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發(fā)情期和妊娠早期孕酮對奶牛繁殖的影響及調(diào)控方法

2024-11-08 00:00:00孫國瀚鄭浩楊卓沈文娟陶金忠
畜牧獸醫(yī)學報 2024年10期
關鍵詞:發(fā)情期孕酮奶牛

摘 要: 奶牛發(fā)情期和妊娠早期體內(nèi)孕酮水平不足是導致其繁殖效率低的重要因素之一。較高的孕酮水平能夠提高卵母細胞質(zhì)量、調(diào)節(jié)激素分泌、調(diào)控子宮內(nèi)環(huán)境以及促進胚胎發(fā)育,從而提升奶牛的繁殖效率。因此,發(fā)情期和妊娠早期孕酮水平與奶牛繁殖效率之間的關系受到廣泛了關注。本文總結了孕酮對奶牛發(fā)情期及妊娠早期不同階段的影響,并探討了在這些關鍵時期提高孕酮水平的方法,以期為奶牛養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)業(yè)提供生產(chǎn)指導,助力奶牛繁育工作提質(zhì)增效。

關鍵詞: 奶牛;孕酮;發(fā)情期;妊娠早期;繁殖效率

中圖分類號: S823.91; S823.3

文獻標志碼:A

文章編號:0366-6964(2024)10-4241-09

收稿日期:2024-03-28

基金項目:寧夏回族自治區(qū)重點研發(fā)項目(2022BBF03022)

作者簡介:孫國瀚(1996-),男,山東淄博人,碩士,主要從事動物繁殖技術和繁殖障礙研究,E-mail:sunguohan01@163.com

*通信作者:陶金忠,主要從事動物繁殖技術和繁殖障礙研究,E-mail:tao_jz@nxu.edu.cn

Effects and Regulation Methods of Progesterone on Reproduction in Dairy Cows During Estrus

and Early Pregnancy

SUN" Guohan, ZHENG" Hao, YANG" Zhuo, SHEN" Wenjuan, TAO" Jinzhong*

(College of Animal Science and Technology , Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021," China)

Abstract:" Insufficient progesterone levels during estrus and early pregnancy in dairy cows is one of significant factors contributing to low reproductive efficiency. Elevated progesterone levels have been shown to enhance oocyte quality, regulate hormone secretion, control the uterine environment, and promote embryonic development, thereby improving reproductive efficiency in dairy cows. Consequently, the relationship between progesterone levels during estrus and early pregnancy and reproductive efficiency in dairy cows has attracted significant attention. This paper summarizes the effects of progesterone on various stages of estrus and early pregnancy in dairy cows and explores methods to enhance progesterone levels during these critical periods. The objective is to provide production guidance for dairy farming industry and to improve the quality and efficiency of dairy cow breeding.

Key words: dairy cow; progesterone; estrus; early pregnancy; reproductive efficiency

*Corresponding author: TAO Jinzhong, E-mail:tao_jz@nxu.edu.cn

奶牛繁殖效率的高低是影響奶產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟效益的關鍵因素,加強奶牛的繁育工作可提高其繁殖效率[1-3]。在奶牛繁育中,妊娠奶牛出現(xiàn)胚胎發(fā)育緩慢甚至停滯等問題,通常是由于體內(nèi)孕酮水平偏低所致,孕酮主要是由黃體產(chǎn)生,具有保障胚胎正常生長和發(fā)育,調(diào)節(jié)子宮內(nèi)環(huán)境等功能,此外孕酮還可作用于子宮內(nèi)膜,刺激游離胚胎所依賴的子宮內(nèi)膜分泌物的產(chǎn)生,在維持奶牛妊娠中起到了關鍵作用[4-6]。奶牛發(fā)情期和妊娠早期是其卵泡生長和胚胎發(fā)育的關鍵時期,在此期間的不同階段,采用針對性的處理方法可以提高奶牛體內(nèi)的孕酮水平,從而起到調(diào)節(jié)奶牛體內(nèi)激素平衡、胚胎生長環(huán)境等作用,以此促進胚胎的生長發(fā)育,維持奶牛妊娠,實現(xiàn)奶牛繁殖效率的提高[7-8]。

