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起承轉(zhuǎn)合——讓讀后續(xù)寫看得見

2024-06-04 11:59:13廖海燕
廣東教育·高中 2024年5期
關鍵詞:起承轉(zhuǎn)合開端高潮

廖海燕

一、前言:讀后續(xù)寫新題型

隨著新課程改革的推進,高考命題進行了一系列改革。2016年,讀后續(xù)寫橫空出世,代替了原來的短文改錯題。新的測試理論和新的英語課程標準在讀后續(xù)寫中得到呼應,獲取信息、處理信息與英語思維、英語表達緊密結(jié)合起來,促進了學生綜合語言運用能力的發(fā)展。讀后續(xù)寫以讀寫結(jié)合的方式考查學生4個方面的能力:1.對短文關鍵信息和語言特點的把握;2.語言運用的準確性和豐富性;3.對語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的把控;4.創(chuàng)造性思維能力。

《普通高中英語課程標準(2017年版)》提出了英語學科四大核心素養(yǎng):語言能力、文化意識、思維品質(zhì)和學習能力。其中思維品質(zhì)包括思維的邏輯性、批判性和創(chuàng)新性。創(chuàng)新思維是思維品質(zhì)的最高層次和水平,在讀后續(xù)寫中得以要求和體現(xiàn)。

讀后續(xù)寫對于學生來說,是一個很大的難題。究其原因,學生對敘事性文本的文體特征與語言特點把握相對較弱,以往較少進行故事性文章寫作,缺乏實戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗。此外,續(xù)寫對于原文的解讀要求較高,學生需要把握到原文的關鍵信息和語言特點,并將其延續(xù)下去。最后,創(chuàng)新性思維能力是最難的坎,學生缺乏此方面的鍛煉,對故事的發(fā)展覺得無從構(gòu)思。因此,對于讀后續(xù)寫起步階段的教學,筆者認為關鍵是兩點:寫什么(what),以及怎么寫(how)。

經(jīng)過反思和探討母語寫作的經(jīng)驗,筆者認為可以借鑒漢語的“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”模式給學生在what和how兩個方面進行指引。

二、“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”的內(nèi)涵

“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”理論模型是中國古代關于寫作原理的最高成就?!捌鸪修D(zhuǎn)合”之法最早出現(xiàn)于漢語詩歌的韻腳格律中,后又被運用于“八股文”等其他文體,近代也被用于各種寫作創(chuàng)作中。作為寫作結(jié)構(gòu)章法術語,“起”是指起始開端;“承”是承接上文加以申述;“轉(zhuǎn)”是轉(zhuǎn)折,從正面反面立論;“合”是結(jié)束全文。如詩仙李白的《靜夜思》:床前明月光(起),疑是地上霜(承);舉頭望明月(轉(zhuǎn)),低頭思故鄉(xiāng)(合)。

有人認為“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”是一種固化的模式,像八股文一樣,禁錮了寫作的思維,減弱了寫作思維創(chuàng)造力。但實質(zhì)上,“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”的本質(zhì)是“重復”和“對比”兩種思維操作模型的有機組合運用。只要我們能真正理解其原理和實質(zhì),加以靈活運用,就能創(chuàng)造性地生成各種自由組合模式,如“起-承-承-合”,“起-承-承-轉(zhuǎn)-合”,甚至“起-轉(zhuǎn)-轉(zhuǎn)-轉(zhuǎn)-合”等,從而在寫作思維上獲得真正的自由。

因此,“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”既是一種文章寫作的基本規(guī)律和原理,讓寫作者可以直接使用或加以變化,也是一種思維方式和習慣,能夠給學寫文章的人提供一個從無話可說到有話可說的文本內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)的思維操作模式。對于寫不出、不會寫的學生來說,“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”正是一條寫作入門的路徑。

三、“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”對英語讀后續(xù)寫的啟發(fā)和指導意義

如前文所述,在讀后續(xù)寫中,寫什么、怎么寫是學生最大的障礙。寫什么是立意和材料問題,是作者的觀點、態(tài)度積累提純的過程,屬于思維范疇,需要一個長期的漸進過程。怎么寫是結(jié)構(gòu)和表達的問題,是謀篇布局和語言表達的過程,屬于實戰(zhàn)或者技術操作層面,可以通過專項訓練在短期內(nèi)提高?;诖耍捌鸪修D(zhuǎn)合”寫作模式對于激發(fā)學生寫作興趣、啟發(fā)學生寫作靈感、提高學生寫作技巧、幫助學生形成寫作模式和套路等都有很強的動力功能。

