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基于表型性狀和SNP標記構建桂花主要品種資源的分子身份證

2024-09-12 00:00:00王一涵劉姣姣金沛權李書情魏建芬郭朋尚富德
關鍵詞:表型性狀單核苷酸多態(tài)性桂花

摘要:【目的】篩選核心單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)位點,建立基于KASP平臺的桂花(Osmanthus fragrans)品種基因型快速檢測方法,構建品種特異性分子身份證,為桂花品種鑒定、溯源、知識產(chǎn)權保護等提供理論基礎。【方法】實地調(diào)查主流桂花栽培品種的重要表型特征。通過兩輪嚴格篩選,從基因組SNP中保留一組能夠完全鑒別測序品種的最優(yōu)SNP標記,計算SNP 位點的多態(tài)信息含量(PIC)、期望雜合度(He)等信息。以‘日香桂’(‘Rixianggui’)基因組為參考,設計桂花特異性KASP引物并進行批量擴增,根據(jù)基因分型結果建立品種指紋圖譜,評估核心SNP標記的品種鑒別力。結合品種表型信息碼和品種分子指紋碼構建桂花品種資源的分子身份證?!窘Y果】篩選出14個能夠完全鑒別測序品種的核心SNP位點。各位點PIC值的變化范圍為0.246~0.375,平均值為0.335;He的變化范圍為 0.288~0.500,平均值為0.431。針對核心位點設計的KASP引物基因分型準確。根據(jù)擴增結果構建DNA指紋圖譜,可區(qū)分全部包括未測序品種在內(nèi)的90個參試品種。對品種表型特征賦值,結合指紋碼構建由34位數(shù)字組成的桂花品種資源分子身份證?!窘Y論】確定了SNP1—SNP14共14個核心SNP位點,能夠實現(xiàn)至少90個桂花品種的有效鑒別。結合品種群類型、表型特征和分子指紋碼構建了90個桂花品種的唯一分子身份證,并生成對應的條形碼和二維碼。

關鍵詞:桂花;品種鑒別;單核苷酸多態(tài)性;表型性狀;分子身份證

中圖分類號:S68"""""" 文獻標志碼:A開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID):

文章編號:1000-2006(2024)04-0012-13

Construction of molecular ID for Osmanthus fragrans cultivars based on phenotypic traits and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

WANG Yihan1,2, LIU Jiaojiao1,2, JIN Peiquan1,2, LI Shuqing1,2, WEI Jianfen3, GUO Peng1,2, SHANG Fude1,2

(1. College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Henan Engineering Research Center for Osmanthus Germplasm Innovation and Resource Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China; 2 National Osmanthus Germplasm Resource Repository, Hangzhou 310020, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 This study aimed to select genomic core single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci to establish a rapid SNP genotyping method for cultivar identification based on the KASP platform, and to construct molecular IDs for Osmanthus fragrans cultivars. This will provide a theoretical basis for the identification, traceability, and intellectual property protection of O. fragrans cultivars. 【Methods】 Field surveys were carried to investigate the important phenotypic characteristics of O. fragrans cultivars. Through two rounds of rigorous screening, we retained a set of core SNP markers that could fully discriminate previously sequenced cultivars. The polymorphic information content (PIC) and expected heterozygosity (He) of each SNP loci were then analyzed. Using the genome sequences of ‘Rixianggui’ as a reference, we designed species-specific KASP primers and performed PCR amplifications. Based on the genotyping results, we constructed cultivar DNA fingerprints and evaluated the cultivar identification efficiency of the core SNP markers. The molecular IDs of O. fragrans cultivars were finally constructed by combining phenotypic information codes and molecular fingerprint codes. 【Results】 A total of 14 core SNP loci that could fully discriminate sequenced cultivars were retained from the genomic SNPs. The PIC values of these loci ranged from 0.246 to 0.375, with an average of 0.335, and the He indexes ranged from 0.288 to 0.500, with an average of 0.431. The KASP primers designed for the core SNP loci had accurate genotyping results, based on which we constructed DNA fingerprints that could distinguish all 90 tested cultivars, including those that had not been sequenced. A molecular ID of each cultivar, which composed of 34 digits, was formed finally. 【Conclusion】A total of 14 core SNP loci, SNP1 to SNP14, were identified, which could effectively discriminate at least 90 cultivars of O. fragrans. The unique molecular ID codes were constructed for the 90 cultivars using the DNA fingerprint codes, and the converted serial codes from cultivar group types and phenotypic characteristics. The bar codes and quick response (QR) codes were finally generated.

