng)纖維的再生有關(guān)。但這一發(fā)現(xiàn)與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的一般原則矛盾,即中樞神經(jīng)纖維軸突受損后的再生能力通常有限[41]。因此,未來(lái)仍需進(jìn)一步對(duì)受損垂體柄的病理學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)進(jìn)行研究,以及對(duì)受傷后神經(jīng)元和軸突殘端的存活和恢復(fù)機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究。

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