代莉 郭華靜 鄧恢偉
【摘要】目的 探討超聲指導(dǎo)容量復(fù)蘇在重癥創(chuàng)傷患者救治中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法 選擇需要手術(shù)治療的重癥創(chuàng)傷患者60例,按隨機(jī)數(shù)表法分為超聲指導(dǎo)容量復(fù)蘇組(U組)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)治療對(duì)照組(C組),每組30例。所有患者入室后立即進(jìn)行全身麻醉誘導(dǎo)、中心靜脈穿刺并開始手術(shù)。U組分別在患者入室后即刻、麻醉誘導(dǎo)后、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)及蘇醒后進(jìn)行超聲檢查,測(cè)量下腔靜脈直徑(IVC)、主動(dòng)脈根部峰流速變異(ΔVpeak)、主動(dòng)脈根部速度時(shí)間積分變異(ΔVTI),并根據(jù)超聲檢查結(jié)果指導(dǎo)液體復(fù)蘇。C組根據(jù)心率、平均動(dòng)脈壓、中心靜脈壓、液體負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)、血?dú)夥治鼋Y(jié)果等進(jìn)行液體復(fù)蘇。于2組患者入室后即刻(T0)、入室后1 h(T1)、2 h(T2)、4 h(T3)、6 h(T4)、24 h(T5)采集橈動(dòng)脈血,檢測(cè)乳酸濃度,并進(jìn)行血?dú)夥治?。觀察患者入室后0~<1 h、1~<2 h、2~<4 h、4~6 h、0~6 h輸入晶體液總量、膠體液總量和血制品量。記錄患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、麻醉時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、出血量、尿量、低血壓持續(xù)時(shí)間、高乳酸濃度持續(xù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、轉(zhuǎn)ICU率、28 d病死率及去甲腎上腺素使用總量。結(jié)果 與T0比較,U組患者乳酸濃度在T1、T2時(shí)升高,T4時(shí)降至正常濃度;C組乳酸濃度在T1~T3時(shí)升高,T5時(shí)降至正常濃度。與C組比較,U組乳酸濃度在T2、T3時(shí)較低,去甲腎上腺素使用總量較少、高乳酸濃度持續(xù)時(shí)間較短,U組0~<1 h輸入晶體液量較多,2~<4 h、
4~6 h及0~6 h輸入晶體液量較少,2~<4 h及0~6 h輸入膠體液量較少,組間比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均< 0.05);而2組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、麻醉時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、輸入血制品量、氧合指數(shù)、尿量、低血壓持續(xù)時(shí)間等比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均> 0.05)。結(jié)論 超聲指導(dǎo)下容量復(fù)蘇可安全用于重癥創(chuàng)傷患者,能減少輸液總量和血管活性藥物總量、縮短高乳酸濃度持續(xù)時(shí)間。
【關(guān)鍵詞】超聲;容量復(fù)蘇;重癥創(chuàng)傷;下腔靜脈直徑;乳酸
Application of ultrasound-guided volume resuscitation in severe trauma patients
DAI Li, GUO Huajing, DENG Huiwei
(Department of Anesthesiology, Changde Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changde 415003, China)
Corresponding author: DENG Huiwei, E-mail: dhw_4823@aliyun.com
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the role of ultrasound-guided volume resuscitation in the treatment of severe trauma.? Methods Sixty patients with severe trauma requiring surgical intervention were included and randomly assigned into the ultrasound-guided volume resuscitation group (group U, n = 30) and the empirical treatment group (group C, n = 30) using the random number table method. All patients underwent general anesthesia induction, central venous catheterization and subsequent surgery. In group U, ultrasound examination was conducted for assessing the inferior vena cava (IVC), aortic root peak velocity variation (ΔVpeak) and time integral variation of aortic root velocity (ΔVTI) upon arrival at the operating room, after general anesthesia