培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)既是當(dāng)下義務(wù)教育新課標(biāo)對(duì)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的要求,也是落實(shí)學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的重要途徑。思維品質(zhì)的提升有助于學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題,對(duì)事物做出正確的價(jià)值判斷。初中英語(yǔ)課程要實(shí)現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)中發(fā)展思維,在思維發(fā)展中推進(jìn)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的總目標(biāo)。然而,我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)往往更加注重語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的傳授和語(yǔ)言技能的訓(xùn)練,過(guò)分強(qiáng)調(diào)模仿和死記硬背,卻忽視了學(xué)生學(xué)科思維能力的培養(yǎng)。本文以外研社群文閱讀八年級(jí)上冊(cè)John Carpenter課外閱讀教學(xué)為例,探討閱讀課中教師如何利用語(yǔ)篇素材,結(jié)合文本及學(xué)情需要,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì),從而更好地提升學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)。
一、教學(xué)基礎(chǔ)
(一)教學(xué)內(nèi)容
本文選自群文閱讀八年級(jí)上冊(cè)Module1 Hold Your Ground “發(fā)揮所長(zhǎng)” 中的John Carpenter的第一篇文章,其主要講述了約翰將兒時(shí)愛(ài)好發(fā)展成職業(yè)的故事。約翰從小喜歡做玩具,他享受親手制作玩具所帶來(lái)的快樂(lè)。一天,玩伴湯姆向他展示了一個(gè)很精美的小馬,約翰對(duì)此很羨慕,便下定決心自己制作一個(gè)。但在制作過(guò)程中,他遇到了困難——沒(méi)有合適的材料做輪子,于是他動(dòng)腦思考并主動(dòng)尋求木匠的幫助,最終木匠幫他做好了木馬輪子。經(jīng)過(guò)多年努力,約翰成為一名嫻熟的工匠。
本文是一篇記敘文,共16個(gè)自然段,篇幅較長(zhǎng),大致按時(shí)間順序進(jìn)行。開頭介紹約翰和湯姆對(duì)于玩具的不同態(tài)度(1~2自然段),語(yǔ)言較為正式,句子雖長(zhǎng),但容易理解。中間部分講述約翰制作木馬玩具的經(jīng)歷(3~15自然段),語(yǔ)言則呈現(xiàn)出了不同特點(diǎn)。在請(qǐng)求木匠幫忙的過(guò)程中,約翰的措辭禮貌而謙卑;湯姆與約翰的對(duì)話輕松活潑,而湯姆在言語(yǔ)間則透露出驕傲、漠視的語(yǔ)氣,更加襯托出約翰踏實(shí)穩(wěn)重的性格。結(jié)尾部分介紹約翰的個(gè)人成就(第16自然段)時(shí),語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔明了,直接點(diǎn)明約翰勤學(xué)努力的品質(zhì)。從不同的語(yǔ)言描述中,讀者可以進(jìn)一步品味出約翰的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。
本文屬于“人與自我”主題語(yǔ)境下的“生活與學(xué)習(xí)”“做人與做事”等子主題。作者用約翰做木馬的經(jīng)歷來(lái)比擬人們的生活和學(xué)習(xí)。做任何事情都會(huì)遇到一定的困難,但我們要有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志,不能輕易被困難打敗,要積極面對(duì)困難并勇于探索,努力尋求解決辦法。同時(shí),作者也強(qiáng)調(diào)了興趣的重要性,告誡讀者要把自己的愛(ài)好堅(jiān)持下去,并不斷嘗試,努力成為自己希望的樣子。
(二)學(xué)情分析
已有基礎(chǔ):八年級(jí)學(xué)生已學(xué)習(xí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),有一定的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)和語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力;學(xué)生在生活中均有手工制作的經(jīng)歷,本課時(shí)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容貼近學(xué)生生活,有助于學(xué)生基于文本理解形成結(jié)構(gòu)化知識(shí),深入文本體會(huì)主人公的經(jīng)歷及感受。
存在問(wèn)題:學(xué)生對(duì)記敘文體裁較為熟悉,具備在閱讀過(guò)程中獲取大意、提取關(guān)鍵信息和簡(jiǎn)單總結(jié)的能力。但學(xué)生閱讀后往往只知道文章大意,停留在淺層信息理解上,在概括與整合、批判與評(píng)價(jià)、想象與創(chuàng)造方面還有所不足。
解決措施:教師借助文章插圖預(yù)測(cè)故事內(nèi)容,展開問(wèn)題鏈教學(xué),幫助學(xué)生快速理清故事內(nèi)容及邏輯;通過(guò)故事情節(jié)發(fā)展引導(dǎo)學(xué)生透過(guò)文本語(yǔ)言剖析人物情感及心理變化,對(duì)人物行為及品質(zhì)展開分析,理解故事主題;通過(guò)小組合作發(fā)揮想象,深化主題;聯(lián)系實(shí)際,遷移創(chuàng)造,培養(yǎng)批判性和創(chuàng)造性思維。
(三)教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1.通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇閱讀,在語(yǔ)境中識(shí)別生詞詞義(delight,admire,satisfaction,mane)。
2.梳理文章結(jié)構(gòu)、獲取文章主要內(nèi)容。通過(guò)提取關(guān)鍵信息,分析約翰的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)。
3.通過(guò)獨(dú)立思考、合作探究等方式,讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)表達(dá)自己的看法,學(xué)會(huì)批判性地看待問(wèn)題,并思考如何才能更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)人目標(biāo)。
二、教學(xué)實(shí)踐
根據(jù)以上教學(xué)內(nèi)容及目標(biāo)設(shè)定,筆者設(shè)計(jì)了以下教學(xué)步驟,具體闡述如何在課外閱讀課中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。
(一)插圖導(dǎo)入,培養(yǎng)思維的敏捷性
Look and answer
教師向?qū)W生出示文本插圖,提問(wèn)學(xué)生圖1中的小男孩正在做什么,圖2和圖3分別是什么,并由此猜測(cè)文章可能是關(guān)于什么內(nèi)容的。
Question 1:What is the boy doing in the first pict-ure?
