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同型半胱氨酸與心血管疾病相關(guān)性研究進(jìn)展

2024-05-20 19:55:26劉志強(qiáng)孫經(jīng)武董文敬張翠
中國醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新 2024年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:同型半胱氨酸心血管疾病氧化應(yīng)激

劉志強(qiáng) 孫經(jīng)武 董文敬 張翠

【摘要】 近年來,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高及生活方式的改變,心血管疾?。╟ardiovascular disease,CVD)的發(fā)生率呈逐年上升趨勢。CVD與許多危險(xiǎn)因素相關(guān),如高血壓、糖尿病等,同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平與CVD的發(fā)生、發(fā)展也有著密切的關(guān)系?,F(xiàn)如今,高同型半胱氨酸血癥(hyperhomocysteinemia,HHcy)已成為導(dǎo)致CVD新的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,且相關(guān)致病機(jī)制復(fù)雜而多樣。本文就Hcy相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)、致病機(jī)制及與CVD的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)綜述。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 心血管疾病 同型半胱氨酸 高同型半胱氨酸血癥 氧化應(yīng)激 高血壓

Research Progress on the Correlation between Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Disease/LIU Zhiqiang, SUN Jingwu, DONG Wenjing, ZHANG Cui. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(11): -180

[Abstract] In recent years, with the improvement of economic level and the change of lifestyle, the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing year by year. CVD is associated with many risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, etc. Homocysteine (Hcy) level is also closely related to the occurrence and development of CVD. Nowadays, hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has become a new independent risk factor of CVD, and relevant pathogenic mechanism is complex and diverse. In this paper, the related knowledge points, pathogenic mechanism of Hcy, and its research progress with CVD are systematically reviewed.

[Key words] Cardiovascular disease Homocysteine Hyperhomocysteinemia Oxidative stress Hypertension

First-author's address: Department of Cardiology, Binzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Binzhou 256603, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.11.038

隨著全球環(huán)境、生活方式的改變及醫(yī)療水平的發(fā)展,心血管疾?。–VD)流行病學(xué)也發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變,從主要發(fā)生在發(fā)達(dá)國家轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槿蛐约膊。F(xiàn)已成為我國患病率最高的一組疾病。CVD及其相關(guān)并發(fā)癥是導(dǎo)致患者死亡的最主要原因,CVD致病因素諸多,其中吸煙、血脂異常、高血壓、糖尿病、腹型肥胖和社會(huì)心理因素等對(duì)CVD的影響較大[1]。大量研究證據(jù)表明,同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)是CVD的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素之一,血漿Hcy濃度升高與CVD的發(fā)生概率增加相關(guān)[2],并且強(qiáng)調(diào)心肌對(duì)Hcy造成的損傷是唯一敏感的。本文就Hcy的概述及其與CVD(高血壓、心力衰竭、冠心?。┑南嚓P(guān)性進(jìn)行綜述,以期為臨床治療提供參考。

1 Hcy的概述

1.1 Hcy的概念

半胱氨酸是脂肪族含巰基的極性α-氨基酸,是人體的條件必需氨基酸和生糖氨基酸,由體內(nèi)的甲硫氨酸轉(zhuǎn)化而來,而Hcy是人體中一種非必需的含硫氨基酸,因其化學(xué)性質(zhì)與半胱氨酸相似而得名。Hcy存在于甲硫氨酸和半胱氨酸代謝過程中,主要來源于甲硫氨酸(甲硫氨酸是一種從膳食蛋白質(zhì)中獲取的必需氨基酸)。Hcy和硫化氫(H2S)的水平是相互調(diào)節(jié)的,當(dāng)Hcy(5~15 μmol/L)和半胱氨酸均在生理濃度條件下,大約70%的H2S是由半胱氨酸產(chǎn)生的,然而,在Hcy過度升高時(shí),Hcy取代半胱氨酸成為高同型半胱氨酸血癥(HHcy)中H2S的重要來源[3]。

1.2 Hcy的合成與代謝

Hcy的合成:甲硫氨酸攜帶著S-CH3,參與甲基的轉(zhuǎn)移。在腺苷轉(zhuǎn)移酶的催化作用下,甲硫氨酸與腺苷三磷酸(ATP)相反應(yīng),生成S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(SAM)[4]。SAM脫甲基化后,轉(zhuǎn)化成S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸(SAH),隨后發(fā)生水解,脫去腺苷,生成Hcy。正常情況下,Hcy維持在5~15 μmol/L,16~30 μmol/L為略高水平,31~100 μmol/L為中等水平,>100 μmol/L定義為嚴(yán)重HHcy。

