作者單位:530000" 廣西省南寧市,廣西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬瑞康醫(yī)院胃腸外科
*通訊作者
【摘要】" 胃腸道腫瘤(如結(jié)直腸癌、胃癌)多發(fā)于中老年人群,不僅對(duì)患者的生活質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生巨大影響,還給患者及其家屬帶來巨大的心理及經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。目前其治療手段主要以手術(shù)和放化療為主,但仍存在復(fù)發(fā)的可能。雙硫死亡是一種全新的細(xì)胞程序性死亡方式,對(duì)胃腸道腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展起關(guān)鍵作用,也為防治胃腸道腫瘤提供了新的契機(jī)。深入研究雙硫死亡與胃腸道腫瘤的關(guān)系,可為胃腸道腫瘤的治療提供新思路。
【關(guān)鍵詞】" 結(jié)直腸癌;胃癌;雙硫死亡
中圖分類號(hào)" R735.2" " 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼" A" " 文章編號(hào)" 1671-0223(2024)08--03
Research progress of disulfide death in the gastrointestinal tract" Yan Kaiwen, Huang Lizhe. Department of Gastroenterology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530000, China
【Abstract】" As a frequent disease in middle-aged and elderly people, gastrointestinal tumors(colorectal cancer and" gastric cancer) not only bring problems to patients, but also bring huge psychological and economic burdens to their families. At present, its treatment methods are mainly surgery and radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but there is still the possibility of recurrence. Disulfide death is a new pathway of programmed cell death, which plays a key role in the occurrence and development of gastrointestinal tumors and provides new opportunities for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal tumors. A further study of the relationship between disulfide death and gastrointestinal tumors could provide new ideas for the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors.
【Key words】" Colorectal cancer; Gastric cancer; Disulfide deaths
胃腸道腫瘤包括胃腺癌、結(jié)腸腺癌、直腸腺癌等。其中,結(jié)直腸癌是全球第三大常見癌癥,也是癌癥相關(guān)死亡的第四大原因[1-2],而胃癌是全球第五大常見癌癥,同時(shí)也是癌癥死亡的第三大原因[3]。近年來,我國(guó)胃腸道腫瘤的發(fā)病率逐年升高[4]。胃腸道腫瘤的發(fā)病大多與遺傳、不良的飲食習(xí)慣以及幽門螺桿菌感染有關(guān)[5]。最新研究表明,吸煙也是胃腸道腫瘤發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素之一[6]。目前,手術(shù)仍是胃腸道腫瘤的首選治療方法[7]。然而,高昂的費(fèi)用和術(shù)后疼痛給胃腸道腫瘤患者帶來了巨大的負(fù)擔(dān)。此外,胃腸道腫瘤患者復(fù)發(fā)也較常見,因此,探索其他潛在的治療方案尤為必要。半胱氨酸是人體20種氨基酸中含硫氨基酸之一,是蛋白質(zhì)功能(調(diào)節(jié)、催化或結(jié)合)位點(diǎn)內(nèi)高度保守的殘基,因其獨(dú)特的化學(xué)性質(zhì)賦予其特殊功能,如與高親和力金屬結(jié)合、形成二硫鍵的能力[8]。細(xì)胞代謝涉及一系列氧化還原反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生腫瘤生長(zhǎng)所需的能量,細(xì)胞需要二硫鍵等多種含硫分子來促進(jìn)這一過程。硫的代謝與惡性腫瘤密切相關(guān)[9]。近年關(guān)于雙硫死亡的報(bào)道逐漸增多,為癌癥治療提供了新的視角?,F(xiàn)就雙硫死亡在胃腸道腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1" 雙硫死亡的發(fā)現(xiàn)與產(chǎn)生機(jī)制
二硫鍵是兩個(gè)半胱氨酸分子相互反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)物,它們通過充當(dāng)亞基間和亞基內(nèi)交聯(lián)來維持蛋白質(zhì)的二級(jí)、三級(jí)和四級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)并保持蛋白質(zhì)物理和化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性。細(xì)胞內(nèi)的氧化應(yīng)激會(huì)導(dǎo)致二硫鍵積累,從而破壞細(xì)胞穩(wěn)定性,因此,更好地了解二硫鍵積累導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡的機(jī)制具有重要意義。Liu等[10]揭示了一種新型的程序性細(xì)胞死亡方式——雙硫死亡,它不同于先前報(bào)道的細(xì)胞死亡形式,如細(xì)胞凋亡、壞死性凋亡、焦亡、自噬、鐵死亡和銅死亡[11],與二硫鍵積累有關(guān)。在葡萄糖饑餓條件下,溶質(zhì)載體家族7成員11高表達(dá)的細(xì)胞內(nèi)還原型煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸會(huì)迅速耗竭,使胱氨酸等二硫化物異常積累,從而導(dǎo)致雙硫死亡。雙硫死亡是一種新型的細(xì)胞死亡形式,具有特定的潛在機(jī)制[10]。