1 孕酮對發(fā)情期奶牛卵泡發(fā)育的影響

在奶牛的發(fā)情周期中,排卵前舊黃體已溶解,此時奶牛體內(nèi)的孕酮水平處于相對較低的水平。臨近排卵時,奶牛卵巢中的卵泡開始迅速發(fā)育,進而形成成熟卵泡。奶牛垂體前葉會合成促黃體素,促進排卵后顆粒細胞黃體化,此時黃體迅速增加,分泌較多孕酮,可以在卵泡發(fā)育階段起到調(diào)節(jié)卵泡成熟程度和細胞內(nèi)信號傳導通路的作用[9]。發(fā)情期奶牛通常會有嗅探、興奮躁動等性情變化,若奶牛體內(nèi)孕酮低會使卵泡發(fā)育不良,導致出現(xiàn)發(fā)情表達差、發(fā)情周期延長或不發(fā)情等情況,對奶牛的妊娠造成了負面影響[10-11]。補充孕酮后,可以使奶牛激素水平得到改善,有利于奶牛卵泡發(fā)育、發(fā)情表達以及發(fā)情時間的同步[12]。此外,孕酮還能夠通過抑制垂體促卵泡激素的分泌,抑制排雙卵現(xiàn)象,進而避免了雙胎妊娠損失較高的風險,有效提高了其繁殖效率[13]。

在定時人工授精(timed artificial insemination,TAI)方案中,通過注射促性腺激素釋放激素(GnRH)進行預同期,可以刺激奶牛的垂體前葉釋放促黃體素和促卵泡素,從而促進排卵并提高排卵后孕酮水平。這一過程可發(fā)揮同步卵泡波、促進黃體的消退以及生成優(yōu)勢卵泡等作用,并降低排雙卵的概率,有效提高了TAI方案的效率[14-16]。研究表明,在TAI前16~2 d對奶牛注射100 μg的GnRH,可使妊娠率提高1~7.9個百分點。相比而言,TAI前3 d對奶牛注射100 μg的GnRH效果更佳(表1)。

對于重復配種未能成功妊娠的奶牛,同時注射GnRH和插入陰道孕酮栓(CIDR)能夠增加奶牛體內(nèi)的孕酮水平,提高奶牛卵母細胞質(zhì)量,并在隨后的受精過程中提高妊娠率,降低雙胎妊娠的比例,減少胚胎死亡,從而提高TAI方案的繁殖效率[19-20]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在TAI前9~10 d給奶牛插入1.38~2.76 g的CIDR能夠使妊娠率提高7~13.4個百分點。相比而言,TAI前10 d給奶牛插入1.38 g的CIDR效果更佳(表2)。

總體而言,奶牛排卵前較高的孕酮不僅可以促進卵泡發(fā)育和成熟,提高卵母細胞的質(zhì)量,降低雙胎妊娠風險,還能促進奶牛群的發(fā)情時間同步,從而有效提高了奶牛后續(xù)妊娠率。

2 TAI后7 d內(nèi)孕酮對奶牛的影響

排卵后,如果對奶牛進行TAI,其卵母細胞將在輸卵管內(nèi)受精并形成胚胎,進入子宮發(fā)育。這是奶牛繁殖中胚胎丟失比例最高的時期[24]。受精后,受精卵將在輸卵管中完成前3~5 d的發(fā)育,約在受精后4 d時形成由16個細胞構成的桑葚胚,隨后進入子宮[25]。在這一過程中,孕酮不僅通過調(diào)節(jié)輸卵管平滑肌的收縮和舒張,將胚胎輸送至子宮,還通過促進子宮分泌營養(yǎng)素,為胚胎的生長發(fā)育提供營養(yǎng)和支持[26]。Talukder等[27]認為,奶牛妊娠7 d內(nèi)

胚胎的發(fā)育環(huán)境尤為關鍵。胚胎進入子宮后,體內(nèi)孕酮水平影響子宮環(huán)境和胚胎發(fā)育,較高的孕酮水平有助于調(diào)節(jié)子宮環(huán)境至有利于胚胎發(fā)育的狀態(tài),并促進胚胎發(fā)育。若此時奶牛體內(nèi)孕酮水平較低,可能導致子宮營養(yǎng)素分泌與胚胎發(fā)育所需營養(yǎng)不同步,從而影響胚胎正常發(fā)育[28]。因此,在此階段適當提高孕酮水平有助于促進胚胎的生長和發(fā)育。

在配種后早期注射GnRH能提高奶牛的妊娠率,可能是因為GnRH注射后促進了促黃體生成素的分泌,使黃體迅速具備功能。在第5~7天注射GnRH可能會誘導新的卵泡發(fā)育并促使排卵,間接提高了孕酮水平,確保胚胎正常發(fā)育[29]。研究表明,在TAI后0~7 d使用100 μg的GnRH,可使妊娠率提高5.6~11個百分點。相比而言,TAI后7 d對奶牛注射100 μg的GnRH效果更佳(表3)。