Hcy的代謝:Hcy主要通過兩條途徑代謝。(1)轉(zhuǎn)甲基化途徑(甲硫氨酸缺乏):一部分Hcy在葉酸和維生素B12及甲硫氨酸合成酶的催化作用下,轉(zhuǎn)甲基化合成甲硫氨酸[5];(2)轉(zhuǎn)硫途徑(甲硫氨酸豐富):另外的Hcy在胱硫醚β合成酶的催化下不可逆的生成半胱氨酸和α酮丁酸[6]。酶促反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的H2S,主要來源于含硫氨基酸的代謝,特別是半胱氨酸和Hcy。Hcy是內(nèi)源性H2S產(chǎn)生的前體,越來越多的研究表明內(nèi)源性H2S的產(chǎn)生和代謝與Hcy密切相關(guān)[7]。

2 Hcy的致病機(jī)制

2.1 致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷

Hcy是一種氨基酸,血漿中濃度升高會(huì)引起內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷。內(nèi)皮功能障礙可以被定義為血管舒張和收縮之間的內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)平衡破壞。在血管內(nèi)皮表面,促凝血因子和抗凝因子維持在相對(duì)平衡的狀態(tài),Hcy水平升高可打破此平衡,使血管內(nèi)皮表面從抗凝變?yōu)榇倌隣顟B(tài),最終造成了內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的損傷[8]。

研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一氧化氮(NO)合成酶的表達(dá)可以被Hcy抑制,導(dǎo)致NO的產(chǎn)生減少,從而觸發(fā)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的損傷,影響血管舒張[9]。同時(shí),Djuric等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)Hcy增加會(huì)激活NADPH氧化酶不同亞型的表達(dá),導(dǎo)致超氧陰離子自由基含量增加,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致NO的生物利用度降低。Moretti等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HHcy使NO生物利用度降低,引起細(xì)胞完整性的破壞,從而造成內(nèi)皮功能障礙,導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮依賴的舒張受損,促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng)。Haloul等[12]研究顯示,HHcy伴發(fā)的血管功能障礙的主要發(fā)病機(jī)制是NO介導(dǎo)的血管舒張功能受損,并且高濃度的Hcy可能是病態(tài)肥胖個(gè)體血管功能障礙的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子。

Ahmad等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),冠狀動(dòng)脈微血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙(coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction,CMED)與血清Hcy水平呈正相關(guān),即Hcy水平升高與CMED診斷概率顯著增加相關(guān);而Esse等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)過量的S-腺苷高半胱氨酸(S-adenosine homocysteine,AdoHcy)所造成的細(xì)胞低甲基化也是Hcy誘導(dǎo)血管毒性的分子基礎(chǔ)(AdoHcy作為Hcy的前體,可在HHcy的背景下蓄積,而低甲基化可影響細(xì)胞的發(fā)育與分化等功能)。Ahmad等[13]在先前的觀察結(jié)果上又有了新的研究進(jìn)展,并證明HHcy通過影響冠狀血管擴(kuò)張/收縮直接導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮功能障礙。因此可以得出Hcy水平升高介導(dǎo)的CVD可能與冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮功能障礙有關(guān)。

2.2 致氧化應(yīng)激

氧化應(yīng)激是由于體內(nèi)氧化和抗氧化系統(tǒng)平衡的破壞,氧化水平超過氧化清除的速度,最終造成組織損傷。Joseph等[15]研究表明,HHcy對(duì)心肌產(chǎn)生直接不良影響是通過促氧化機(jī)制。HHcy可通過生成活性氧(ROS)或通過損害相關(guān)的抗氧化系等多種分子機(jī)制誘導(dǎo)氧化應(yīng)激[16]。Hcy通過二硫鍵與血漿蛋白(主要是白蛋白)、其他低分子血漿硫醇或第二個(gè)Hcy分子結(jié)合時(shí),在Hcy游離巰基氧化過程中產(chǎn)生ROS活性氧[17]。

Hcy的巰基基團(tuán)增加氧化應(yīng)激,主要是通過作為促氧化劑分子參與反應(yīng)。此外,Hcy的巰基基團(tuán)在形成二硫鍵的過程中,損害蛋白質(zhì)的功能并導(dǎo)致內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生應(yīng)激[18]。氧化應(yīng)激可導(dǎo)致炎癥途徑的激活[19],從而釋放多種炎癥因子,使血管內(nèi)部發(fā)生損傷。HHcy也能夠影響體內(nèi)甲基化過程,從而抑制H2S的生成,H2S有多種作用,并通過多種途徑發(fā)揮其作用,但其主要途徑與氧化應(yīng)激和NO相關(guān)[20]。在一項(xiàng)臨床研究中,伴有HHcy的冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病患者,其整體DNA呈甲基化狀態(tài)[21],且整體超甲基化與血漿Hcy水平呈顯著正相關(guān)。Hcy影響了體內(nèi)甲基化過程,從而使得H2S含量下降,導(dǎo)致血管受損。通過各種研究表明,可得出Hcy可誘導(dǎo)氧化還原穩(wěn)態(tài)的破壞。