【Objective】 To analyze the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary patterns of pollen morphology in Tsuga, we observed and compared the pollen characteristics of all 10 extant species of Tsuga along with pollen fossils. 【Methods】 Pollen morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was conducted using seven quantitative indicators and one qualitative indicator. 【Results】 Tsuga pollen typically exhibits characteristics of the N1P3C1 type, with a leptoma on the distal face. The equatorial length ranges from 43.74 to 95.30 μm, predominantly lacking sacci but occasionally with sparse saccate forms. The pollen surface is typically warty or sparsely micro-warty, occasionally with spines or without. According to the hierarchical cluster analysis, Tsuga could be divided into three categories: ①T. mertensiana and Nothotsuga longibracteata; ②T. caroliniana and T. canadensis; ③T. heterophylla, T. ulleungensis, T. diversifolia, T. forrestii, T. sieboldii, T. dumosa and T. chinensis. 【Conclusion】 Pollen morphology in Tsuga has evolved from saccate to non-saccate forms, and from lacking spines to possessing spines. These pollen characteristics are closely related to geographic distribution, indicating similarity among pollen from the same regions. The clustering analysis based on pollen morphology largely aligns with molecular phylogenetic trees, offering a method to distinguish extant species and fossils of Tsuga and providing valuable insights for phylogenetic studies of Tsuga.

【Objective】 This study"" selected core genomic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci to" establish" a rapid SNP genotyping method on the KASP platform, and" to construct molecular IDs for Osmanthus fragrans cultivars. This study"" provides a theoretical foundation for identifying, tracing" and protecting the intellectual property of O. fragrans cultivars. 【Method】 Field surveys were conducted to investigate key phenotypic characteristics of O. fragrans cultivars. Following two rounds of rigorous screening, we identified a set of core SNP markers capable of completely distinguishing previously sequenced cultivars. Subsequently, we analyzed the polymorphic information content (PIC) and expected heterozygosity (He) of each SNP locus. Using the genome sequences of ‘Rixianggui’ as a reference, species-specific KASP primers were designed for PCR amplification. Based on the genotyping results, we constructed cultivar DNA fingerprints and assessed the efficiency of core SNP markers for cultivar identification. Molecular IDs for O. fragrans cultivars were established by integrating phenotypic information codes with molecular fingerprint codes. 【Result】 We retained a total of 14 core SNP loci from genomic SNPs that fully discriminated the sequenced cultivars. The PIC values of these loci ranged from 0.246 to 0.375, with an average of 0.335, and the He indices ranged from 0.288 to 0.500, averaging 0.431. The KASP primers designed for these core SNP loci produced accurate genotyping results, enabling us to construct DNA fingerprints capable of distinguishing all 90 tested cultivars, including those not previously sequenced. Each cultivar was assigned a molecular ID composed of 34 digits. 【Conclusion】 In conclusion, 14 core SNP loci (SNP1 to SNP14) were identified that effectively discriminate among at least 90 O. fragrans cultivars. Unique molecular ID codes were constructed using DNA fingerprint codes" along with serial codes derived from cultivar group types and phenotypic characteristics. Finally, barcode and quick response (QR) codes were generated for each cultivar.