induction, at the end of operation and upon resuscitation, respectively. Fluid resuscitation therapy in group U was guided based on these results. In group C, patients were subjected to fluid resuscitation based on heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), fluid load test and blood gas analysis results, etc. Radial artery blood samples were collected from all patients immediately upon arrival at the OR (T0), at 1 h (T1), 2 h (T2), 4 h (T3), 6 h (T4), and 24 h (T5) post-arrival, and lactate levels along with other blood gas analysis results were recorded accordingly. Additionally, the total amount of crystalloids and colloids administered from 0-<1 h,
1-<2 h, 2-<4 h, 4-6 h, and 0-6 h since arrival were documented. The operation time, anesthesia duration, postoperative recovery time, extubation time, blood loss volume, urine output, duration of hypotension, duration of elevated lactate levels, length of hospital stay, ICU transfer rate, 28-d mortality rate, and the total amount of norepinephrine use were recorded. Results Compared with T0, lactate levels in group U exhibited an increase at T1 and T2, and followed by a return to normal levels at T4. In group C, an elevation in lactate levels was demonstrated at T1~T3, which subsequently decreased to normal levels at T5. Patients in group U displayed lower lactate levels at both T2 and T3 than those in group C. Additionally, patients in group U exhibited reduced overall usage of norepinephrine and a shorter duration of elevated lactate levels. Moreover, patients in group U received a higher volume of crystalloid fluids during the initial hour (0-<1 h), and lesser amounts during 2-<4 h and 4-6 h as well as overall within 0-6 h, respectively. Furthermore, compared to the group C, there was less administration of colloid fluids during 2-<4 h and overall within 0-6 h in group U (all P < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the operation time, anesthesia duration, postoperative recovery time, extubation time, length of hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss, transfusion volume, oxygenation index, urine output or duration of hypotension between two groups (all P > 0.05). Conclusion Ultrasound-guided volume resuscitation can be safely employed in severe trauma patients, which can reduce the total amount of transfusion, decrease the total dosage of vasoactive medications, and shorten the duration of elevated lactate levels.
【Key words】Ultrasound; Volume resuscitation; Severe trauma; Inferior vena cava; Lactic acid
每年有超過800萬人死于嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷。創(chuàng)傷是全球人群的第三大致死致殘?jiān)颍彩菍?dǎo)致45歲以下成年人或兒童的首要死亡原因[1]。創(chuàng)傷導(dǎo)致的死亡和傷殘仍然是全球公共衛(wèi)生威脅之一。此外,創(chuàng)傷相關(guān)性傷亡可造成嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)后果,給家庭和社會(huì)造成沉重負(fù)擔(dān)。
