楊延夢(mèng) 張烽 唐艷隆 畢孝楊
【摘要】目的 探討Zinner綜合征的診治要點(diǎn),降低誤診率。方法 回顧性分析1例Zinner綜合征患者的臨床資料。以Zinner綜合征、腎缺如以及精囊囊腫作為檢索詞,對(duì)以下數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)截至2022年11月收錄的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行檢索:PubMed、CNKI、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)服務(wù)平臺(tái)、維普中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),收集并分析檢索到的以血尿、尿頻、尿痛等泌尿系統(tǒng)癥狀為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的Zinner綜合征病例,總結(jié)其臨床特征、發(fā)育特點(diǎn)、治療方法等。結(jié)果 該例患者為46歲男性,因發(fā)現(xiàn)膀胱占位性病變8年、出現(xiàn)血尿伴尿痛1周入院,經(jīng)影像學(xué)檢查確診為Zinner綜合征。接受經(jīng)尿道膀胱鏡檢術(shù)+經(jīng)直腸精囊囊腫抽吸術(shù)治療,術(shù)程順利,于術(shù)后第2日出院,遵醫(yī)囑于院外繼續(xù)接受抗感染治療。檢索文獻(xiàn),共收集到16例以血尿、尿痛等泌尿系統(tǒng)癥狀為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的Zinner綜合征病例,均通過(guò)影像學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)泌尿系統(tǒng)異常,主要治療方法是手術(shù)切除囊腫、囊腫穿刺抽吸等。接受了隨訪的8例患者中7例未見(jiàn)復(fù)發(fā)、1例接受精囊囊腫穿刺抽吸治療的患者疑似復(fù)發(fā)。結(jié)論 Zinner綜合征主要影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)為單側(cè)精囊囊腫、同側(cè)腎缺如和同側(cè)射精管阻塞,超聲檢查、CT、MRI均是診斷Zinner綜合征的重要手段,實(shí)施手術(shù)切除不易復(fù)發(fā)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】Zinner綜合征;精囊囊腫;腎缺如;殘余輸尿管;泌尿系統(tǒng)
Zinner syndrome: a case report and literature review
YANG Yanmeng, ZHANG Feng, TANG Yanlong , BI Xiaoyang
( Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hosptial of Dali University, Dali 671000, China)
Corresponding author: TANG Yanlong, E-mail: 754763105@qq.com
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the key issues of clinical diagnosis and treatment of Zinner syndrome and reduce the misdiagnosis rate. Methods Clinical data of 1 case of Zinner syndrome were retrospectively analyzed. Zinner syndrome cases presenting hematuria, frequent urination and dysuria as initial manifestations were retrieved from PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data and Chongqing VIP until November 2022 by using the searching words of Zinner syndrome, renal agenesis and seminal vesicle cyst. Clinical characteristics, developmental characteristics and treatment methods were summarized. Results The 46-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital because of “bladder space-occupying lesion for more than 8 years, hematuria with dysuria for 1 week”, and was diagnosed with Zinner syndrome by imaging examination. He successfully underwent “transurethral cystoscopy + transrectal pelvic mass puncture biopsy”, and was discharged from the hospital at postoperative 2 d. The patient was advised to continually receive anti-infection treatment after discharge. According to literature review, 16 cases of Zinner syndrome presenting with hematuria, dysuria and other urinary symptoms as the first manifestations were collected. All patients developed abnormalities in the urinary system by imaging examination. Surgical resection and puncture biopsy were the main treatment methods. Among 8 patients receiving follow-up, 7 cases did not recur, and 1 suspected recurrent case underwent puncture biopsy. Conclusions Zinner syndrome is mainly manifested with imaging characteristics of unilateral seminal vesicle cyst, ipsilateral renal agenesis and ipsilateral ejaculatory duct obstruction triad. Ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI are important diagnostic tools for Zinner syndrome. Laparoscopic seminal vesicle cystectomy can reduce the risk of recurrence.