Keywords:Osmanthus fragrans; cultivar identification; single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); phenotype; molecular ID

桂花(Osmanthus fragrans)隸屬木犀科(Oleaceae)木犀屬(Osmanthus),為中國傳統(tǒng)名花,在秦嶺淮河流域以南、南嶺以北的廣大中亞熱帶和北亞熱帶地區(qū)廣泛栽培[1]。經(jīng)過兩千多年的自然變異和人工繁育,桂花形成了豐富的種內(nèi)變異和品種資源。根據(jù)花期、花色和葉色的不同,桂花可分為金桂(Luteus group)、銀桂(Albus group)、丹桂(Aurantiacus group)、四季桂(Asiaticus group)和彩葉桂(Caiyegui group)五大品種群[2-4],已知品種有近300個[5]。近年來,隨著野生資源的開發(fā)和雜交育種工作的系統(tǒng)深入,新優(yōu)桂花品種不斷涌現(xiàn)[6-7]。然而,在引種和品種資源交換過程中,“同物異名”和“同名異物”的現(xiàn)象時有發(fā)生。國家標準《植物新品種特異性、一致性和穩(wěn)定性DUS測試指南 桂花》[8]的頒布為桂花品種鑒別和新品種測試提供了技術方法和標準。該標準確定了41個較穩(wěn)定的特征(如花枝長度、葉腋內(nèi)花芽數(shù)量、花色、花期等)作為DUS測試的性狀特征。但由于表型性狀極易受環(huán)境影響,國際植物新品種保護聯(lián)盟在2013年提出了基于表型距離和分子距離聯(lián)合篩選近似品種的模式[9]。但是目前在桂花品種認定中,除性狀特異性外,僅要求其遺傳穩(wěn)定性與一致性,尚未在分子標記鑒定與分子條碼上進行規(guī)范。

分子標記不依賴表型性狀,穩(wěn)定性強,是探索植物遺傳變異、開展品種鑒別研究的重要工具。桂花現(xiàn)代栽培品種的遺傳背景復雜,由于高質(zhì)量基因組資源的缺乏,前期研究者主要采用傳統(tǒng)標記進行品種鑒定、分子指紋圖譜的構建和遺傳連鎖圖譜的繪制,比如相關序列擴增多態(tài)性(sequence-related amplified polymorphism,SRAP)[10-11]、簡單重復序列間擴增(inter-simple sequence repeat,ISSR)[12-13]、擴增片段長度多態(tài)性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)[14-15]、微衛(wèi)星(simple sequence repeats,SSR)[16-18]等。近年來, ‘日香桂’(‘Rixianggui’)[19]、‘柳葉金桂’(‘Liuye Jingui’)[20]、‘狀元紅’(‘Zhuangyuanhong’)和‘玉蓮銀絲’(‘Yulian Yinsi’)[21]4個桂花品種染色體水平的高質(zhì)量基因組陸續(xù)公布,為挖掘和開發(fā)全基因組范圍內(nèi)的多態(tài)性分子標記(SSR、InDel、SNP等)提供了重要平臺。與SSR和InDel相比,SNP標記更適合大量標記的高通量基因分型、數(shù)據(jù)庫整合和數(shù)據(jù)共享,并且具有數(shù)量大、變異來源豐富、經(jīng)濟高效的優(yōu)勢[22-23],是BMT分子測試指南中構建DNA指紋數(shù)據(jù)庫的推薦標記[24]。Chen等[20]基于重測序技術檢測了桂花主流栽培品種基因組內(nèi)的SNP標記,基于全基因組關聯(lián)分析挖掘了與花色相關的SNP位點和候選基因。但仍亟須嚴格篩選全基因組的高多態(tài)性、非冗余的SNP位點,建立鑒定準確、檢測高效的桂花品種分子鑒別技術。

新一代測序技術的發(fā)展推動了全基因組SNP標記的挖掘及其在觀賞植物品種指紋圖譜構建和品種鑒定上的應用,如月季(Rosa hybrida)[25]、鳶尾(Iris tectorum)[26]、波斯毛茛(Ranunculus asiaticus)[27]。研究者通過建立競爭性等位基因特異性PCR技術(competitive allele-specific PCR,KASP)[28-29]、SNP芯片技術(gene chip)[30]等可以進一步提高已有SNP的使用效率和分析通量。這些技術在作物、蔬菜等植物品種和種質(zhì)資源的基因分型、功能基因克隆與鑒定等領域有廣泛的應用[31-36],為桂花高效品種鑒別技術的研究提供了參考。