創(chuàng)傷的救治體系包括院前急救、院內(nèi)救治及后期康復(fù)。其中容量復(fù)蘇在重癥創(chuàng)傷患者早期救治中起關(guān)鍵作用。液體復(fù)蘇不足或過量,均可造成嚴(yán)重后果,甚至嚴(yán)重影響患者預(yù)后。選擇合適的方法指導(dǎo)容量復(fù)蘇在重癥創(chuàng)傷患者的救治中具有重要意義[2-3]。傳統(tǒng)上,臨床評(píng)估容量反應(yīng)性的方法包括靜態(tài)測(cè)量中心靜脈壓、肺動(dòng)脈楔壓和動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)每搏量變異度及脈壓變異度。但由于存在獲取風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及這些測(cè)量結(jié)果解讀的限制,而阻礙了它們的臨床應(yīng)用[4-6]。床旁超聲為臨床醫(yī)師提供了用于評(píng)估血管內(nèi)容量狀態(tài)和液體反應(yīng)的無創(chuàng)監(jiān)測(cè)方法,并顯示出其獨(dú)特的臨床價(jià)值[7-8]。本研究擬探討超聲指導(dǎo)容量復(fù)蘇效果,為重癥創(chuàng)傷患者的救治提供理論支持。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選擇2023年3月—10月我院急診收治的60例重癥創(chuàng)傷手術(shù)患者為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):因重癥創(chuàng)傷(肝脾破裂、骨盆骨折)行手術(shù),預(yù)計(jì)手術(shù)時(shí)長(zhǎng)2~4 h;美國(guó)麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)(ASA)分級(jí)2~3級(jí),年齡18~65歲,BMI 18.5~30.0 kg/m2。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)前合并其他重要器官功能障礙者;嚴(yán)重肝腎功能異常者;腦器質(zhì)性疾病患者;嚴(yán)重高血壓、冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病、心功能不全(NYHA心功能分級(jí)≥Ⅲ級(jí))、肺動(dòng)脈高壓患者;血液系統(tǒng)疾病患者;凝血功能異常者;嚴(yán)重呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病及其他研究者認(rèn)為不適合入組的情況。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)表法,將60例患者按1∶1比例隨機(jī)分為超聲指導(dǎo)容量復(fù)蘇組(U組)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)治療對(duì)照組(C組),每組30例。研究方案經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(批件號(hào):YX-2023-022-02),入組患者或其授權(quán)家屬均已簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方 法
本研究采用單盲法分組,術(shù)后評(píng)估人員及數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的研究人員不清楚分組情況,麻醉醫(yī)師知道分組情況,及時(shí)處理患者。由專業(yè)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析人員完成最后的數(shù)據(jù)分析,執(zhí)行分組、干預(yù)、評(píng)估的研究人員不參與其中。所有患者術(shù)中予以必要的呼吸循環(huán)支持,手術(shù)前后積極按照相關(guān)治療原則進(jìn)行治療。
麻醉誘導(dǎo):使用咪達(dá)唑侖0.02 mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.3~0.5 μg/kg,苯磺酸順阿曲庫(kù)銨0.2 mg/kg,依托咪酯0.2~0.3 mg/kg,氣管插管后行機(jī)械通氣。麻醉維持:以恒速靜脈泵注瑞芬太尼0.1~0.3 μg/(kg·min),丙泊酚4~8 mg/(kg·h),并適當(dāng)追加舒芬太尼和苯磺酸順阿曲庫(kù)銨。盡可能維持術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,控制血壓在患者基礎(chǔ)值的20%以內(nèi),腦電雙頻指數(shù)(BIS)維持在40~60。出現(xiàn)低血壓時(shí)予去甲腎上腺素單次靜脈注射或持續(xù)泵注,必要時(shí)輔助其他血管活性藥。術(shù)后根據(jù)患者病情蘇醒情況送回病房或送ICU進(jìn)一步治療。術(shù)后治療以重癥創(chuàng)傷患者醫(yī)療常規(guī)進(jìn)行處理。
C組術(shù)中液體復(fù)蘇按經(jīng)驗(yàn)治療進(jìn)行,即根據(jù)心率、平均動(dòng)脈壓、中心靜脈壓、液體負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)、血?dú)夥治龅容斪⒕w、膠體和血制品。
