[摘要]目的探討腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術中行區(qū)域腦氧飽和度(rSO2)監(jiān)測對合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者術后早期認知功能、炎癥因子和氧化應激的影響。方法選取2022年7月—2023年6月新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院收治的80例擇期全麻下行腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術的合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者作為研究對象,采用隨機數(shù)字表法分為對照組和研究組,各40例。對照組未使用rSO2監(jiān)測,研究組接受rSO2監(jiān)測。記錄手術前后簡易智力狀態(tài)檢查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利爾認知評估量表(MoCA)評分,評估術后認知功能障礙(POCD)發(fā)生率。檢測手術前后血清中樞神經特異蛋白(S100β)、神經元特異性烯醇化酶(NSE)、白細胞介素-6(IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、C-反應蛋白(CRP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)水平。記錄術中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼的用量及血管活性藥物使用情況。采用數(shù)字模擬評分法(NRS)對術后2 h、4 h、8 h、12 h的疼痛程度進行評估。結果術后1天,研究組MMSE與MoCA評分低于術前,且低于同期的對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。研究組術后1天POCD發(fā)生率低于對照組(P<0.05)。術后1天,兩組血清S100β、NSE、IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、MDA水平均高于術前(P<0.05),且研究組各指標均低于對照組(P<0.05)。術后1天,兩組SOD水平均低于術前(P<0.05),且研究組SOD水平高于對照組(P<0.05)。研究組術中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量少于對照組(P<0.05);兩組舒芬太尼用量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);研究組血管活性藥物使用率低于對照組(P<0.05)。兩組術后各時間點的NRS評分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。結論腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術監(jiān)測rSO2變化,實施目標導向管理,對高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者術后早期認知功能具有保護作用,可有效減少炎癥因子分泌,降低氧化應激反應,降低POCD發(fā)生風險。
[關鍵詞]區(qū)域腦氧飽和度監(jiān)測;衰弱;高血壓;胃腸道;腫瘤;認知
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2024.03.015
The Impact of Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation Monitoring on Elderly Patientswith Hypertension and Debilitation Undergoing LaparoscopicRadical Resection of Gastrointestinal Tumors
Wang Yang,Xu Guiping**,Qu Li,Chen Zhe
Department of anesthesiology,People′s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for AnesthesiaManagement,Urumqi830000
**Corresponding author:Xu Guiping,email:xgpsyl@126.com
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of regional cerebral oxygen saturation(rSO2) monitoring and target-oriented management on early cognitive function,inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in elderly patients with hypertension and asthenia after laparoscopic radical resection of gastrointestinal tumors.MethodsA total of 80 elderly patients with hypertension and asthenia who planned to undergo laparoscopic radical resection of gastrointestinal tumors under elective general anesthesia and were treated in the People′s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from July 2022 to June 2023 were selected as the study objects,they were divided into 2 groups by random number table method,each group had 40 cases.The control group did not use rSO2 monitoring,while the study group received rSO2 monitoring.Before and after surgery,the scores of the mini-mental state examination(MMSE) and the montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA) were recorded to evaluate the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD).Serum levels of S100β,neuron specific enolase(NSE),interleukin-6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),C-reactive protein(CRP),superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA) were measured before and after surgery.The dosage of propofol,remifentanil,sufentanil and vasoactive drugs were recorded during the operation.Numerical rating scale(NRS) was used to evaluate the pain degree of the patients at 2 h,4 h,8 h and 12 h after surgery.ResultsAfter one day of surgery,the study group exhibited significantly lower MMSE and MoCA scores compared to their preoperative scores,as well as lower scores than the control group during the same period(Plt;0.05).Additionally,the incidence of POCD in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group after one day of surgery(Plt;0.05).Furthermore,postoperative serum levels of S100β,NSE,IL-6,TNF-α,CRP and MDA were higher in both groups compared to preoperative levels(Plt;0.05),but these levels were significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group(Plt;0.05).The SOD levels decreased after one day of surgery in both groups(Plt;0.05),but remained higher in the study group compared to the control group(Plt;0.05).Moreover,intraoperatively,propofol and remifentanil consumption was significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group(Plt;0.05),while there was no significant difference in sufentanil dosage between both groups(Pgt;0.05).The utilization rate of vasoactive drugs was also significantly lower in the study group compared to controls(Plt;0.05).However,there were no significant differences observed between both groups regarding NRS score at each time point after surgery(Pgt;0.05).ConclusionMonitoring changes in rSO2 and implementing goal-directed management during laparoscopic radical resection of gastrointestinal tumors has a protective effect on early postoperative cognitive function in elderly patients with hypertension and frailty,effectively reducing the secretion of inflammatory factors,oxidative stress response,and risk of POCD.