在前期研究[37]的基礎上,本研究采用嚴格的過濾參數(shù)從桂花60個品種的全基因組重測序數(shù)據(jù)中篩選能夠區(qū)分各品種的核心SNP位點,開發(fā)基于KASP平臺的品種基因型快速檢測方法,并建立品種特異性分子指紋圖譜和分子身份證,以期為桂花品種鑒定、溯源、知識產(chǎn)權保護等提供理論參考。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗材料和DNA的提取

試驗所用的90個桂花品種,涵蓋了4個桂花品種群,其中金桂30個、銀桂28個、丹桂23個、四季桂9個,保存于浙江省杭州市余杭區(qū)的桂花國家級花卉種質(zhì)資源庫、河南省信陽市潢川金桂園和河南大學金明校區(qū)(附表1,nldxb.njfu.edu.cn,下同)。

于2019—2020年采集各品種的新鮮嫩葉,用硅膠充分干燥后置于4" ℃保存。采用改良的CTAB法[38]提取供試基因組DNA,采用1%(質(zhì)量分數(shù),下同)瓊脂糖凝膠檢測DNA的完整性,用NanoDrop 8000分光光度計(Thermo Fisher, DE, 美國)精確定量DNA濃度。提取的基因組DNA置于-20 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

1.2 表型性狀測定

桂花的花色、花香、花量和結實性狀是品種分類的重要依據(jù),也是產(chǎn)業(yè)上品種價值體現(xiàn)的核心品質(zhì)特征[39-41]。本研究選取花色、花香、新梢頂芽和腋芽總數(shù)、著花密度和結實性共5個表型性狀作為品種身份證中商品碼的組成部分。參考《中國桂花品種圖志》[2]《中國桂花》[3]和《桂花新品種DUS測試指南》[42] 制定調(diào)查標準,于2022—2023連續(xù)兩年在樣品采集地進行實地表型觀測。調(diào)查時每個品種取3株重復,每株測定3次。

具體調(diào)查標準如下:

1)花色。在花初開放至全株1/3全開放期間觀測,在晴天、自然光環(huán)境下,先把握全株整體的景觀色彩,再細觀向陽面樹冠中上部花枝上的花瓣顏色,以英國皇家園藝學會(Royal Horticultural Society,RHS)出版的比色卡(RHS Color Chart)[43-45]為標準(圖1a),進行“白”“黃”“橙”3色的定性描述。

2)花香。采用鼻聞定性法在品種頭茬花的初花期首日進行花香鑒定,根據(jù)香氣程度分為濃香、中香、微香、不香4種類型。

3)花量。采用新梢頂芽和腋芽總數(shù)、著花密度(即每花序小花數(shù))兩個指標反映[3]。新梢上的芽除了頂端少數(shù)是來年或當年秋季萌發(fā)的枝芽,絕大多數(shù)都是腋生的花芽。本研究于圓珠期隨機選擇9個1年生新生枝條,統(tǒng)計各枝條的頂芽和腋芽總數(shù)并計算平均值,根據(jù)結果將各品種劃分為少花低產(chǎn)(<20枚/梢)、中花平產(chǎn)[[20,30)枚/梢]、多花豐產(chǎn)(≥30枚/梢)3個等級[3]。此外,于盛花期統(tǒng)計從新梢頂端向下第2對葉腋處花序的小花數(shù)量,判斷各品種的著花密度為稀疏(<5朵/花序)、中等[[5,8)朵/花序或稠密(≥8朵/花序)][3](圖1b)。