U組分別在入室后即刻、麻醉誘導(dǎo)后、手術(shù)結(jié)束時(shí)及蘇醒后利用Versana Active Expert彩色多普勒超聲儀在劍突下測(cè)量下腔靜脈直徑(IVC),在心尖5腔心切面測(cè)量主動(dòng)脈根部峰流速變異度(ΔVpeak)、速度時(shí)間積分變異度(ΔVTI)。其中自主呼吸呼氣末IVC直徑<10 mm、機(jī)械通氣呼氣末IVC直徑<15 mm,提示低血容量;下腔靜脈充盈固定,IVC直徑>20 mm提示容量過負(fù)荷。ΔVpeak=[Vpeak(max)-Vpeak(min)] /Vpeak(mean),Vpeak(max)
為主動(dòng)脈根部測(cè)量主動(dòng)脈血流Vpeak最大值,Vpeak(min)為最小值,Vpeak(min)為平均值,ΔVpeak>12%提示存在容量反應(yīng)性。ΔVTI=(VTImax-VTImin)/VTImean,VTImax為主動(dòng)脈根部測(cè)量主動(dòng)脈血流頻譜VTI最大值,VTImin為最小值,VTImean為平均值,ΔVTI > 20%提示存在容量反應(yīng)性。當(dāng)術(shù)中循環(huán)波動(dòng)較大時(shí),隨時(shí)測(cè)量ΔVpeak、ΔVTI、IVC(骨盆手術(shù)),并根據(jù)以上超聲檢查結(jié)果輸注晶體液、膠體液和血制品。
其他治療措施均按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療程序進(jìn)行。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
分別于患者入手術(shù)室后即刻(T0)、入室后1 h(T1)、2 h (T2)、4 h (T3)、6 h (T4)、24 h (T5)采集橈動(dòng)脈血,檢測(cè)乳酸濃度,并進(jìn)行血?dú)夥治?,?jì)算氧合指數(shù)(PaO2/FiO2)。觀察患者入手術(shù)室后0~<1 h、1~<2 h、2~<4 h、4~6 h、0~6 h輸入晶體總量、膠體總量及輸入紅細(xì)胞、血漿、冷沉淀等血制品總量。記錄患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、麻醉時(shí)間、出血量、尿量、術(shù)后蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、低血壓持續(xù)時(shí)間(MAP<60 mmHg)、高乳酸濃度(乳酸濃度>1.6 mmol/L)持續(xù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、轉(zhuǎn)ICU率、圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥、28 d病死率及血管活性藥使用量。
1.4 樣本量估計(jì)
本研究以入室后2 h乳酸濃度作為主要結(jié)局變量,采用1∶1平行對(duì)照設(shè)計(jì),根據(jù)預(yù)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,超聲指導(dǎo)復(fù)蘇組2 h乳酸平均濃度μU=3.4 mmol/L,
C組乳酸平均濃度μC=4.5 mmol/L,s=1.0,假設(shè)本研究Ⅰ類錯(cuò)誤雙側(cè)概率α=0.05,檢驗(yàn)效能1-β=
0.90,采用PASS 15.0軟件計(jì)算出每組最小樣本量為26,考慮10%的脫落率,因此每組需要納入的樣本量為30例,2組共計(jì)60例。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 23.0處理數(shù)據(jù),符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)。計(jì)數(shù)資料以n(%)表示,組間比較采用χ 2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法。P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 2組重癥創(chuàng)傷手術(shù)患者的一般情況比較
2組患者均順利完成手術(shù),無1例剔除。2組患者的性別構(gòu)成、年齡、手術(shù)類型、手術(shù)時(shí)間、麻醉時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、轉(zhuǎn)ICU率和28 d病死率組間比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。在去甲腎上腺素輔助下,未使用其他血管活性藥物,2組患者術(shù)中生命體征基本平穩(wěn),術(shù)中出血量、尿量、低血壓持續(xù)時(shí)間組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);U組使用去甲腎上腺素總量較少、高乳酸濃度持續(xù)時(shí)間較短(P 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 2組重癥創(chuàng)傷手術(shù)患者在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的乳酸濃度和氧合指數(shù)比較
與T0比較,U組患者乳酸濃度在T1、T2時(shí)升高,T4時(shí)降至正常濃度;C組乳酸濃度在T1~T3時(shí)升高,T5時(shí)降至正常濃度。與C組比較,U組乳酸濃度在T2、T3時(shí)較低(P < 0.05)。2組患者氧合指數(shù)在各時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 2組重癥創(chuàng)傷手術(shù)患者在不同時(shí)間段的液體輸入量比較與C組比較,U組0~<1 h輸入晶體液量較多,2~<4 h、4~6 h及0~6 h輸入晶體液量較少,2~<4 h及0~6 h輸入膠體量較少(P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.4 2組重癥創(chuàng)傷手術(shù)患者在不同時(shí)間段的輸入血制品量比較2組患者在不同時(shí)間段輸入紅細(xì)胞、血漿及冷沉淀量比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表4。