【Key words】Zinner syndrome; Seminal vesicle cyst; Renal agenesis; Residual ureter;Urinary system
Zinner綜合征是一種罕見(jiàn)的先天性泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)發(fā)育異常性疾病,主要表現(xiàn)為單側(cè)精囊囊腫、同側(cè)腎缺如和同側(cè)射精管阻塞三聯(lián)征。多數(shù)Zinner綜合征患者無(wú)明顯癥狀,常在體檢時(shí)才發(fā)現(xiàn)患有本病,當(dāng)精囊囊腫直徑超過(guò)5 cm時(shí)[1-2],患者多伴有尿頻、尿痛、會(huì)陰部不適和射精后疼痛等非特異性癥狀[3]?,F(xiàn)報(bào)告我院收治的1例Zinner綜合征患者,并結(jié)合文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)以提高臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)該病的診治水平。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 1例Zinner綜合征患者臨床資料的收集
回顧性分析我院2022年收治的1例Zinner綜合征患者的臨床資料。本研究獲我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)(批件號(hào):DFY20221010001),患者對(duì)研究知情同意。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索
以Zinner綜合征(Zinner syndrome)、腎缺如(absence of kidney)以及精囊囊腫(seminal vesicle)為檢索詞,對(duì)以下數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)截至2022年11月收錄的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行檢索:PubMed、CNKI、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)知識(shí)服務(wù)平臺(tái)、維普中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),收集并分析檢索到的以血尿、尿頻、尿痛等泌尿系統(tǒng)癥狀為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的Zinner綜合征病例,總結(jié)其臨床特征、發(fā)病特點(diǎn)、治療方法等。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 1例Zinner綜合征患者的臨床資料
2.1.1 主訴及相關(guān)檢查
患者男,46歲,已婚已育。因發(fā)現(xiàn)膀胱占位性病變8年、出現(xiàn)血尿伴尿痛1周于2022年10月26日來(lái)我院就診。患者于2014年10月12日進(jìn)行體檢,通過(guò)中下腹部CT平掃+增強(qiáng)掃描發(fā)現(xiàn)右腎缺如、左腎體積增大,且膀胱后壁有一大小約5.0 cm×3.0 cm的軟組織密度影(圖1A)。2015年4月1日再次復(fù)查中下腹部CT平掃,膀胱占位性病變無(wú)明顯變化。本次入院1周前患者出現(xiàn)全程肉眼血尿伴尿痛,無(wú)明顯誘因。2 d前患者再次出現(xiàn)上述癥狀,在當(dāng)?shù)乜h人民醫(yī)院就診,泌尿系統(tǒng)彩色多普勒超聲檢查(彩超)顯示右腎缺如聲像,膀胱無(wú)回聲區(qū)聲像;腹部CT平掃顯示右腎缺如、膀胱占位性病變。
體格檢查無(wú)明顯異常。血尿糞常規(guī)、凝血功能、腫瘤全套檢查(甲胎蛋白、癌胚抗原、血清鐵蛋白、糖類(lèi)抗原125、糖類(lèi)抗原19-9、糖類(lèi)抗原153、糖類(lèi)抗原242、鱗狀上皮細(xì)胞癌抗原、神經(jīng)元特異性烯醇化酶、前列腺特異性抗原等)、肝功能檢查、腎功能檢查、凝血功能檢查、傳染性疾病檢查、心電圖、中段尿細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)等均未見(jiàn)異常。泌尿系統(tǒng)CT成像(CTU)顯示右腎缺如,右側(cè)殘余輸尿管近端向上延伸為閉鎖的盲端,遠(yuǎn)端開(kāi)口于精囊囊腫;左側(cè)腎盂、腎盞、輸尿管及膀胱內(nèi)可見(jiàn)造影劑充盈;膀胱后方可見(jiàn)不規(guī)則團(tuán)塊影,性質(zhì)待查(圖1B~D)。彩超顯示尿潴留聲像。MRI平掃+增強(qiáng)掃描顯示膀胱后方偏右側(cè)存在不規(guī)則囊袋狀改變(圖1E~G)?;颊咦罱K被確診患Zinner綜合征。
2.1.2 治療方法
患者經(jīng)保守治療無(wú)效,遂接受經(jīng)尿道膀胱鏡檢術(shù)+經(jīng)直腸盆腔腫塊抽吸術(shù)治療。在B超引導(dǎo)下,采用經(jīng)皮腎穿刺針經(jīng)直腸對(duì)患者盆腔內(nèi)精囊囊腫進(jìn)行穿刺,引出40 mL暗紅色液體。觀察穿刺部位無(wú)活動(dòng)性出血,其后留置22F三腔尿管并結(jié)束手術(shù)?;颊咝g(shù)后生命體征平穩(wěn),繼續(xù)予其抗感染、營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)液等對(duì)癥支持治療。
2.1.3 轉(zhuǎn) 歸