4)結實性。根據(jù)雌蕊發(fā)育狀況和花后結實與否判斷,是品種內(nèi)的穩(wěn)定性狀。雌蕊發(fā)育狀況常因品種而異,有3種情況[2-3, 46](圖1c):一是雌蕊完全敗育,屬于雄花,常完全無雌蕊分化,或子房細長條形、柱頭缺失;二是雌蕊退化,花內(nèi)子房較狹長,呈長卵形,柱頭短小,不能正常授粉受精或者果實發(fā)育異常;三是雌蕊和雄蕊均發(fā)育良好,為兩性花,子房膨大呈圓球形或卵球形,能正常結實。雌蕊完全敗育和雌蕊退化兩種情況均記錄為不結實品種。

1.3 品種鑒定核心SNP標記的篩選

前期李書情[37] 對60個桂花品種的重測序研究獲得了1 599 694個高質(zhì)量基因組SNP。本研究利用軟件VCFtools V.0.1.13[47]對上述SNP進行嚴格過濾,過濾標準如下:最小等位基因頻率(minor allele frequency,MAF)≥0.05、樣本分型缺失率為0、多態(tài)性信息含量(polymorphism information content,PIC)為 0.2~0.5、獨立遺傳[連鎖不平衡過濾參數(shù)為LD獨立性過濾(indep) 與使用成對的LD計算方法(pairwise)窗口大小50、步長10、閾值(r2)0.2]、SNP位點前后50 bp無其他變異、SNP位點前后100 bp的側翼序列在染色體上有唯一比對,SNP位于外顯子區(qū)且盡量在染色體上均勻分布(密度按至少100 kb/SNP)。對于第1輪過濾后的SNP位點,采用李梓榕等[48]開發(fā)的R語言腳本,經(jīng)過“初篩”和“精簡”兩步流程作進一步過濾,篩選出數(shù)量最少、能夠完全區(qū)分60個桂花品種的5組SNP標記。通過后續(xù)引物設計和基因分型實驗,保留一組KASP轉化成功、分型準確的位點作為品種鑒定的核心SNP標記,并明確每個位點在各樣本中的基因型。

1.4 KASP擴增與基因型檢測

基于KASP平臺,以‘日香桂’[19]基因組為參考,在每個核心SNP位點前后100 bp序列范圍內(nèi)設計引物。每個SNP位點分別設計3條引物:2條等位基因特異性的上(或下)游引物和一條下(或上)游通用引物。引物由北京擎科生物科技有限公司合成。KASP反應體系、反應程序和熒光信號判斷方法按照Shen等[49]的方法進行。對于預實驗中分型效果和準確率較好的核心標記組合,在60個測序品種的基礎上進一步擴大樣本(加入30個未測序品種),進行KASP 批量擴增,用于評估核心SNP標記的品種鑒別力,并獲得90個受試桂花品種在核心SNP位點的基因型數(shù)據(jù)。利用PowerMarker V.3.25軟件[50]計算各核心位點的次要等位基因頻率(MAF)、多態(tài)信息含量(polymorphism information content,PIC)和期望雜合度(expected heterozygosity, He)。

1.5 分子指紋圖譜和分子身份證的構建

通過KASP實驗獲得各品種在核心SNP位點的基因型數(shù)據(jù)后,將A、G、C、T依次轉換為1、2、3、4,構建每個品種的分子指紋圖譜,即分子指紋碼。結合品種信息編碼與分子指紋碼,利用條碼生成器和二維碼生成器(http://qr-batch.com/)構建90個桂花品種的分子身份證。