3 討 論
容量復(fù)蘇的目的是改善組織灌注,復(fù)蘇效果與重癥創(chuàng)傷患者的預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[9]。血乳酸濃度雖然受組織灌注不足、肝功能障礙、血管活性藥物等影響,并且變化較慢,但目前仍被認(rèn)為是反映組織灌注和預(yù)后的良好指標(biāo),常用于評(píng)價(jià)復(fù)蘇效果。
對(duì)危重癥患者大血管進(jìn)行迅速、有效地評(píng)估,可提高重癥創(chuàng)傷患者的救治成功率,并避免容量過負(fù)荷等不良事件的發(fā)生。相較于傳統(tǒng)反映容量反應(yīng)性的指標(biāo),心率、血壓明顯具有滯后性,中心靜脈壓等具有創(chuàng)性,而且干擾因素較多,應(yīng)用價(jià)值受到很大限制[10]。超聲作為一種經(jīng)濟(jì)、無創(chuàng)、可實(shí)時(shí)重復(fù)獲得臨床數(shù)據(jù)的新興技術(shù),提供了一種預(yù)測(cè)容量反應(yīng)性的重要方法,在重癥創(chuàng)傷患者中具有廣泛的適用性。目前常用于評(píng)估容量反應(yīng)性的超聲指標(biāo)包括:①IVC,通過評(píng)估整個(gè)呼吸周期IVC的變化,確定容量反應(yīng)性,比靜態(tài)測(cè)量更能反映患者的容量狀態(tài)[11-13]。②主動(dòng)脈根部ΔVpeak,因主動(dòng)脈瓣環(huán)直徑相對(duì)固定,主動(dòng)脈血流量的變化可以代表每搏量的變化,在呼吸周期中主動(dòng)脈流速的變化可以預(yù)測(cè)容量反應(yīng)性。③主動(dòng)脈根部ΔVTI,為容量反應(yīng)性的敏感指標(biāo)[14]。因此,超聲可以幫助臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)重癥創(chuàng)傷手術(shù)患者做出快速的、恰當(dāng)?shù)闹卮笾委煕Q策。
本研究顯示,患者進(jìn)入手術(shù)室時(shí),乳酸濃度均存在不同程度升高,表明創(chuàng)傷后機(jī)體因失血性貧血、低血容量休克等,出現(xiàn)組織灌注不足、代謝障礙,乳酸生成增加。經(jīng)過容量復(fù)蘇后,2組患者乳酸濃度均下降,表明對(duì)于重癥創(chuàng)傷患者,積極容量復(fù)蘇可改善組織灌注;而U組乳酸更快下降至正常濃度,表明超聲指導(dǎo)下容量復(fù)蘇更及時(shí)、更充分。
U組早期液體輸入量較多,而2組患者在出血量、輸入血制品量、氧合指數(shù)及并發(fā)癥方面比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,表明超聲指導(dǎo)下早期容量復(fù)蘇并未增加并發(fā)癥,根據(jù)超聲實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果,可實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)體化液體復(fù)蘇管理,增加在重癥創(chuàng)傷患者應(yīng)用中的安全性。U組晶體液和膠體液輸入總量較少,表明既往經(jīng)驗(yàn)治療組可能存在早期容量復(fù)蘇不夠,而后期容量過負(fù)荷風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這對(duì)術(shù)后缺乏嚴(yán)密監(jiān)測(cè)患者風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大。雖然2組患者在住院時(shí)間和28 d病死率方面比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但U組使用去甲腎上腺素總量較小,高乳酸濃度持續(xù)時(shí)間較短,表明超聲指導(dǎo)下容量可更快達(dá)到復(fù)蘇效果,降低并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。
本研究結(jié)果表明,對(duì)重癥創(chuàng)傷患者,超聲指導(dǎo)下早期大容量快速輸注晶體液,可以安全、迅速達(dá)到組織灌注要求,獲得良好復(fù)蘇效果,不會(huì)增加心力衰竭、肺水腫等并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。晶體液可以在手術(shù)階段獲得與膠體液同樣的復(fù)蘇效果,可避免大量輸注膠體液的不良反應(yīng),具有一定的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。但對(duì)于缺乏血源的院前急救階段是否具有相同效果還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,超聲指導(dǎo)下容量復(fù)蘇可安全用于重癥創(chuàng)傷患者,能減少輸液總量、減少血管活性藥物總量和高乳酸濃度持續(xù)時(shí)間,值得在重癥創(chuàng)傷患者中推廣應(yīng)用。但本研究樣本量較少,隨訪時(shí)間較短,僅研究了手術(shù)室這一段時(shí)間的容量復(fù)蘇情況,后期研究將擴(kuò)展到院前急救、術(shù)后復(fù)蘇階段,并增加長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后的觀察,以期更好地指導(dǎo)臨床應(yīng)用。
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(責(zé)任編輯:林燕薇)