[Key words]Regional cerebral oxygen saturation monitoring;Frailty;Hypertension;Gastrointestinal tract;Tumor;Cognitive
術后認知功能障礙(Postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是癌癥患者中樞神經系統(tǒng)的一個常見并發(fā)癥,主要表現(xiàn)為思維障礙、注意力不集中、記憶功能減退、人格改變以及邏輯混亂等癥狀,影響患者術后恢復,延長住院時間,增加醫(yī)療費用,甚至影響預后,增加死亡率[1-2]。如今,老年人口增加引起了社會的廣泛關注,接受手術麻醉的老年患者數(shù)量也在逐年增加,由于合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者體能下降、機體多系統(tǒng)累積缺陷導致生理儲備功能減退,手術和麻醉耐受性低,更易發(fā)生POCD[3-6]。為進一步在圍術期實施精細化診療方案和加速患者術后康復,預防合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者術后POCD的發(fā)生是目前臨床廣泛關注和亟待解決的問題。通過術中區(qū)域腦氧飽和度(Regional cerebral oxygen saturation,rSO2)監(jiān)測可以降低POCD的發(fā)生率,在改善POCD方面具有一定的臨床研究價值[7]。本研究旨在評價區(qū)域rSO2目標導向管理對合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者行腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術中的應用效果,以及對術后早期認知功能、炎癥因子和氧化應激的影響。
1對象與方法
1.1研究對象
選取2022年7月—2023年6月新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院收治的80例行腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術的合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者作為研究對象。納入標準:(1)年齡≥65歲。(2)體質量指數(shù)(Body mass index,BMI)為18.5~30.0 kg/m2。(3)美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分級Ⅱ~Ⅲ級[8]。(4)符合以下診斷標準之一即判定為高血壓,①在未使用降壓藥物的情況下,非同日3次測量血壓,收縮壓≥140 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)和(或)舒張壓≥90 mmHg診斷為高血壓;②收縮壓≥140 mmHg且舒張壓<90 mmHg為單純收縮期高血壓;③有明確高血壓病史,目前正在使用降壓藥物,雖然血壓低于140/90 mmHg,也診斷為高血壓。(5)符合衰弱診斷標準,采用國際上應用最廣泛的Fried衰弱量表,從“體質量減輕、疲乏感、握力下降、走路速度減慢和身體活動量下降”這5項進行評價,每個條目評分0分或1分,總評分≥3分為衰弱[9]。排除標準:(1)精神疾病,神經退行性疾病,腦外傷及酗酒史;(2)近期服用精神藥物;(3)嚴重視聽障礙、文盲等。本研究經醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(KY2021031901),患者自愿簽署知情同意書。采用隨機數(shù)字表法分為對照組和研究組,各40例,兩組一般情況及術中情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表1。
1.2方法
麻醉前準備:對照組接受局部麻醉下橈動脈穿刺置管,進行平均動脈壓、心電圖、體溫、經皮血氧飽和度以及腦電雙頻指數(shù)等監(jiān)測管理;研究組在對照組監(jiān)測的基礎上還監(jiān)測rSO2,患者安靜10 min后,記錄其平均動脈壓和rSO2值作為基線參照。
麻醉誘導:兩組均使用全靜脈途徑進行麻醉誘導,咪達唑侖的使用劑量為0.02 mg/kg,丙泊酚的使用劑量為1.0 mg/kg,舒芬太尼的使用劑量為0.3 μg/kg。在患者意識完全喪失且睫毛反射消失后,以0.08 mg/kg的劑量注入維庫溴銨。將氣管導管插入氣管內,機械通氣,設定吸入氧濃度百分比為0.50,潮氣量為6~8 mL/kg,呼吸頻率為12 次/min。隨著情況的變化,動態(tài)調整呼吸參數(shù),以維持呼氣末二氧化碳分壓在35~45 mmHg。同時,氣管插管后在超聲引導下行右側頸內靜脈穿刺置管術。
麻醉維持:術中靜脈泵注丙泊酚2~6 mg/(kg·h)、瑞芬太尼0.2 μg/(kg·min),間歇推注1/3誘導劑量維庫溴銨維持肌松,術中腦電雙頻指數(shù)維持在40~60,心率維持在50~100次/min,平均動脈壓波動幅度不超過基礎值的20%。研究組術中rSO2<80%基線值時,根據(jù)患者情況適當調整麻醉深度、使用血管活性藥物、調整呼吸機參數(shù)、輸血輸液等予以糾正[10]。所有患者在手術后接受持續(xù)48 h的靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛治療,舒芬太尼100 μg+氟比洛芬酯200 mg+0.9% 生理鹽水配成100 mL溶液,背景劑量2 mL/h,每次按壓2 mL,鎖定時間15 min。
1.3觀察指標
術前和術后1天,采用了簡易智力狀態(tài)檢查量表(Mini-mental state examination,MMSE)和蒙特利爾認知評估量表(Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA)對患者的認知功能進行評估,兩個量表總分各為30分,分數(shù)越高代表認知功能越好。POCD的診斷參考國際POCD研究小組推薦的,如果復合z點超過1.96,則可以認為該患者出現(xiàn)了