2.3 促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(AS)

AS是一種以內(nèi)皮功能障礙為特征的慢性炎癥性疾病。內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞(EPCs)可參與血管損傷后的修復(fù),并抑制內(nèi)皮損傷,降低AS風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[22]。Ahmad等[13]研究顯示冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的早期與Hcy水平升高相關(guān),并證實(shí)了血清Hcy水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈微血管內(nèi)皮功能損傷(早期AS的一個(gè)特征)之間的明確相關(guān)性。Butkowski等[23]研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)Hcy升高通過損傷內(nèi)皮功能、增加氧化應(yīng)激和誘導(dǎo)血栓形成等促進(jìn)AS。Hcy濃度升高可改變血管內(nèi)皮功能,其表面特征從抗凝變?yōu)榇倌隣顟B(tài),從而導(dǎo)致脂質(zhì)沉積,促進(jìn)AS[24]。Hcy通過誘導(dǎo)白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、白細(xì)胞介素-8(IL-8)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)表達(dá)的上調(diào)及參與內(nèi)皮炎癥和下調(diào)血管重塑過程的組織蛋白酶(如細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶、磷酸激酶B等),從而影響IL-6和TNF-α及增強(qiáng)VEGF/ERK1/2信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑,直接作用于內(nèi)皮,這在AS過程中是不變的[25]。有研究表明,血清Hcy可促進(jìn)體內(nèi)氧自由基的產(chǎn)生,從而破壞內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞并影響其功能,并進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)膜的增厚,最終導(dǎo)致AS的發(fā)生[14]。由此可見,Hcy升高可促進(jìn)AS的發(fā)生,從而誘發(fā)CVD。

2.4 促進(jìn)心臟重構(gòu)

當(dāng)心肌功能受到嚴(yán)重受損,心肌細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞外部分基質(zhì)、膠原纖維結(jié)締組織均會(huì)發(fā)生一系列變化,該過程稱為心肌重構(gòu)。在一項(xiàng)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,HHcy可抑制TGF-β1/Smad通路及H2S的生成,減弱H2S對(duì)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖的抑制作用,進(jìn)而造成自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠的心肌纖維化[26],由此可見HHcy可導(dǎo)致心肌纖維化。Hcy是蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化和代謝的中間產(chǎn)物,作用于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,造成血管功能異常,進(jìn)而啟動(dòng)炎癥反應(yīng),增強(qiáng)氧化應(yīng)激,引起心肌肥大和間質(zhì)纖維化,最終誘導(dǎo)心室重構(gòu)[27-28]。

3 Hcy與CVD的關(guān)系

3.1 Hcy與高血壓

目前我國高血壓的患病率正在逐年增加,根據(jù)2018年的一項(xiàng)全國高血壓調(diào)查,我國患高血壓的總?cè)藬?shù)達(dá)2.44億人,約每4個(gè)成人中就有一個(gè)是高血壓患者[29]。全球高血壓的患病率和絕對(duì)負(fù)擔(dān)正在增加[30]。高血壓的危險(xiǎn)因素很多,諸如遺傳、年齡、高鈉飲食、生活方式,而HHcy也是其危險(xiǎn)因素之一。在Deng等[31]的臨床研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),Hcy水平與高血壓呈正相關(guān),并且Hcy與高血壓患者的心肌肥大呈正相關(guān)。HHcy引起的心肌肥大的原因尚未有確切的定論,可能與心臟中高Hcy引起的氧化應(yīng)激和肥大細(xì)胞密度的增加有關(guān),也可能是因?yàn)榈鞍准っ窩的激活和膠原蛋白代謝的改變[32]。Shi等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Hcy水平升高可能導(dǎo)致血壓升高,其作用可能通過RAAS和ERK通路實(shí)現(xiàn)[33]。在急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)患者中,高Hcy與高血壓具有相互促進(jìn)的作用,研究顯示,AMI伴有高血壓、HHcy,會(huì)導(dǎo)致更為嚴(yán)重的冠脈病變,如血管堵塞、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)降低等[34]。