“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”對于讀后續(xù)寫的指導意義在于:1.“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”提供了文章的章法。作為一種篇章結(jié)構(gòu),起承轉(zhuǎn)合固定下來的模式使得文章在內(nèi)容和形式上呈現(xiàn)出完整性,使文章條理分明,結(jié)構(gòu)完整,從而幫助學生解決謀篇布局問題。2.“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”能開拓寫作思路,以結(jié)構(gòu)化了的章法模型來吸附和凝練學生心中已有的材料,從而生成所需要的篇章模型。這就是文章形式對文章內(nèi)容的反推作用。從這個意義來說,“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”不僅提供模板解決了“怎么寫”的難題,還間接提示了學生“寫什么”。3.“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”能使寫作思維邏輯顯性化。語篇邏輯的體現(xiàn)不僅僅在于銜接詞,更重要的在于內(nèi)容。句與句,段與段之間的關系,不僅僅體現(xiàn)層次與層次之間的相互勾連,實質(zhì)上也是一種文章內(nèi)容之間的深層次遞進,體現(xiàn)了寫作思維的邏輯性?!捌鸪修D(zhuǎn)合”能讓寫作邏輯看得見,就讀后續(xù)寫任務而言,“起”就是故事的開端;“承”是承接開端進一步推進故事的發(fā)展;“轉(zhuǎn)”是從正面繼續(xù)推進或轉(zhuǎn)到反面建立故事的矛盾沖突達到故事高潮;“合”則是解決矛盾沖突以正能量結(jié)局結(jié)束全文。

四、“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”指導讀后續(xù)寫的理論依據(jù)

“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”適用于讀后續(xù)寫寫作指導基于以下理論。

首先,建構(gòu)主義認為,學習的結(jié)果是認知結(jié)構(gòu)的重新構(gòu)建或改組,知識作為一種存在,可以在一種情形中被構(gòu)建出來,還可以運用于其他情景中。學習不是由教師把知識簡單地傳遞給學生,而是由學生自己建構(gòu)知識的過程。基于這個認知,我們在指導讀后續(xù)寫時應充分激發(fā)學生原有的背景知識,通過解讀原文的關鍵信息和語言特點并分析原文的語篇結(jié)構(gòu),幫助學生充分理解原材料建構(gòu)文本信息結(jié)構(gòu)體系。基于建構(gòu)主義理論下的支架式教學模式(Scaffolding Instruction)原理,在教師的指導和幫助下,學生可以通過構(gòu)建“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”寫作模式搭起續(xù)寫的文章框架。

其次,二語習得理論認為,在第二語言學習中,學習者在使用第二語言時,會借助于母語規(guī)則或習慣來表達思想,這就是語言遷移(language transfer)現(xiàn)象。母語的規(guī)則遷移會對目標語有積極的影響,也可能會產(chǎn)生消極影響。這就是正遷移(positive transfer)和負遷移(negative transfer)。

我們在進行英語寫作時,邏輯思維會受到漢語寫作的影響。最為值得關注的是語篇結(jié)構(gòu)的布局。漢語的表達過程是圍繞一個中心而進行螺旋式的重復表述。西方語言以線式邏輯為主,往往開門見山,后文細節(jié)圍繞要點直線展開,結(jié)尾以概括要點的形式定局。受到漢語“形散而神不散”寫作思維的影響,學生在進行英語寫作時常常想到哪里寫到哪里,或者表現(xiàn)出更多的起伏,以暫時偏離主題的描述試圖從其他方面去闡述。而英文的寫作更多體現(xiàn)一種平緩性,英語語篇通過使用有緊密關聯(lián)的句、段達到篇章語義的統(tǒng)一。