術(shù)后第1日,復(fù)查中下腹部CT平掃,顯示患者的膀胱占位性病變體積較術(shù)前明顯縮小(圖1H)。術(shù)后回報(bào)病理學(xué)檢查結(jié)果為盆腔腫物內(nèi)穿刺液血性背景,有效細(xì)胞較少,未檢出腫瘤細(xì)胞(圖1I)。術(shù)后第2日,患者生命體征平穩(wěn),未見(jiàn)明顯異常表現(xiàn),于當(dāng)日出院,遵醫(yī)囑于院外繼續(xù)接受抗感染治療。隨訪至2024年1月,患者情況良好,未見(jiàn)復(fù)發(fā)。
2.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果
檢索文獻(xiàn),共收集到16例以血尿、尿頻、尿痛等泌尿系統(tǒng)癥狀為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的Zinner綜合征病例,均通過(guò)影像學(xué)檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)泌尿系統(tǒng)異常,主要治療方法是手術(shù)治療、囊腫穿刺抽吸等。接受了隨訪的8例患者中7例未見(jiàn)復(fù)發(fā)、1例疑似復(fù)發(fā)。見(jiàn)表1。
3 討 論
Zinner綜合征多見(jiàn)于20~40歲處于性生活高峰年齡段的男性,主要表現(xiàn)為單側(cè)精囊囊腫、同側(cè)腎缺如和同側(cè)射精管阻塞三聯(lián)征,最先由Zinner于1914年報(bào)道[20],發(fā)病率約為2.14/100 000[1]。該病起源于腎導(dǎo)管,是泌尿生殖道胚胎發(fā)育不良所致。中腎管或Wolffian管是形成男性生殖系統(tǒng)以及輸尿管芽的成對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)。在胚胎發(fā)育期間,輸尿管芽分泌生長(zhǎng)因子并增殖,與后腎母細(xì)胞融合,腎母細(xì)胞經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)后由間充質(zhì)向上皮轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)而形成原始腎臟,在誘導(dǎo)過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)任何一種干擾都會(huì)導(dǎo)致腎發(fā)育不全。同時(shí),輸尿管芽與中腎管下部分離失敗,會(huì)導(dǎo)致射精管閉鎖和精囊阻塞,使分泌物積聚,出現(xiàn)囊性擴(kuò)張[21]。因此,Zinner綜合征的主要表現(xiàn)是單側(cè)射精管阻塞、同側(cè)精囊囊腫和同側(cè)腎發(fā)育不全。輸尿管芽發(fā)育異常還可出現(xiàn)發(fā)育性錐體異常及形成重復(fù)的輸尿管,例如四叉輸尿管[12]。
超聲檢查通常是診斷Zinner綜合征的首選方法,有較高的準(zhǔn)確性和特異性。CT和MRI均可以準(zhǔn)確定位精囊囊腫,而且兩者的掃描范圍大、視野廣,常可同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)其他器官的異常。MRI能準(zhǔn)確顯示男性生殖系統(tǒng)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)[22],是最常用于診斷精囊囊腫的方法[23-24]。MRI能顯示囊性病變與精囊之間的關(guān)系,可確定囊腫的起源,有助于鑒別精囊囊腫、輸尿管囊腫和射精管囊腫。輸尿管囊腫的CT和MRI常表現(xiàn)為類(lèi)圓形囊樣灶,邊界清晰,密度均勻,可并發(fā)結(jié)石,也可并發(fā)同側(cè)腎及輸尿管積水,而無(wú)同側(cè)腎缺如。射精管囊腫的MRI表現(xiàn)為T(mén)1加權(quán)像等信號(hào)或低信號(hào),T2加權(quán)像高信號(hào),對(duì)周?chē)徑鞴贌o(wú)擠壓,一般不伴有腎及輸尿管的發(fā)育異常[25]。
關(guān)于Zinner綜合征的治療,若患者無(wú)癥狀或癥狀輕微,可行保守治療,定期觀察;當(dāng)患者精囊囊腫較大且出現(xiàn)明顯臨床癥狀時(shí),可經(jīng)尿道、直腸對(duì)囊腫進(jìn)行穿刺引流,也可進(jìn)行開(kāi)放手術(shù)或微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療[22]。其中腹腔鏡手術(shù)已成為治療Zinner綜合征精囊囊腫的主要手段之一[26],特別是近年出現(xiàn)的機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡手術(shù)[27]。Zinner綜合征是罕見(jiàn)病,缺乏大樣本多中心的研究,因此目前對(duì)于Zinner綜合征精囊囊腫的最佳治療方法尚未達(dá)成共識(shí),仍有待收集更多的病例并對(duì)其治療方法進(jìn)行更深入的研究,才能提供更為詳盡的可參考數(shù)據(jù)[22]。在本研究中,我院收治的Zinner綜合征患者因擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥而拒絕接受手術(shù)切除治療,在經(jīng)直腸精囊囊腫抽吸術(shù)治療后,患者恢復(fù)良好,但該治療方法有復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),需囑患者定期隨訪。
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(責(zé)任編輯:洪悅民)