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急性缺血性腦卒中出血轉(zhuǎn)化血生化及影像學(xué)預(yù)測因素的研究進(jìn)展

2024-07-06 22:29:29楊軍周敬華
醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2024年12期
關(guān)鍵詞:急性缺血性腦卒中影像學(xué)

楊軍 周敬華

摘要:急性缺血性腦卒中(AIS)是最常見的腦卒中類型,我國的發(fā)病率位居世界第一。出血轉(zhuǎn)化是其致命的并發(fā)癥之一,可導(dǎo)致預(yù)后不良甚至死亡。盡早識(shí)別出血轉(zhuǎn)化的危險(xiǎn)因素可在一定程度上降低其發(fā)生率和嚴(yán)重程度。本文就預(yù)測腦卒中后出血轉(zhuǎn)化出現(xiàn)的血生化標(biāo)志物以及神經(jīng)影像學(xué)指征進(jìn)行綜述,以期為臨床早期判斷和預(yù)防提供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞:急性缺血性腦卒中;出血轉(zhuǎn)化;血生化;影像學(xué);預(yù)測因素

中圖分類號(hào):R743.3? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2024.12.042

文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2024)12-0183-06

Research Progress on Blood Biochemistry and Imaging Predictors of Hemorrhage Transformation

in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Abstract:Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the most common type of stroke, and the incidence in China ranks first in the world. Hemorrhagic transformation is one of its fatal complications, which can lead to poor prognosis and even death. Early identification of risk factors for hemorrhagic transformation can reduce its incidence and severity to a certain extent. This article reviews the blood biochemical markers and neuroimaging indications for predicting hemorrhagic transformation after stroke, in order to provide reference for early clinical judgment and prevention.

Key words:Acute ischemic stroke;Hemorrhagic transformation;Blood biochemistry;Imaging;Predictor

急性缺血性腦卒中(acute ischemic stroke, AIS)是最常見的腦卒中類型,我國AIS發(fā)病率位居世界第一[1]。出血轉(zhuǎn)化(hemorrhagic transformation, HT)是AIS致命的并發(fā)癥之一,可導(dǎo)致AIS患者預(yù)后不良甚至死亡[2]。HT的具體機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,目前認(rèn)為HT主要與梗死后炎癥反應(yīng)、血腦屏障毀壞、缺血再灌注傷害、氧化應(yīng)激及氮化應(yīng)激等相關(guān)。隨著對(duì)HT發(fā)生機(jī)制的深入研究,越來越多學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)其中所涉及的血生化標(biāo)志或其他指標(biāo)有望成為HT的預(yù)測因素。神經(jīng)影像學(xué)是診斷HT的直接證據(jù),可以明確病灶性質(zhì)(缺血或出血)、確認(rèn)血管閉塞或狹窄、評(píng)估缺血半暗帶區(qū)灌注情況,為預(yù)測和診斷HT提供可視化依據(jù)。本文就預(yù)測腦卒中后HT出現(xiàn)的血生化標(biāo)志物以及神經(jīng)影像學(xué)指征予以綜述,以期為臨床早期判斷和預(yù)防提供參考。

1 HT的概念

HT是指急性腦梗死后缺血區(qū)血管重新恢復(fù)血流灌注導(dǎo)致的出血。其診斷主要依靠影像學(xué)證據(jù),因此腦梗死出血轉(zhuǎn)化多被認(rèn)定為初次頭顱CT/MRI未發(fā)現(xiàn)出血,而再次頭顱CT/MRI檢查時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)有顱內(nèi)出血[3],或按照初次頭顱CT/MRI可以確定的出血性梗死[4]。根據(jù)出血前是否使用增加出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的治療方法分為自發(fā)性HT和繼發(fā)性(治療性)HT[3],繼發(fā)性HT的發(fā)生率及嚴(yán)重程度往往高于自發(fā)性HT。根據(jù)臨床表現(xiàn)分為無癥狀HT和有癥狀HT。根據(jù)影像學(xué)診斷依據(jù)有最常用的歐洲急性卒中協(xié)作中心分型[5],以及在其基礎(chǔ)上加入之前未分類腦出血(如腦室內(nèi)出血等)的Heidelberg分型[6]。