POCD[11]。在麻醉誘導并進行切皮前的操作時、術后1天分別留取3 mL內頸靜脈血樣,放入抗凝管,放置于常溫下,以3 500 r/min離心10 min,留取上清液于-75 ℃下保存?zhèn)錂z。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法測定血清中樞神經特異蛋白(S100β)、神經元特異性烯醇化酶(Neuron specific enolase,NSE)、白細胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、腫瘤壞死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、C-反應蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)水平。記錄術中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼以及任何血管活性藥物的使用情況。采用數(shù)字模擬評分法(Numerical rating scale,NRS)對患者術后2 h、4 h、8 h、12 h的疼痛程度進行評估,總分0~10分,得分越高提示疼痛程度越高。
1.4統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS25.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。正態(tài)分布計量資料用±s表示,兩組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗,組內比較采用配對t檢驗。計數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗,等級計數(shù)資料采用秩和檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結果
2.1兩組認知功能和POCD發(fā)生率比較
術前兩組的MMSE與MoCA評分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。術后1天,研究組MMSE與MoCA評分低于術前,且低于同期的對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。研究組術后1天時POCD發(fā)生率低于對照組(P<0.05),見表2。
2.2兩組手術前后S100β、NSE、炎癥因子及氧化應激指標比較
術后1天,兩組血清S100β、NSE、IL-6、TNF-α、CRP、MDA水平均高于術前,且研究組均低于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。術后1天,兩組SOD水平均低于術前,且研究組SOD水平高于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05),見表3。
2.3兩組術中麻醉藥和血管活性藥使用情況比較
研究組術中丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量少于對照組(P<0.05);兩組舒芬太尼用量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);研究組血管活性藥物使用率低于對照組(P<0.05),見表4。
2.4兩組術后疼痛程度比較
兩組術后各時間點的NRS評分比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表5。
3討論
rSO2作為臨床中實時監(jiān)測腦氧供需平衡的無創(chuàng)技術,具有連續(xù)、簡便、靈敏的優(yōu)點,可以實時采集數(shù)據(jù),及時發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦氧供需失衡[12]。高血壓病史是POCD的主要危險因素,衰弱是一種與年齡相關的機體多系統(tǒng)累積缺陷導致生理儲備功能減退的狀態(tài),因而高血壓伴衰弱老年患者更容易出現(xiàn)術后認知功能下降。為加速高血壓伴衰弱老年患者術后康復,臨床上有必要采取有效的應對措施來防止POCD的發(fā)生。有研究表明POCD的發(fā)病與術中腦氧代謝異常密切相關,老年外科手術中已經廣泛使用rSO2這項有效手段,可有效降低POCD的發(fā)生率[13-14]。
本研究顯示,對于合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者,腹腔鏡胃腸道腫瘤根治術中應用rSO2監(jiān)測,有利于降低POCD的風險,可能與術中rSO2<80%基線值時盡早采取的針對性處理有關,也可能與術中阿片類藥物用量減少有關[15]。
在各種中樞神經系統(tǒng)缺血和缺氧的情況下,S100β和NSE在神經元細胞和神經膠質細胞中都具有較高的表達量。這兩種指標能夠準確衡量神經細胞的損傷程度,并被普遍認為是檢測腦組織損傷的最敏感指標。此外,血清中S100β和NSE水平與認知能力密切相關,這意味其表達水平越高,認知功能越差,其中S100β是一種參與POCD的生物標志物[16-17]。本研究結果顯示,與術前比較,兩組術后1天時血清S100β和NSE水平升高,且研究組術后1天的血清S100β和NSE水平低于對照組,提示通過持續(xù)監(jiān)測rSO2可以減輕合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者術后腦組織損傷,發(fā)揮神經保護作用,改善早期術后認知功能。
手術創(chuàng)傷可對機體造成創(chuàng)傷性刺激,誘導大量CRP、IL-6和TNF-α釋放到血液中,進而作用于機體重要器官,易導致全身炎癥反應綜合征的發(fā)生,也可進一步誘發(fā)或加重POCD的發(fā)生[18]。此外,SOD和MDA水平失衡會導致氧化應激的發(fā)生,大腦中的氧化應激會導致神經炎癥的發(fā)生,從而加重腦組織損傷[19]。本研究結果提示通過持續(xù)監(jiān)測rSO2可以減輕合并高血壓伴衰弱的老年患者術后炎癥因子分泌,降低氧化應激反應。術中通過對rSO2持續(xù)監(jiān)測有利于麻醉醫(yī)生及時有效的對術中麻醉管理做出調整,采取積極的措施進行腦保護,減輕腦損傷,有助于改善早期術后認知功能和加速術后康復,降低POCD發(fā)生率。
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(2023-10-31收稿)