雙硫死亡的激活有以下三個(gè)特征。①溶質(zhì)載體家族7成員11高表達(dá):溶質(zhì)載體家族5成員6將細(xì)胞外半胱氨酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至細(xì)胞內(nèi),并將細(xì)胞內(nèi)谷氨酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至細(xì)胞外,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞外半胱氨酸的高攝取和細(xì)胞內(nèi)半胱氨酸的過度積累,從而有助于細(xì)胞代謝中的二硫應(yīng)激[12-13];②葡萄糖饑餓條件:雙硫死亡可以阻斷葡萄糖代謝,從而對(duì)磷酸戊糖途徑產(chǎn)生還原性煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸造成影響[14];③肌動(dòng)蛋白細(xì)胞骨架蛋白之間形成異常的二硫鍵。當(dāng)滿足所有這些條件時(shí),會(huì)發(fā)生二硫化物的過度積累,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞骨架肌動(dòng)蛋白之間的二硫鍵和肌動(dòng)蛋白收縮并造成質(zhì)膜分離,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞收縮和死亡[10]。
2" 雙硫死亡與胃腸道腫瘤
2.1" 雙硫死亡與結(jié)直腸癌
長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是一組非蛋白編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄本的異質(zhì)性,長(zhǎng)度大于200個(gè)核苷酸[15-17]。LncRNA是參與基因表達(dá)、多種生理和病理過程的新興調(diào)節(jié)因子[18-20]。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,lncRNA作為癌基因或腫瘤抑制因子在癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮復(fù)雜而精確的調(diào)節(jié)作用[21-22]。Xue等[23]基于雙硫死亡構(gòu)建結(jié)腸腺癌雙硫死亡相關(guān)lncRNA的預(yù)后模型,并篩選出4個(gè)雙硫死亡相關(guān)lncRNA基因,分別為ZEB1-AS1、SNHG16、ALMS1-IT1、SATB2-AS1。多項(xiàng)研究證明,ZEB1-AS1可調(diào)節(jié)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡、遷移和耐藥性[24-25]。Christensen等[26]證明SNHG16在結(jié)腸癌中表達(dá)上調(diào),受Wnt信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)調(diào)節(jié)。此外,ALMS1-IT1已被證實(shí)與結(jié)腸癌中的免疫感染和鐵死亡有關(guān)。因此,lncRNA可作為結(jié)腸癌預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)志物[27-28]。此外,SATB2-AS1通過DNA去甲基化激活SATB2來抑制結(jié)腸癌轉(zhuǎn)移到SATB2啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域。LncRNA SATB2-AS1通過調(diào)節(jié)SATB2抑制結(jié)直腸癌的腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移,影響腫瘤免疫細(xì)胞微環(huán)境,因此,SATB2-AS1可作為結(jié)腸癌進(jìn)展及輔助性T細(xì)胞1型細(xì)胞和免疫細(xì)胞密度的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子[29]。
2.2" 雙硫死亡與胃癌
Tian等[30]構(gòu)建了雙硫死亡相關(guān)lncRNA的胃腺癌預(yù)后評(píng)分模型,基于LASSO、單變量和多元Cox回歸分析,識(shí)別出6個(gè)預(yù)后相關(guān)lncRNA,包括TNFRSF10A-AS1、LINC02829、LINC00460、AL139147.1、IGFL2-AS1、AC104123.1。Wang等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)AL139147.1是胃癌預(yù)后生物標(biāo)志物。據(jù)報(bào)道,IGFL2-AS1下調(diào)可以抑制胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲,并且通過對(duì)IGFL2-AS1/miR-802/ARPP19軸的處理也可以抑制胃癌進(jìn)展[32]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),LINC00460過表達(dá)可以促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和侵襲[33]。Sun等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),TNFRSF10A-AS1的致癌功能取決于其直接下游效應(yīng)物髓磷脂零樣蛋白1。TNFRSF10A-AS1可直接與髓磷脂零樣蛋白1結(jié)合,從而促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲。因此,TNFRSF10A-AS1在胃癌中起關(guān)鍵致癌作用,是胃癌患者的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。目前,關(guān)于AC104123.1和LINC02829的報(bào)道較少,這兩種lncRNA與胃癌的預(yù)后及其在胃癌中的潛在機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步探索。
3" 總結(jié)與展望
胃腸道腫瘤是臨床中常見的消化道腫瘤,其致病因素復(fù)雜多樣。目前其治療方法主要為手術(shù)+化療,但常有復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移。隨著雙硫死亡的出現(xiàn),為胃腸道腫瘤的治療開擴(kuò)了新領(lǐng)域,如p53、生長(zhǎng)分化因子15等成為治療胃腸道腫瘤的新切入點(diǎn)。雙硫死亡的研究經(jīng)歷了從外在小分子到信號(hào)通路的探討再到基因靶點(diǎn)的研究,為研究者提供了一些科學(xué)理論支撐。但目前對(duì)于雙硫死亡治療胃腸道腫瘤研究欠完善,一些相關(guān)性研究尚處于動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,缺乏臨床試驗(yàn)的證實(shí)。因此,未來需要持續(xù)的研究為胃腸道腫瘤的治療提供可行的方法和更多的循證醫(yī)學(xué)依據(jù)。
4" 參考文獻(xiàn)
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[2023-11-12收稿]