相較于讀后續(xù)寫,應(yīng)用文寫作更注重文章的交際性功能,在詞匯和語句方面更顯平實(shí),描述性語言較少,也較少使用修辭。但在實(shí)際寫作中,特定無靈主語句在應(yīng)用文寫作中仍是比較高級的表達(dá)。實(shí)際上,應(yīng)用文是一個(gè)廣義概念,其文體包括通信(求助、告知、詢問、建議、申請、祝賀、投訴、邀請、感謝、推薦、致歉等)、通知(書面與口頭)、演講稿、歡迎/送辭、倡議書、新聞稿、宣傳稿、征稿等,以下將討論無靈主語句在不同應(yīng)用文文體中的可能用途。
一、用于寒暄、告別
在通信類應(yīng)用文寫作中,考生有必要根據(jù)語境進(jìn)行適當(dāng)寒暄以顯示文章的交際功能,同時(shí)也要根據(jù)場景適當(dāng)表達(dá)離別時(shí)的關(guān)切,以下是一些例子:
[例1] I hope this letter finds you well (愿見信安| 用于開頭寒暄).
[例2] May this message bring a smile to your face as it carries my best wishes (這消息帶著我最美好的祝愿,望能給你帶來微笑| 用于結(jié)尾祝愿).
[例3] The memories of our times together will linger long after this farewell (分別之后,我們共度時(shí)光的回憶將留在腦海| 用于歡送致辭).
[例4] The journey ahead promises new adventures, and I wish you all the best on your path (新的旅程,新的冒險(xiǎn),我祝愿你在旅途中一切順利| 用于告別祝愿).
二、用于附加信息
在真實(shí)情境中,當(dāng)寫信人進(jìn)行申請、求助、詢問等時(shí),可能會一并發(fā)送附件。而應(yīng)用文寫作要求考生適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充細(xì)節(jié),以增添內(nèi)容,對于信件中可能會有的附加信息,我們也可以使用無靈主語句進(jìn)行表達(dá),以下是一些例子:
[例1] The enclosed questionnaire seeks your valuable feedback (隨信附上的問卷希望得到您的寶貴反饋).
[例2] The enclosed resume details my qualifications and experience (隨信附上的簡歷詳細(xì)列出了我的資質(zhì)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)).
三、用于凸顯文章目的
應(yīng)用文寫作帶有明確目的。例如,在通信類應(yīng)用文中,考生常常使用I am writing to do…在文章開頭點(diǎn)出寫作目的。這種開門見山的寫法凸顯了應(yīng)用文的交際功能,是值得肯定的。但在有些情況下,細(xì)節(jié)的增添需要考生再次強(qiáng)調(diào)寫作目的,此時(shí)可以使用無靈主語句來變化句型,以下是一些例子:
[例1] Words fail to express my gratitude/ Words cant describe my appreciation (感激之情難以言表| 感謝信).
[例2] Your insights were invaluable and made a difference to my final success (你的真知灼見是無價(jià)的,對我最終的成功起到了重要作用| 感謝信).
[例3] Hopefully, my suggestions can enable you to overcome the difficulty (希望我的建議能使你克服困難| 建議信).
[例4] Your presence will add immeasurable joy to this festive occasion (你的到場將會增添節(jié)日的快樂氣氛| 邀請信).
[例5] Small as our personal power might be, our joint efforts can work wonders in helping solve the global problem of food shortage (盡管我們的個(gè)人力量可能很小,但我們的共同努力可以在幫助解決全球糧食短缺問題方面創(chuàng)造奇跡| 倡議書).
[例6] Every effort counts / matters / makes a difference (每一份努力都很重要| 倡議書).
[例7] It is a great honor to stand here and share with you my perspective on healthy lifestyle (很榮幸能站在這里與大家分享我對健康生活方式的看法| 演講| 本句是以it為形式主語的無靈主語句).
[例8] It is a regret that I am unable to accompany you to the bookstore this Sunday as previously planned (很遺憾,我不能按原計(jì)劃在這個(gè)星期天陪你去書店| 致歉).
四、用于表達(dá)要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容
1. 用于建議的內(nèi)容
在建議信中,使用無靈主語句可以使建議更加客觀和中立,避免給人過于主觀或強(qiáng)加于人的感覺。常見的句型表達(dá)以it為形式主語,例如It is suggested/ advised/ recommended that+從句以及It is necessary/ important/ crucial that + 從句,以下是一些例句:
[例1] It is sensible/advisable/wise/important that you should make conversations with others to improve your oral Chinese, which can strongly build up your confidence (通過與他人交談來提高你的口語是明智的/可取的/明智的/重要的,這可以增強(qiáng)你的信心).
[例2] It is recommended that you should remove any kind of distraction to stay focused when learning (建議你在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)消除所有干擾,保持專注).