2 結果與分析

2.1 表型性狀多樣性

2022—2023年連續(xù)2年對杭州市國家桂花種質(zhì)資源庫、信陽市潢川金桂園和河南大學金明校區(qū)的90個栽培桂花品種進行了花色、花香、花量和結實性的表型調(diào)查及圖片拍攝。在調(diào)查的90個品種中,74個品種不結實,占比83.15%。濃香型桂花品種有23個,多集中在金桂和銀桂品種群;四季桂品種群中,‘日香桂’和‘橙黃四季桂’(‘Chenghuang Sijigui’)花香較為濃郁,適合多季的香景營造。就花色而言,白色系桂花品種較少,代表的有銀桂品種‘中華龍桂’(‘Zhonghua Longgui’)和‘串銀球’(‘Chuanyinqiu’);金桂品種‘小花金桂’(‘Xiaohua Jingui’)和‘山茶金桂’(‘Shancha Jingui’)等;丹桂品種‘狀元紅’(‘Zhuangyuanhong’)和‘滿條紅’(‘Mantiaohong’)的花色最為鮮艷。桂花開花以當年新梢為主,各品種的花量與新梢花芽數(shù)和每花序小花數(shù)目有關[51]。綜合考慮這兩項發(fā)育指標,調(diào)查品種中的‘柳葉蘇桂’(‘Liuye Sugui’)、‘玉玲瓏’(‘Yulinglong’)和‘速生金桂’(‘Susheng Jingui’)在調(diào)查年份花芽量大(平均30~36/梢)、著花稠密(7~9朵/花序)且不結實,是適合用于采花的高產(chǎn)花量品種(附表1,nldxb.njfu.edu.cn)。

2.2 核心SNP的篩選和KASP標記轉化

經(jīng)過兩輪的嚴格篩選和KASP預實驗,最終保留一組由14個核心SNP 位點組成的最精簡SNP標記組合,能完全區(qū)分60個桂花品種(圖2)。

這14個SNP標記都位于基因編碼區(qū),包含4個非同義突變和10 個同義突變。6個SNP位點的變異類型是堿基顛換,8個SNP是堿基轉換(表1)。經(jīng)計算,14個SNP位點的多態(tài)性水平較高,PIC值的變異范圍為0.246~0.375,平均值為0.335;He指數(shù)的變異范圍為0.288~0.500,平均值為0.431(表1)。提取14個核心SNP位點前后各100 bp的側翼序列,設計合成KASP引物,攜帶有FAM熒光標簽的引物序列為GAAGGTGACCAAGTTCATGCT,攜帶有HEX熒光標簽的引物序列為GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGATT(表2)。

2.3 核心SNP鑒定能力檢驗和品種分子指紋圖譜的構建

利用KASP引物對60個已測序品種和30個未測序品種進行批量擴增,通過熒光信號強弱結果判斷各核心位點的基因型(圖3),從而驗證分型準確性。經(jīng)對比,所有SNP位點的KASP分型結果與重測序結果一致,可用于后續(xù)桂花品種分子鑒別中基因型的快速檢測。當供試品種數(shù)量增多至90個時,該SNP標記組合仍能鑒定所有品種。進一步將14個核心SNP位點在90個品種中的基因型數(shù)據(jù)轉化為分子指紋,結果表明,多個品種間具有較高的遺傳相似性(僅1個位點差異),如‘橙香丹桂’(‘Chengxiang Dangui’)和‘紅桂’(‘Honggui’)、‘湘金’(‘Xiangjin’)和‘速生銀桂’(‘Susheng Yingui’)、‘嬌容’(‘Jiaorong’)和‘武夷丹桂’(‘Wuyi Dangui’)等。

圖中坐標值為熒光信號相對于背景的變化量(ΔRn)" changes in fluorescence signal relative to background. Allelle.等位基因;FAM.6-羧基熒光素;VIC.六氯-6-甲基熒光素。

圖中每個樣本的顏色代表不同的基因型:紅色代表等位基因 1 的純合子,藍色代表等位基因 2 的純合子,綠色代表雜合子。黃色樣本為陰性對照。SNP位點信息詳見表1。 Each color code in the plots represents one of three genotypes: homozygote of allele 1(red), homozygote of allele 2 (blue), and heterozygote (green). The yellow dots are negative controls. See SNP locus information in Table 1.