意識到這種語言遷移現(xiàn)象,我們試圖找到一種方法架起一座中西方表達的橋梁,“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”就可擔此重任。站在漢語的角度,“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”寫作模式歷久彌新,它的“開端-承接-轉(zhuǎn)折-結(jié)束”寫作結(jié)構(gòu)既用于古代詩文寫作,也適用于現(xiàn)代文寫作。站在英語的角度,“總起-分述-總結(jié)”是英語文體最常見的模式,與“開端-承接-轉(zhuǎn)折-結(jié)束”思維模式是一致的。而讀后續(xù)寫是一種敘事性文體,以故事寫作為主,故事的“開端-發(fā)展-高潮-結(jié)局”模式正與“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”完美匹配。因此,要解決讀后續(xù)寫難題,“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”就是答案。

五、“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”在讀后續(xù)寫教學中的實踐

基于以上所述,在面對讀后續(xù)寫新題型時,筆者嘗試從“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”的角度來指導學生進行寫作。主要從下面三個方面開展:

(一)感受中英文“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”寫作章法模型

“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”來自漢語,對“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”的理解用母語的例子來解析最為易懂。最簡單的是詩歌中的“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”,如唐朝詩人孟浩然的《春曉》:春眠不覺曉(起),處處聞啼鳥(承)。夜來風雨聲(轉(zhuǎn)),花落知多少(合)。起為開端,承為進一步的描寫,轉(zhuǎn)為語境的畫風突變,合為故事點題以及作者的情感落腳之處。又如李白的《朝發(fā)白帝城》:朝辭白帝彩云間(起),千里江陵一日還(承)。兩岸猿聲啼不?。ㄞD(zhuǎn)),輕舟已過萬重山(合)。起得清新美麗歡快,承接原情調(diào)進一步展開,突轉(zhuǎn)畫風為愁怨凄厲,終又回到清新美麗歡快?,F(xiàn)代文寫作中,魯迅先生對“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”模式也有靈活的使用。小說《故鄉(xiāng)》開頭對故鄉(xiāng)的描寫為全文定下了荒涼蕭索的基調(diào),是為“起”;第二天回到家中對凄涼的母親的描寫,是為“承”;然后母親提及潤土帶來大片美好的回憶,在情調(diào)上進行了“轉(zhuǎn)”;最后見到潤土和楊二嫂對其丑陋形象和扭曲靈魂的描寫又回到了小說凄涼蕭索的基調(diào),是為“合”。

英語文體也有同樣的模型。如下面的文章Social Practice(有刪節(jié))。

Recently, social practice has gained more and more popularity in universities and college.

There is no doubt that social practice has many advantages. To begin with, students can get a chance to contact society and meet all walks of people through social practice. … Besides, by applying the knowledge that they have learned in class to practical work, students can know themselves better. Lastly, social practice can give students financial help and enable them independent of their family.

However, there is no denying that some problems may arise if no correct guidance is made. Some students may get overly interested in social practice and want to work fulltime, thus neglecting their studies. And some students are likely to get in touch with the dark side of society, which will affect their future studies.

Aiming at carrying out social practice smoothly, students should first make clear its objective. Studies should always put in the first place and social practice should be treated as a useful supplement, so the students need to keep a balance between social practice and their studies.

這是一篇很典型的解釋性說明文。全文結(jié)構(gòu)是“總-分-分-總”,提出問題-正面分析問題-反面分析問題-提出解決辦法。與漢語的“起-承-轉(zhuǎn)-合”模式一致。

(二)欣賞敘事性文體中的“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”

鑒于我們要解決的是讀后續(xù)寫的問題,讀后續(xù)寫屬于敘事性體裁,因此,筆者特意跟學生分享了故事敘述中的“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”結(jié)構(gòu)。

1.從語言遷移的角度考慮,以《西游記》為例,進行故事模型的建構(gòu)?!段饔斡洝肥俏覀兇蠖鄶?shù)人最為熟悉的名著(名?。@锩娴拿恳粋€故事(劇集)基本上都按照一定的模式去開展。首先是唐僧師徒四人出發(fā),此為“起”;然后進一步描寫他們的旅途,此為“承”;接著在某種情形下必定遇上妖怪,師傅陷入危險,此為“轉(zhuǎn)”;最后在自己或他神的幫助之下順利解救師傅解決問題,此為“合”。所以,我們讀后續(xù)寫的每一個故事的整體謀篇布局,都可以按照《西游記》的模式去進行構(gòu)思。