2 HT預(yù)測的血生化標(biāo)志物

2.1基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9? 基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)是基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMPs)中的一種,它可以降解血管周圍基底膜的主要成分。MMP-9濃度的升高可加重腦血管屏障的損傷,并增加其通透性,在腦HT中起著重要作用[7]。在過去的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)[8],AIS患者在阿替普酶靜脈溶栓后,發(fā)生HT的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,這與阿替普酶通過上調(diào)MMP-9的表達(dá)、促進(jìn)MMP-9釋放等相關(guān)。而在針對(duì)未經(jīng)治療的AIS患者研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)[9],中風(fēng)后24 h內(nèi)血漿MMP-9濃度>181.7 ng/ml是AIS患者自發(fā)性HT的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子。而在一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究中顯示[10],MMP-9在AIS患者機(jī)械取栓術(shù)后HT的發(fā)生中沒有預(yù)測價(jià)值,這可能與血管內(nèi)手術(shù)直接損傷血管壁的程度比缺血導(dǎo)致的血腦屏障破壞更加嚴(yán)重相關(guān)。

2.2卵泡抑素樣蛋白-1? 卵泡抑素樣蛋白-1(FSTL1)是在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種外泌性糖蛋白[11],受缺血應(yīng)激和促炎介質(zhì)誘導(dǎo)后在人體組織中表達(dá)。FSTL1具有多種重要的生物學(xué)功能,包括調(diào)控代謝和凋亡、炎癥反應(yīng)等[12]。關(guān)于FSTL1在心血管疾病方面的調(diào)控已有較多研究。近年來,F(xiàn)STL1在AIS及HT中的作用成為熱門研究對(duì)象,在多項(xiàng)研究中提到FSTL1可以調(diào)節(jié)MMP-9的表達(dá)[13,14]??梢姡現(xiàn)STL1參與AIS的發(fā)生發(fā)展,并與AIS患者HT的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。研究表明[15],F(xiàn)STL1促進(jìn)AIS發(fā)生的機(jī)制可能與促進(jìn)患者腦組織炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生或加速神經(jīng)元凋亡有關(guān)。Ling C等[16]的研究表明,高水平的FSTL1和MMP-9與AIS患者的HT有很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性,且二者聯(lián)合診斷價(jià)值高于單獨(dú)檢測。牛壯[17]在其研究中表明,血清FSTL1水平對(duì)預(yù)測HT的發(fā)生具有一定價(jià)值。FSTL1作為一種新的預(yù)測HT發(fā)生的指標(biāo),在HT發(fā)生中的具體機(jī)制及能否成為獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子還需要進(jìn)一步研究。

2.3中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值? 炎癥反應(yīng)是促成HT發(fā)生的重要機(jī)制之一,炎性細(xì)胞水平在預(yù)測HT中的作用不可忽視。然而單一細(xì)胞數(shù)的預(yù)測能力有限,因此需要找尋合適的炎癥指標(biāo)。中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, NLR)很好地解決了這個(gè)問題,它代表兩種炎癥細(xì)胞間的平衡,在AIS事件發(fā)生時(shí),組織缺氧會(huì)促進(jìn)腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)的炎癥反應(yīng)。在AIS發(fā)生后的3 h內(nèi),中性粒細(xì)胞作為第一批穿透缺氧組織的細(xì)胞之一被招募到腦組織損傷部位[18],并對(duì)血腦屏障造成損害,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致周圍組織的受損[19]。既往研究表明[20],NLR≥10.59是癥狀性HT的高危因素。在治療性HT方面,多項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果顯示[21-23],NLR是AIS患者靜脈溶栓后HT的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素。Li SJ等[24]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血栓切除術(shù)后NLR水平是前循環(huán)AIS患者HT的重要預(yù)測因素,其最佳臨界值為8.4。