2.4 桂花品種分子身份證的構建

將14個核心SNP位點(SNP1—SNP14)在各品種的基因型數(shù)據(jù)轉化為28位指紋碼,與品種信息編碼聯(lián)合構建34位分子身份證碼。

品種信息碼為分子身份證的前6位,第1位數(shù)字為品種群類型編碼,1~4分別代表金桂、銀桂、丹桂和四季桂品種群;第2~6位數(shù)字為品種特征信息編碼,通過對花色、花香、新梢頂芽和腋芽總數(shù)、每花序小花數(shù)量(著花密度)、結實性(雌蕊發(fā)育狀況)5個品種表型特征賦值后生成。賦值方式如下:第2位“0、1、2”表示 “白、黃、橙”3種花色類型;第3位“0、1、2、3”表示 “不香、微香、中香、濃香”4種花香等級;第4位“1、2、3”依次表示新梢花芽數(shù)“少、中、多”;第5位“1、2、3”依次表示著花密度“稀疏、中等、稠密”;第6位“0、1”分別表示“不結實、結實”。以‘狀元紅’為例見圖4)。

由圖4可見,其分子身份證號碼為3221102134211133223411334144333422,表示該品種屬于丹桂品種群,花色為橙色,中香,新梢頂芽和腋芽總數(shù)少,著花密度稀疏,花后不結實,14個核心SNP標記的基因型依次為GA、CT、GA、AA、CG、

GG、CT、AA、CC、TA、TT、CC、CT、GG。按照此方法完成90份桂花品種分子身份證的構建(表3)。最終利用條碼在線生成器分別制作出品種特異的條形碼和二維碼(圖5),90個桂花品種的分子身份證詳見附圖1(nldxb.njfu.edu.cn)。

C-Red-Mean.樹冠紅色波段平均值 canopy red band mean;C-Blue-Mean.樹冠藍色波段平均值 canopy blue band mean;T-Red-Mean.樹干紅色波段平均值 trunk red band mean;T-Blue-Mean.樹干藍色波段平均值 trunk blue band mean;T-Green-Mean.樹干綠色波段平均值 trunk green band mean;C-Red-Std.樹冠紅色波段標準差 canopy red band standard deviation;C-Green-Mean.樹冠綠色波段平均值 canopy green band mean;T-Red-Std.樹干紅色波段標準差 trunk red band standard deviation;RL/H.冠幅樹高比 canopy width to height ratio;C-Blue-Std.樹冠藍色波段標準差 canopy blue band standard deviation;T-Green-Std.樹干綠色波段標準差 trunk green band standard deviation;T-Blue-Std.樹干藍色波段標準差 trunk blue band standard deviation;RA/H.樹冠面積樹高比 canopy area to height ratio;C-Green-Std.樹冠綠色波段標準差 canopy green band standard deviation;RA/D.樹冠面積胸徑比 canopy area to diameter at breast height ratio;RV/D.樹冠體積胸徑比 canopy volume to diameter at breast height ratio;RV/H.樹冠體積樹高比 canopy volume to height ratio;RL/D.冠幅胸徑比 canopy width to diameter at breast height ratio;0~10%、10%~20%、…、90%~100%表示分位點云數(shù)量占比0~10%、10%~20%、…、90%~100% represent quantile point cloud ratio。

3 討 論

SSR和SNP分子標記是國際《UPOV-BMT測試指南》和中國《植物品種鑒定DNA指紋方法總則》(NY/T 2594—2016)中推薦的最佳分子標記[52]。SSR標記因通量有限、操作耗時、數(shù)據(jù)整合困難等問題,正逐漸被SNP標記取代[53]。基于第3代SNP標記的品種身份證構建在觀賞物種中報道不多,僅在蘭科(Orchidaceae)[54]、山茶(Camellia japonica)[55]等少數(shù)花卉中有應用,目前在桂花中尚無相關研究。桂花遺傳背景復雜,基因組雜合度(1.02%~1.45%)和重復序列比例(49.35%~54.41%)較高[19-21],多態(tài)性位點的信息量大且解析難度較高。因此,以高質(zhì)量基因組為參考,從海量的全基因組變異中發(fā)掘可靠且有“鑒別力”的共顯性SNP標記是建立品種基因型快速檢測體系的關鍵。