2.從故事本身出發(fā),以情節(jié)推進為重點,著重細節(jié)描寫。《水滸傳》里有這么一個故事:三拳打死鎮(zhèn)關西。寥寥數(shù)字已經(jīng)說完了一個故事情節(jié)。這樣的話,豈不是后續(xù)無話可寫了?學生在寫作中遇到無話可說的難題也是如此。要解此困境,關鍵在于細節(jié)描寫。我們不妨把“三拳打死鎮(zhèn)關西”這七字故事擴展一下,完善成以下小故事:魯達、李忠、史進三人到潘家酒樓喝酒(起),聽了金家父女對鎮(zhèn)關西強媒硬娶,虛錢實契強占翠蓮,又將她趕出,還向金家追要典身錢的血淚控訴(承),魯達對鎮(zhèn)關西大怒,當即贈送銀兩,第二天繼而三拳打死鄭屠,為民除害(轉(zhuǎn))。從此以后,他亡命江湖,最后被逼上梁山(合)。如此,讀后續(xù)寫的每一個段落中的情節(jié)片段也可以按此模式展開。

由此可見,敘事性文體中的“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”實質(zhì)就是故事寫作的“開端-發(fā)展-高潮-結(jié)局”。

(三)實踐基于“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”模式的英語敘事文體語篇分析與后續(xù)寫作

讀后續(xù)寫,顧名思義,先讀后寫,包括讀懂原文和續(xù)寫故事兩個主要方面。筆者的解題步驟相應包括兩個方面:用“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”模型分析解讀理解原文;再用“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”模式完成后續(xù)故事撰寫。下面以兩個案例來說明:

案例1:閱讀材料如下

What my father wore embarrassed me! I wanted him to dress like a doctor or lawyer, but he always dressed like my father, getting up before dawn every day to make breakfast for my mother and me. We lived in South Texas, where my father worked as a repairman. He often wore a pair of jeans and a shirt, keeping his pencils, glasses and wrenches (扳手) in his breast pocket. His boots were those with steel toes that made them difficult to pull off his feet, which I sometimes helped him with when he returned from repairing cars—his job that also shamed me.

I blamed the way he dressed. I felt that my classmates laughed at me because theyd seen him mowing lawns (修剪草坪) in cutoff jeans and black boots. My classmates families paid men to beautify their lawns, while their fathers travelled in the bay wearing lemon-yellow sweaters and expensive shoes.

He preferred clothes that allowed him the freedom to move under cars. So even when taking part in a school trip with me, he was dressed in his repairmans suit. On the school bus to the campsite, all students on the bus happily chatted with their parents except me, who lowered the head, avoiding spotting my classmates mocking glance (譏笑的眼光) or hearing their jokes, which I thought was about nothing else but what my father wore.

I regretted telling my parents the school trip, and I was very angry why my mother had no spare time while my father happened to have a vacation. But my father failed to read my mind. He was very happy, whistling a tune along the way.

Though my father didnt sense my bad mood, the school bus seemed as sad as I was. It drove more and more slowly and finally it stopped on the roadside. The driver got out to check the bus but found nothing wrong. Students and parents on the bus began to whisper about what was happening, worried that the delay might spoil the journey.

1.“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”原文解讀

開端(起),是問題的提出部分:父親是一位修理工,一身工作服的穿著讓我很尷尬,我希望他穿著得體,像個醫(yī)生或律師那樣。

發(fā)展(承),是矛盾沖突的升級,解決辦法初現(xiàn)的部分:有一次我們班開展郊游活動,爸爸依然穿著修理工的衣服來參加。途中汽車出故障拋錨了,司機檢查不出問題所在。大家都很擔心郊游會被毀了。

原文故事就到這里為止。按照敘事性文體“開端(起)-發(fā)展(承)-高潮(轉(zhuǎn))-結(jié)局(合)”的謀篇布局,接下來要學生續(xù)寫的兩個段落應該是故事的高潮(轉(zhuǎn))和結(jié)局(合)部分。

2.“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”故事續(xù)寫

按照上面的布局可知,后續(xù)的高潮(轉(zhuǎn))和結(jié)局(合)各占一段。每一段的寫作又可以按照“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”的模式去展開。我們可以這樣寫作:

續(xù)寫第一段:When others were complaining , my father stood up.(起:爸爸)At the thought that he would offer his assistance to reduce peoples anxiety, a great sense of delight flooded over him. He approached the driver, explaining that he was a repairman and could offer to help. (承:爸爸) Seeing him crawling under the bus, I was overwhelmed by a feeling of embarrassment. I lowered my head, trying not to spot my classmates scornful look. (轉(zhuǎn):我) However, the following moments witnessed my fathers professional skills in repair. (合:結(jié)果)

續(xù)寫第一段是故事的高潮(轉(zhuǎn))部分,也就是矛盾沖突得以解決的主要陣地。根據(jù)首句的起點爸爸站起來,第二句和第三句承接前文寫爸爸的情感和行為。然后轉(zhuǎn)到對“我”的心理、情感和行動的描寫。最后一句合是指本段解決問題的結(jié)果:爸爸把車修好了。

續(xù)寫第二段:The school bus restarted and everyone cheered.(起:每個人)Everyone was impressed by my fathers enthusiasm and superb skills. No sooner had my father stepped on the bus than they burst into thunderous applause. My classmates expressed gratitude to my father and said to me, “ Hey, your father is so cool!” (承:每個人) Seeing their eyes twinkling with admiration, I felt extremely guilty but proud of my father, tears streaming down my cheeks. (轉(zhuǎn):我) While my father didnt dress like a doctor or a lawyer, he taught me the profound truth that what really matters is not the way we wear but the way we act. (合:升華主題)

續(xù)寫第二段是故事的結(jié)局(合)部分。爸爸修好車后,根據(jù)首句起點每個人的歡呼,承接上文繼續(xù)寫每個人如何歡呼以及如何行動。然后轉(zhuǎn)到“我”的轉(zhuǎn)變描寫。最后一句合是點明主旨,升華主題,以“我最后明白了,真正重要的不是一個人的外表,而是一個人的行動”來結(jié)束全文。

案例2:閱讀材料如下

With the start of new school, freshmen of Hendersonville High School in Nashville were excited to meet new classmates and teachers. Among them, however,15yearold Sergio Peralta was feeling very nervous because his right hand had never fully formed since he was born. Going to a new school and being “different” is always scary. Sergio was particularly concerned with what his classmates would think of him.

Sergios parents had trained him to use his left hand from an early age. As he grew up, he was used to not using his right hand. He could write with his left one and do some things with special tricks or techniques. Despite this, in the first days of new school, Sergio always felt like hiding his underdeveloped right hand in his sleeve as if nobody would ever find out if he did so.

It didnt take long for someone to learn Sergios secret. Jeff Wilkins, the teacher of Sergios engineering class, figured out that Sergio was missing part of his hand and decided to do something for the new student. Jeff had been leading a robotics project in the school and expert in 3D printing technology. Besides, he hoped to take advantage of this handson chance to help his robotics students learn more about engineering and how building a robotic hand worked.

So in his class, Jeff announced with great enthusiasm, “Youre supposed to be engineering, coming up with new ideas and solving issues. Now Sergio needs a new hand, so well work together to build Sergio a robotic hand.” His words fueled everyones curiosity and creativity.

For the next four weeks, Jeff and his class including Sergio worked on the project. After some precise measurements and researches, the class put forward a design draft. Jeff made a few adjustments and gave them some practical suggestions. With access to online models and a 3D printer, they eventually created a robotic hand, which was intended to look good and work well, like catching something.

1.“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”原文解讀

開端(起),是問題的提出部分:Sergio是一位右手有缺失的學生。由于身體的不同而非常害怕同學們對他的態(tài)度。雖然他從小被訓練能用左手去做事情,但是他還是嘗試去藏起他的右手。

發(fā)展(承),是矛盾沖突的升級,解決辦法初現(xiàn)的部分:老師Jeff發(fā)現(xiàn)了Sergio的事情,決定和同學們一起,利用他們的專長——3D打印技術去幫助Sergio。經(jīng)過四個星期的努力,他們最終造出了一個機械手臂。

原文故事就到這里為止。按照敘事性文體“開端(起)-發(fā)展(承)-高潮(轉(zhuǎn))-結(jié)局(合)”的謀篇布局,接下來要學生續(xù)寫的兩個段落應該是故事的高潮(轉(zhuǎn))和結(jié)局(合)部分。