2.4中性粒細(xì)胞與高密度脂蛋白比值、單核細(xì)胞與高密度脂蛋白比值? 血脂水平與HT之間存在較強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性[25]。在過去的一項(xiàng)研究中顯示[26],高密度脂蛋白水平是HT風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加的獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。高密度脂蛋白可通過調(diào)節(jié)炎癥過程中活化的中性粒細(xì)胞的功能,從而影響自身的組成和活性[27]。中性粒細(xì)胞與高密度脂蛋白比值(neutrophil to high-density lipoprotein ratio, NHR)作為一種新的血清標(biāo)志物,可同時(shí)反映炎癥和脂質(zhì)水平,在近年的研究中被用來觀察與腦HT發(fā)生的相關(guān)性。現(xiàn)有研究結(jié)果表明[28],NHR是急性卒中患者HT的可靠且簡單的獨(dú)立預(yù)測指標(biāo)。單核細(xì)胞與高密度脂蛋白比值(monocyte to high-density lipoprotein ratio, MHR)也被認(rèn)為與HT的發(fā)生有關(guān),在Wang Y等[29]的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),MHR是HT發(fā)生的一種保護(hù)性指標(biāo),即低MHR與缺血性中風(fēng)后HT和癥狀性HT的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加均有關(guān)。然而這與另一項(xiàng)研究所展示的結(jié)論相反,Xia L等[30]在其針對(duì)AIS患者靜脈溶栓治療的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),高M(jìn)HR可能獨(dú)立地與較高的HT風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)。在最新的研究中顯示[31],在采用靜脈溶栓的AIS患者中,低MHR水平與HT風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加獨(dú)立相關(guān),且這一結(jié)論只存在于大動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化類型中。導(dǎo)致這些不同研究結(jié)果的原因可能與不同單核細(xì)胞亞型在AIS患者HT發(fā)生的機(jī)制中發(fā)揮不同的功能有關(guān)。目前關(guān)于單核細(xì)胞和高密度脂蛋白參與HT的研究較少,潛在機(jī)制尚不清楚,還需要更多研究來探討不同單核細(xì)胞亞型和高密度脂蛋白在HT中的具體作用。

2.5血栓彈力圖? 血栓彈力圖(thrombelastograph, TEG)可用于實(shí)時(shí)測量凝血過程的不同方面,包括血凝塊形成的速率、強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性,可以在患者床邊快速完成。TEG可全面動(dòng)態(tài)反應(yīng)凝血開始-血凝塊溶解過程,評(píng)估凝血功能,目前多用于指導(dǎo)創(chuàng)傷止血及手術(shù)治療。既往有研究表明[32],TEG可能預(yù)測HT的發(fā)生。在最新一項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果顯示[33],血清TEG檢測各參數(shù)(凝血反應(yīng)時(shí)間、凝血形成時(shí)間、凝血形成速率和凝血最終強(qiáng)度)均與腦卒中機(jī)械取栓術(shù)后發(fā)生HT存在密切關(guān)系,是其獨(dú)立影響因素,且在早期評(píng)估方面具有較高價(jià)值。在入院時(shí)使用TEG譜可以預(yù)測缺血性卒中急性期HT的發(fā)生。Yu G等[34]研究結(jié)果表明,TEG R值<5 min可識(shí)別院內(nèi)HT風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加的患者,其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加了3.2倍。近年來,TEG逐漸被用來檢測異常出血和血管阻塞,但有關(guān)預(yù)測HT的研究甚少。預(yù)測HT的TEG各檢測參數(shù)具體臨界值還需要大量深入研究來給出答案。

3 HT預(yù)測的神經(jīng)影像學(xué)標(biāo)志物

3.1 CT平掃? CT平掃(non-contrast CT, NCCT)具有操作簡便、安全、快速等特點(diǎn),是評(píng)估AIS患者最常見的成像方式。阿爾伯塔卒中早期CT評(píng)分(Alberta Stroke Program early CT Score, ASPECTS)是一種半定量評(píng)分系統(tǒng),可對(duì)大腦中動(dòng)脈供血區(qū)早期缺血性改變做出精確評(píng)估,已被普遍用于評(píng)估AIS治療手段及預(yù)測患者預(yù)后。已有多項(xiàng)研究表明[35,36],ASPECTS與治療后HT發(fā)生呈負(fù)相關(guān)。有研究結(jié)果顯示[37],后循環(huán)ASPECT評(píng)分對(duì)HT的發(fā)生具有高特異性和高敏感性預(yù)測價(jià)值,且最佳預(yù)測值為7。Gács G等[38]提出大腦中動(dòng)脈高密度征是最常見的腦動(dòng)脈高密度征,且相關(guān)研究證實(shí)了其在AIS患者中的存在和預(yù)測作用[39]。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究表明[40],大腦中動(dòng)脈高密度征可以預(yù)測未接受溶栓治療AIS患者的HT和不良結(jié)果,并且HT的發(fā)生與大腦中動(dòng)脈高密度征的長度獨(dú)立相關(guān)。Kang Z等[41]在其研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),NCCT上的近端HMCAS與無癥狀HT獨(dú)立相關(guān)。大腦中動(dòng)脈高密度征可用于預(yù)測HT發(fā)生,可能與它在一定程度上反映血栓性質(zhì)及中風(fēng)病因有關(guān)。