從降低檢測成本的方面考慮,用于構建分子指紋圖譜的位點選擇原則是用盡可能少的SNP鑒定全部樣本。常規(guī)的SNP篩選流程主要關注位點檢出率和多態(tài)性指標[56-57]。前期桂花重測序研究[37]在121個品種中檢測到SNP位點數(shù)約160萬個,PIC值為0.2~0.5的SNP約有41萬個。采用傳統(tǒng)的高PIC值方法從基因組數(shù)據(jù)中篩選核心位點操作難度大,且常有精簡優(yōu)化的空間。為克服該問題,本研究選擇近期開發(fā)的新方法[48],經(jīng)過“初篩”和“精簡”兩步流程篩選能夠鑒定全部60個供試品種的SNP標記組合。經(jīng)計算,最終保留了14個(SNP1—SNP14)位于基因編碼區(qū)、在染色體上均勻分布的SNP位點(PIC:0.246~0.375),并進行了KASP標記的轉化。對比發(fā)現(xiàn),這一組合的鑒別率明顯高于高PIC值篩選的SNP組合(100% vs. 89%),并且當品種數(shù)量增多至90個時,仍能鑒定所有品種(1~13個位點差異)。在受試品種中,‘長葉碧珠’(‘Changye Bizhu’)和‘銀盞碧珠’(‘Yinzhan Bizhu’)、‘雄黃桂’(‘Xionghuanggui’)和‘堰虹桂’(‘Yanhonggui’)之間的表型差異很小[2-3],加之環(huán)境影響,在引種栽培中容易混淆。利用本研究的14個核心KASP-SNP標記進行鑒定,兩對近似品種分別有5個和9個位點的基因型差異,易于區(qū)分。理論上,14個標記區(qū)分目前已知的所有桂花品種存在可行性,但具體的實用性有待進一步檢驗。在實踐中也可以重復分析多次,聯(lián)合多套SNP組合提高鑒定方法的容錯能力[48]??傊?,本研究針對桂花核心SNP的KASP快速檢測體系具有標記數(shù)量少、鑒別能力強、操作便捷、成本低的優(yōu)勢,檢測結果可為今后桂花品種真實性鑒定和DUS測試標準的制定提供參考。

不同于單純的分子指紋圖譜,本研究將90個桂花品種的重要經(jīng)濟表型和14個SNP位點構建的分子指紋圖譜信息結合起來,簡化為標準化“身份”編碼,再生成對應的條形碼和二維碼,可被設備快速掃碼識別,便于產(chǎn)業(yè)上品種身份和品種應用特性的便捷化查詢。同時,品種身份證的開發(fā)也可用于品種溯源和知識產(chǎn)權保護。例如,根據(jù)本研究的基因分型結果,國家地理標識產(chǎn)品‘潢川金桂’(‘Huangchuan Jingui’)在SNP2、SNP3、SNP7具有品種特異性的基因型組合(分別為C/C、G/A和C/T),可作為其在遺傳上的明確標識特征,用于地理標志保護。但是,由于前期進行表型觀測的種質(zhì)資源圃中未引種彩葉桂品種,故本研究生成的品種身份證未涵蓋該品種群。未來將收集市場主流的彩葉桂品種,如‘云田彩桂’(‘Yuntian Caigui’)、‘紫嫣公主’(‘Ziyan Gongzhu’)等,進一步檢驗SNP標記組合的品種鑒定力,并擴充桂花分子身份證庫。

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(責任編輯 吳祝華)

收稿日期Received:2024-05-15 """修回日期Accepted:2024-06-07

基金項目:國家自然科學基金項目(32371911);河南省重大公益專項(201300110900)。

第一作者:王一涵(yihanwang@vip.163.com),副教授。

*通信作者:尚富德(shangfude@henau.edu.cn),教授。

引文格式:王一涵,劉姣姣,金沛權,等.

基于表型性狀和SNP標記構建桂花主要品種資源的分子身份證[J]. 南京林業(yè)大學學報(自然科學版),2024,48(4):12-24.

WANG Y H, LIU J J, JIN P Q, et al.

Construction of molecular ID for Osmanthus fragrans cultivars based on phenotypic traits and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)[J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2024,48(4):12-24.

DOI:10.12302/j.issn.1000-2006.202405026.

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