2.“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”故事續(xù)寫

按照上面的布局可知,后續(xù)的高潮(轉(zhuǎn))和結(jié)局(合)各占一段。每一段的寫作又可以按照“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”的模式去展開。我們可以這樣寫作:

續(xù)寫第一段:Then came the final testing day.(起:最后的測試日)With the mixture of anxiety and upset, Sergio couldnt wait for the exciting moment to come. The whole class gathered in the science classroom, watching breathlessly as Jeff carefully loaded their selfmade robotic hand onto Sergios right arm. It fitted quite well! (承:測試日) So excited was Sergio that his arm trembled slightly. Having put a baseball on the desk, Jeff signed to Sergio to pick it up. Slowly, Sergio extended his right hand and reached for the ball. Successfully he caught hold of it and everyone present broke into cheers! Holding the ball, Sergio couldnt contain his tears. (轉(zhuǎn):Sergio) Never in his life did he expect to catch something with his right hand! (合:成功了)

續(xù)寫第一段是故事的高潮(轉(zhuǎn))部分,也就是矛盾沖突得以解決的主要陣地。根據(jù)首句的起點最終的測試日的到來,接下來三句承接前文寫測試日的操作。然后轉(zhuǎn)到對主人公Sergio的心理、情感和行動的描寫。最后一句合是指本段解決問題的結(jié)果:Sergio終于能用右手來抓住東西了。

續(xù)寫第二段:The lifechanging gift for Sergio drew huge attention.(起:改變一生的禮物,巨大的關注). With the well-looked and wellworking robotic hand, Sergio felt a wave of gratitude to his teacher and his classmates. He thought he would never feel nervous again on the first school day any more in his life. (承:改變一生的禮物) Jeff and his students became an instant hit and various media competed to cover the news. With a great relief and great joy, they expressed their sincere hope for Sergio. (轉(zhuǎn):Jeff 和同學們,巨大的關注) Life may be full of ups and downs, but with advanced technology, there is always hope to overcome any difficulty. Never should we lose hope for life! (合:升華主題)

續(xù)寫第二段是故事的結(jié)局(合)部分。測試成功后,根據(jù)首句起點改變一生的禮物,承接上文繼續(xù)寫這份禮物帶給主人公 Sergio的影響。然后轉(zhuǎn)到另一個角度——引發(fā)巨大的關注和對師生的描寫。最后一句合是點明主旨,升華主題,以“生活總是充滿了困難,但是總有辦法解決。所以,永遠不要對生活失去希望”來結(jié)束全文。

由此可見,按照“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”模式去行文,既使得各段落內(nèi)的故事完整,內(nèi)容充實,也讓敘事的邏輯清晰可見。站在全篇文章的高度,原文的“開端-發(fā)展”,續(xù)以寫作任務的“高潮-結(jié)局”,使全文故事完整,思維清晰,邏輯合理,表述流暢。

“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”模式既適用于分析解讀理解全文的故事結(jié)構(gòu),從而站在語篇的高度決定續(xù)寫內(nèi)容,還可用于段落寫作,幫助學生把每一段的內(nèi)容有矛盾有沖突地發(fā)展到高潮并得以解決,讓情節(jié)跌宕起伏,故事完整,邏輯清晰。

六、結(jié)束語:起承轉(zhuǎn)合在內(nèi)容和邏輯方面對寫作的指導意義

“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”不僅是一種篇章結(jié)構(gòu),還是一種思維模式。它不僅使文章內(nèi)容完整充實,條理清晰有邏輯,結(jié)構(gòu)完整流暢,同時還能開闊寫作者的思路,在結(jié)構(gòu)框架的制約下同時提示寫作內(nèi)容,使故事曲折變化,層層推進,表達更加豐滿。在讀后續(xù)寫中,續(xù)寫部分整體構(gòu)思要結(jié)合原文,達到全文語篇上的“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”。在兩個段落的續(xù)寫過程中,我們也可按照“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”的思路分別續(xù)寫片段情節(jié),達到段落內(nèi)的“起承轉(zhuǎn)合”。這樣,既體現(xiàn)了寫作形式上的邏輯,也體現(xiàn)了寫作內(nèi)容的連貫,同時解決了英語寫作中思維和技巧兩大難題。

責任編輯 吳昊雷

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