Question 2:What can you see in the second pict-ure?
Question 3: What can you see in the third picture?
Question 4: What might the passage be about?
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:通過(guò)呈現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇插圖,激發(fā)學(xué)生的好奇心和閱讀興趣,激活學(xué)生的知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn),導(dǎo)入新課,使學(xué)生從整體上預(yù)測(cè)文章內(nèi)容,形成閱讀期待。)
(二)建構(gòu)知識(shí),增強(qiáng)思維的邏輯性
1. Number the paragraphs of the passage.
2. Match the main idea of each part.
3. Use key words to summarize each part.
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:本環(huán)節(jié)旨在通過(guò)速讀文本,簡(jiǎn)單梳理文章內(nèi)容,理清文章結(jié)構(gòu),建構(gòu)知識(shí)間的聯(lián)系,培養(yǎng)邏輯思維,為精讀環(huán)節(jié)做準(zhǔn)備。)
(三)精讀文本,發(fā)展思維的深刻性和批判性
活動(dòng)一:獲取約翰和湯姆對(duì)于玩具的不同觀點(diǎn),完成表1
Read para.1~2 and focus on the two boys’ different opinions of toys.
活動(dòng)二:獲取約翰做木馬的原因
Read para.3~4 and focus on the reason why John decided to make a horse.
Question 1: Why did John decide to make a horse?
S1: John was soon admiring his friend’s horse。
T:What’s the meaning of admire?If your friend is showing off his toy to you,how would you feel?
S1: 羨慕……
Question 2: What did John do next?
S2:He examined it carefully,to see how it was made. The same evening he began to make one for himself.
Question 3: What do you think of John from this part?
S3: I think he is a careful boy.
活動(dòng)三:獲取約翰做木馬所需的材料,借助圖片輔助學(xué)生理解生詞詞義,為下文情節(jié)開展做鋪墊
Read para 5~6 and focus on how John made a horse.
Question 1: How many parts does a horse have?
Question 2:What materials did John use to make the horse?
Question 3: How long did it take John to shape the horse?
S1: It took him two or three days to shape them to his satisfaction.
Question 4:What kind of boy can we see in this part?
T: Such a long time. What do you think of him?
S1: I think he is very patient.
活動(dòng)四:獲取約翰做木馬過(guò)程中遇到的問(wèn)題及其解決途徑;通過(guò)文本細(xì)節(jié)描述,體會(huì)約翰的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)
(1)Read para.7~10 and focus on the problem John met and how he solved it.
Question 1: What was the problem?
S1: He didn’t have any wheels.
Question 2: How did John solve the problem?
S2: He asked a carpenter for help.
(2)Read para.7~10 again and focus on what kind of boy John is.
Question 1: What do you think of John?How do you know that?
S1:He is clever,because at last he thought he would go to a carpenter to see if he could get some round pieces of wood which might suit his purpose.
S2: He is an honest boy,because John went to the carpenter with his horse as he promised.
S3: I think he is also brave,because he could ask the carpenter for help when he met difficulty.
...
Question 2: If you were John,how would you feel hearing the carpenter’s words?
S1: Happy and excited.
S2: I will have a feeling of satisfaction.
活動(dòng)五:從約翰和湯姆的對(duì)話中體會(huì)人物的心理感受并展開討論——約翰的手工木馬究竟花費(fèi)了什么
Read para 11~15 and focus on the conversation of John and Tom.
Question 1: How was Tom’s feeling when he saw John’s wooden horse?
S1: Tom was surprised.
S2: Unbelievable.
Question 2:“Mine cost a dollar, and yours didn’t cost anything.”Do you agree?What did John’s wooden horse cost?
S1: The wooden horse cost a lot of time.
S2: 花費(fèi)了大量的精力。
T: Great. That is energy.
S3: It cost lots of things,such as wood,leather and fur.