2. 用于表達(dá)資質(zhì)
申請信的要點(diǎn)內(nèi)容涵蓋個(gè)人資質(zhì),考生多使用I am good at 或I have a good command of 等句型。實(shí)際上,我們可以使用意為“精通于…”的抽象名詞做主語,使用無靈主語句表達(dá)個(gè)人資質(zhì),使得內(nèi)容更具有客觀性,這一類名詞通常有proficiency (精通語言), familiarity (熟悉), competence (能力), experience (經(jīng)驗(yàn))等,例如:
[例1] All successful activities in our class have fully witnessed my competence in organization (我們班所有成功的活動都充分證明了我的組織能力).
[例2] My proficiency in/ mastery of/ good command of English and Chinese removes the language barrier in my interactions with visitors (我對英語和漢語的熟練掌握消除了我與游客互動時(shí)的語言障礙).
[例3] The familiarity with Chinese painting culture enables me to present its beauty with vivid accounts (對中國繪畫文化的熟悉使我能夠用生動的敘述來呈現(xiàn)它的美).
3. 用于介紹活動及其意義
對于活動的介紹涉及多種應(yīng)用文文體,例如邀請參與活動、通知開展活動、宣傳某活動、報(bào)道某活動等,因此該點(diǎn)為考試的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。同時(shí)介紹活動包括簡介活動也涵蓋了對于活動意義、影響的描述。在使用無靈主語句時(shí),可以用時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、活動做主語,以下是一些例子:
[例1] To facilitate the aesthetic appreciation of Chinese culture, the local museum will present/ display a splendid Chinese painting exhibition (為了促進(jìn)對中國文化的美學(xué)鑒賞,當(dāng)?shù)夭┪镳^將舉辦一場盛大的中國畫展| 事前通知).
[例2] To ignite our passion for art and embrace beauty in our life, the fifth pottery exhibition will unveil its beauty next Monday/ will kick off at 8 a.m. on Saturday morning and last for three days (為了點(diǎn)燃我們對藝術(shù)的熱情,擁抱生活中的美,第五屆陶藝展將于下周一/周六上午8點(diǎn)開幕,為期三天| 事前通知).
[例3] The exhibition will never fail to live up to your expectations (展覽絕不會辜負(fù)你的期望| 宣傳).
[例4] Last Sunday witnessed the successful hosting of a Chinese painting exhibition in the local museum (上周日,當(dāng)?shù)夭┪镳^成功舉辦了一場中國畫展| 事后報(bào)道).
[例5] Last Friday, a fascinating English speech contest took place in our lecture hall from 3∶00 p.m. to 5∶00 p.m. (上周五下午3點(diǎn)到5點(diǎn),我們在演講廳舉行了一場引人入勝的英語演講比賽| 事后報(bào)道).
[例6] The activity received favorable comments/ feedback from the participants (活動得到了參與者的好評/反饋| 活動評價(jià)).
[例7] Not only can this activity provide you with an opportunity for workout, but it renders financial assistance to people in need (這項(xiàng)活動不僅能為你提供鍛煉的機(jī)會,還能為有需要的人提供經(jīng)濟(jì)援助| 活動評價(jià)).
[例8] The campaign not only contributes to saving food but also helps enhance our social responsibility (這場運(yùn)動不僅有助于節(jié)約糧食,而且有助于加強(qiáng)我們的社會責(zé)任| 活動評價(jià)).
[例9] The journey will expose you to / immerse you in the countless cultural relics and also offer you an insight into splendid Chinese culture (這段旅程將讓你接觸/沉浸在無數(shù)的文物中,也讓你深入了解燦爛的中國文化| 活動評價(jià)).
[例10] Cruising down the river will feast your eyes on the picturesque scene of towering mountains, deep valleys and vast plains (順流而下,您將飽覽高聳的山脈、深谷和廣闊的平原| 活動評價(jià)).
4. 用于圖表描述
圖表描述類文章暫未出現(xiàn)于新高考應(yīng)用文寫作,但作為應(yīng)用文分類之一,有必要積累一定的語料,例如:
[例1] The report points out/ indicates that the majority of respondents support the governments environmental protection policies (報(bào)告指出,大多數(shù)受訪者支持政府提出的環(huán)保政策).
[例2] Statistics/ Data reveal that the unemployment rate in the region has fallen to an all-time low (統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,該地區(qū)的失業(yè)率已經(jīng)降至歷史最低點(diǎn)).
[例3] The chart demonstrates/ illustrates a sharp increase in the number of internet users worldwide (圖表顯示,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶數(shù)量在全球范圍內(nèi)急劇增長).
[例4] The picture/ image depicts/ portrays a group of children playing happily in the park (這張照片描繪了一群孩子在公園里快樂地玩耍).
【作者簡介:中學(xué)二級教師,在《廣東教育》《教學(xué)考試》等雜志發(fā)表過多篇文章,曾多次指導(dǎo)學(xué)生獲得外研社杯全國一等獎、二十一世紀(jì)英語演講比賽全國二等獎】
責(zé)任編輯 吳昊雷