3.2 Hcy與心力衰竭(HF)

慢性充血性心力衰竭(chronic congestive heart failure,CCHF)是心室充盈和射血功能的受損,從而導(dǎo)致心室射血功能降低,導(dǎo)致全身供血不足。在一項(xiàng)居民調(diào)查研究中,長期暴露于H2S使Hcy水平增加與心力衰竭死亡率和發(fā)病率增加相關(guān)[35]。在無缺血或充血性心力衰竭(CHF)病史的老年人群中,中重度HHcy與CVD事件和全因死亡顯著相關(guān)。在男性中,這種正相關(guān)性很明顯[36]。Kim等[8]研究證明CHF患者的Hcy水平與病情進(jìn)展呈正相關(guān)。

血清Hcy水平與心功能相關(guān)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性研究分析顯示,血清Hcy與左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑(left ventricular end diastolic diameter,LVEDD)呈正相關(guān),并與左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)呈負(fù)相關(guān)[37]。這一結(jié)論在Hu等[27]研究中也得到了證實(shí),其研究結(jié)果顯示,與正常人群相比,CCHF患者血清Hcy明顯升高,紐約心臟病協(xié)會(huì)(NYHA)分級(jí)越高,病情越重,血清Hcy水平越高。同樣,在Jin等[38]研究,HF患者Hcy水平高于健康對(duì)照組,且與NYHA分級(jí)的提高呈正相關(guān),證實(shí)了血漿Hcy水平和HF有密切和顯著的相關(guān)性。結(jié)合相關(guān)試驗(yàn)及臨床研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿Hcy水平升高會(huì)導(dǎo)致氧化應(yīng)激,心肌組織中過量的ROS蓄積,從而引起細(xì)胞功能障礙,在某些情況下甚至引起細(xì)胞死亡(在心肌細(xì)胞中尤為明顯),影響心肌重塑的發(fā)生和進(jìn)展,從而導(dǎo)致HF[39]。

3.3 Hcy與冠心病

冠心病是冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病的簡稱,是一種缺血性心臟病。HHcy通過基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表達(dá)上調(diào)導(dǎo)致AS和AS血栓形成,這是AS斑塊不穩(wěn)定甚至破裂的原因[11]。Bosevski等[40]研究證實(shí),Hcy水平與CAD之間存在正相關(guān),并證明了其在AS發(fā)展中的可能作用。Tian等[41]研究表明,在CAD合并HHcy的病例中,H2S在細(xì)胞中蓄積,H2S減少免疫細(xì)胞和心血管細(xì)胞表面的腺苷A2A受體的表達(dá),使動(dòng)脈的血管舒張和淋巴細(xì)胞的免疫抑制作用下降,最終促進(jìn)了缺血和炎癥過程,從而加重CAD。HHcy患者的冠心病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加可能是腺苷能系統(tǒng)中H2S水平升高的結(jié)果,而Hcy升高的CAD患者與AS負(fù)荷較高相關(guān)[41]。

Werida等[42]研究表明,CAD患者中血漿Hcy濃度顯著升高,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)在高Hcy水平的受試者中,CAD危險(xiǎn)因素較正常水平Hcy患者更多,發(fā)生CAD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的可能性顯著增加,且在冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞中形成的斑塊更容易脫落,Hcy水平升高與冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄密切相關(guān)。血清Hcy水平因冠心病的不同類型而異,并與冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄的程度相關(guān),因此,可用作早期檢測和疾病評(píng)估的敏感指標(biāo)[43-44]。

Markovi?-Boras等[45]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Hcy是急性心力衰竭(acute heart failure,AHF)的危險(xiǎn)因素之一,AHF組患者中HHcy的患病率顯著較高,表明MI組中HHcy與心血管事件之間存在強(qiáng)相關(guān)性[46]。Psotka等[47]研究顯示,AMI患者血清Hcy顯著高于健康人水平,隨著AMI病情的加重,血清Hcy水平明顯上升。而在急性冠脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者中,高Hcy水平的患者在長期隨訪中有較高的AHF復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[48]。Nedelcu等[46]研究結(jié)果支持血漿Hcy水平升高與年輕患者的首次AHF之間存在強(qiáng)相關(guān)性。因此,我們需要通過相關(guān)檢查及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),盡早干預(yù),而Hcy有望成為判斷早期AHF的指標(biāo)之一。

4 總結(jié)

Hcy水平升高可導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷、氧化應(yīng)激、AS、心臟重構(gòu),從而增加心血管事件,如高血壓、HF、冠心病,因此,任何年齡段的人群,不僅要控制吸煙、糖尿病、肥胖等危險(xiǎn)因素,更應(yīng)該將Hcy與上述因素放在同等位置去預(yù)防。

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(收稿日期:2023-09-11) (本文編輯:陳韻)

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