T: Yeah,I agree. It’s a hard job. Do you think it’s a creative idea?
Ss: Yes.
T: So the creativity is also a very important part.
活動(dòng)六:通過(guò)體會(huì)約翰做木馬的不易,引導(dǎo)學(xué)生表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)——喜歡自己親手制作玩具還是買玩具,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思辨能力
Discussion:Which one do you prefer,making some-thing by yourself or buying it?Tell out your reasons.
活動(dòng)七:獲取約翰的個(gè)人成就,結(jié)合文本內(nèi)容及故事經(jīng)歷分析人物品質(zhì)
Read para.16 and focus on John’s personal achievement.
Question 1: What does John become?
S1: He is now a master workman,and will soon have a shop of his own.
Question 2: How did John become a master work-man?
S2: He is now a master workman,and will soon have a shop of his own.
Question 3: What do you think of John from this paragraph?
S3:He is a hard-working man.
在文本信息的獲取與梳理過(guò)程中,不斷引導(dǎo)學(xué)生結(jié)合自身情況發(fā)表看法、給出建議等,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的信息提取、分析論證和推理判斷能力,從文章細(xì)節(jié)中感受約翰的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì),增強(qiáng)思維的批判性和深刻性。
(四)對(duì)話創(chuàng)編,提升思維的創(chuàng)造性
1. Interview
John became very famous after years of hard work. Today he is invited to our school to give a speech. The school reporter is very interested in John’s story and wants to have an interview.
2. Further thinking
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:本環(huán)節(jié)旨在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生深入語(yǔ)篇,上升到與作者對(duì)話的層面,深刻理解故事主題。通過(guò)采訪的形式,檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的概括和總結(jié)能力,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)所學(xué)內(nèi)容的遷移運(yùn)用,完成新情境下的交際任務(wù)。)
(五)歸納總結(jié),強(qiáng)化思維的靈活性
Think and fill (Summarize what we have learned in this class)
________ is the best teacher. 興趣是最好的老師。
Where there is a ____there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
Nothing is ________ to the man who will try. 世上無(wú)難事,只要肯攀登。
(設(shè)計(jì)意圖:通過(guò)耳熟能詳?shù)闹V語(yǔ)歸納課堂所學(xué),實(shí)現(xiàn)探究語(yǔ)篇價(jià)值及意義的目的,告誡學(xué)生興趣、意志及拼搏的重要性,引發(fā)學(xué)生反思,達(dá)到育人目的。)
三、教學(xué)反思
本文故事情節(jié)簡(jiǎn)單易懂,主題意義清晰,但有些詞匯對(duì)于八年級(jí)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)難以理解。本設(shè)計(jì)讀前利用語(yǔ)篇配圖直觀鮮明的特點(diǎn),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生從圖片中解讀出新信息,通過(guò)對(duì)信息的識(shí)別、分析、整合,故事脈絡(luò)逐漸顯現(xiàn),文本概念得以建構(gòu),閱讀障礙也得以化解。筆者按照約翰做木馬的故事經(jīng)歷開展問(wèn)題鏈教學(xué):學(xué)生在文本信息的獲取與梳理過(guò)程中,結(jié)合自身情況發(fā)表評(píng)價(jià)并給出建議,從文本語(yǔ)言中提煉、總結(jié)約翰的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的批判性思維能力。讀后引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)新情境整合運(yùn)用相關(guān)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)及創(chuàng)造思維,完成交際任務(wù),培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性思維能力。
本文在深入語(yǔ)篇的活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)中,學(xué)生雖能體會(huì)到約翰的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì),但在新情景對(duì)話創(chuàng)編中仍然存在思維層面及語(yǔ)言表述上的困難,導(dǎo)致本課的亮點(diǎn)沒(méi)有很好地呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。這也是本節(jié)課值得反思的地方。教師在日常教學(xué)中除了加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的知識(shí)和能力培養(yǎng)外,更要注重學(xué)生思維層面的培養(yǎng),促進(jìn)能力向素養(yǎng)的轉(zhuǎn)化,把核心素養(yǎng)的育人目標(biāo)落到實(shí)處。
四、結(jié)語(yǔ)
總之,英語(yǔ)閱讀課在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生語(yǔ)言綜合運(yùn)用能力和思維能力方面發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。語(yǔ)言是思維的工具,教師要以語(yǔ)篇為依托,以目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言為媒介,通過(guò)語(yǔ)言與思維的融合促進(jìn)學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的有效提升。在日常教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)深刻認(rèn)識(shí)到思維品質(zhì)培養(yǎng)對(duì)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)提升的重要意義,科學(xué)、合理地設(shè)計(jì)各類教學(xué)活動(dòng),不斷探索、優(yōu)化閱讀策略,逐步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的邏輯思維、辯證思維和創(chuàng)新思維,助推學(xué)生英語(yǔ)綜合素養(yǎng)的提升。
(作者單位:北京景山學(xué)校曹妃甸分校)
編輯:趙文靜