3.2 CT灌注成像? CT灌注成像(CT perfusion,CTP)已廣泛用于AIS患者診斷、預(yù)后及并發(fā)癥的研究中,可以直觀地評(píng)估缺血核心和缺血半暗帶[42,43]。既往研究表明CTP常用參數(shù)均可預(yù)測HT的發(fā)生,包括腦血容量[44,45]、腦血流量[42,46]、平均通過時(shí)間[47]、達(dá)峰時(shí)間[48]、殘余功能的達(dá)峰時(shí)間[49]和相對(duì)表面滲透性[50,51]。其中相對(duì)腦血容量=1.09[52]、相對(duì)腦血流量<0.48[47]、相對(duì)平均通過時(shí)間=1.3[47]、達(dá)峰時(shí)間=0.27 s[48]、功能殘余的達(dá)峰時(shí)間>14 s[49]均可作為HT的獨(dú)立預(yù)測因子。盡管CTP常用參數(shù)在HT的預(yù)測中均有意義,然而在目前的諸多研究顯示,相對(duì)腦血流量是應(yīng)用最多的指標(biāo)。Langel C等[46]的研究表明,相對(duì)腦血流量對(duì)HT的預(yù)測價(jià)值最高,這可能與其能更好地區(qū)分缺血核心和缺血半暗帶有關(guān)。相對(duì)于單一參數(shù),多個(gè)參數(shù)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用可能更具準(zhǔn)確性,然而目前有關(guān)CTP多個(gè)參數(shù)聯(lián)合預(yù)測HT的研究較少,且缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,還需進(jìn)一步深入研究。

3.3磁共振成像? 在運(yùn)用磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)預(yù)測AIS患者HT的諸多研究中,液體衰減反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)序列(fluid attenuated inversion recovery, FLAIR)、彌散加權(quán)成像(diffusion-weighted imaging, DWI)以及灌注加權(quán)成像顯示出較好的結(jié)果[53]。Jha R等[54]在研究中提到,F(xiàn)LAIR比率與MMP-9和出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),中風(fēng)急性期的FLAIR變化可能會(huì)預(yù)測出HT。在近年的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)[55],當(dāng)DWI異常體積臨界為4 cm3時(shí),其預(yù)測AIS靜脈溶栓后癥狀性HT的敏感度為78%、特異度為58%。也有研究探索FLAIR-DWI不匹配與HT之間的關(guān)系[56],雖然結(jié)果與預(yù)期有差距,但這也為HT的預(yù)測提供了方向。相較與CT,MRI相關(guān)序列及影像指標(biāo)預(yù)測HT更加缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,這可能與研究人群、成像設(shè)備、對(duì)比劑以及閱片師水平的差異有關(guān)。與CTP相比,MRI可能會(huì)對(duì)血腦屏障的破壞提供更精確的評(píng)估[57]和更高的診斷價(jià)值[58]。

4總結(jié)

除了上述血生化標(biāo)志物外,鐵蛋白、細(xì)胞纖維連接蛋白、鈣結(jié)合蛋白也與HT的發(fā)生有關(guān),這在多項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中已得到證實(shí)。目前研究報(bào)道中,纖維蛋白原與白蛋白比值、血清低鎂、高尿酸、預(yù)后營養(yǎng)指數(shù)在預(yù)測HT發(fā)生方面也有一定潛力,但仍需要更加深入的研究。在神經(jīng)影像學(xué)方面,隨著人工智能的發(fā)展,機(jī)器閱片也來越來精準(zhǔn),促進(jìn)了影像組學(xué)的飛躍發(fā)展,這在一定程度上減少了閱片原因所產(chǎn)生的誤差。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)基于MRI的影像組學(xué)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)分析是預(yù)測急性腦卒中HT的重要工具,對(duì)早期準(zhǔn)確識(shí)別HT高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者具有較高的效能。而根據(jù)NCCT圖像建立臨床放射學(xué)模型,亦可以幫助一線醫(yī)生識(shí)別出具有明顯較高HT風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者??傊琀T作為AIS嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥之一,應(yīng)盡早預(yù)測,以最大程度減少其發(fā)生,將危險(xiǎn)扼殺在搖籃之中。

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