注射hCG是提高繁殖效率的一種方法,通過促進奶牛黃體產(chǎn)生孕酮實現(xiàn)。hCG主要是由胎盤滋養(yǎng)層細胞分泌的一種糖蛋白,半衰期相對GnRH更長[33]。能夠在奶牛體內(nèi)模擬促黃體激素的作用,促進黃體發(fā)育和功能,可以保障黃體持續(xù)產(chǎn)生孕酮,有助于維持奶牛妊娠早期的穩(wěn)定[34-35]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在TAI后4~7 d對奶牛注射1 500~2 500 IU的hCG,可提高的1.5~8個百分點的妊娠率。相比而言,TAI后6 d對奶牛注射1 500 IU的hCG效果更佳(表4)。

在奶牛妊娠后5 d內(nèi)插入CIDR不僅可以提高奶牛體內(nèi)的孕酮水平,還能夠調(diào)控奶牛子宮內(nèi)膜中FABP、DGAT2等關鍵基因的表達,可促進13~15 d孕體的發(fā)育及后續(xù)妊娠的識別,進而提高奶牛的繁殖效率[38-39]。研究顯示,在TAI后0~5 d使用1.38~1.9 g的CIDR可以提高1.7~9個百分點的妊娠率。相比而言,在TAI后5 d使用1.9 g的CIDR效果更佳(表5)。

總體而言,該階段胚胎的發(fā)育需要通過孕酮對子宮的作用來調(diào)節(jié)子宮內(nèi)膜功能,通過調(diào)節(jié)輸卵管和子宮分泌物來調(diào)節(jié)胚胎的發(fā)育,提高該階段的孕酮水平能夠提高隨后奶牛的妊娠率。

3 妊娠后8~17 d孕酮對奶牛的影響

妊娠后8~10 d,胚胎從透明帶孵化后繼續(xù)生長,滋養(yǎng)外胚層伸長,經(jīng)歷由球形變?yōu)槁研蔚倪^渡階段,通常在第12天至14天開始逐漸形成絲狀原始條紋。此時,胚胎形成原腸胚,由內(nèi)細胞團組成,內(nèi)細胞團經(jīng)過進一步分化,形成胚胎和滋養(yǎng)外胚層,最終形成胎盤[25]。相對而言,該階段較高的孕酮主要發(fā)揮了提高奶牛妊娠早期胚胎質(zhì)量、促進早期妊娠干擾素-τ(IFNT)分泌,抑制子宮收縮等作用,使子宮維持松弛狀態(tài),同時能夠為胚胎的發(fā)育提供營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。當胚胎形成滋養(yǎng)外胚層細胞后,開始分泌大量的IFNT,這是奶牛妊娠識別的信號,且具有免疫調(diào)節(jié)功能[44]。研究表明,高孕酮水平的奶牛在妊娠識別和后續(xù)繁殖效率方面優(yōu)于低孕酮水平的奶牛,主要是因為孕酮與IFNT協(xié)同作用,影響外周血液中的白細胞,使干擾素刺激基因(ISGs)表達量升高,進而提高了奶牛的妊娠識別和后續(xù)繁殖效率[45]。此外,Wiltbank等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn),在此期間較高水平的孕酮會使奶牛孕體體積增大、IFNT分泌增加,IFNT的增多會抑制前列腺素的分泌,可緩沖子宮黃體的溶解,以此確保維持黃體功能,實現(xiàn)了調(diào)節(jié)子宮環(huán)境的目的。

在此階段,對奶牛注射GnRH可以促進孕酮與IFNT的相互作用。IFNT通過抑制奶牛子宮前列腺素分泌,有效降低了黃體被子宮前列腺素溶解的比例,使奶牛體內(nèi)孕酮水平增加,提高了奶牛的繁殖效率[47]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TAI后11~17 d對奶牛使用100 μg的GnRH,可提高3.6~7.6個百分點的妊娠率。相比而言,TAI后14 d對奶牛注射100 μg的GnRH效果更佳(表6)。

為避免奶牛出現(xiàn)因孕酮缺乏而導致胚胎發(fā)育受阻的情況,可采用插入CIDR的方法。這種方法有助于增加孕酮水平、調(diào)節(jié)卵巢功能并促進孕體發(fā)育,有利于奶牛妊娠的維持[51]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在TAI后7~14 d對奶牛使用1.38 g的CIDR,可提高3~6.8個百分點的妊娠率。相比而言,TAI后14 d使用1.38 g的CIDR效果更佳(表7)。

總體而言,該階段孕體的生長和發(fā)育需要通過孕酮對子宮的作用來調(diào)節(jié)子宮內(nèi)膜功能,包括孕體與母體的相互作用以及妊娠識別等過程,提高該階段的孕酮水平能夠提高奶牛的妊娠率。

4 妊娠17 d后孕酮對奶牛的影響

妊娠17 d后,奶牛子宮內(nèi)膜將繼續(xù)增厚,并持續(xù)為孕體提供養(yǎng)分,此時較高孕酮可以通過影響孕體和子宮內(nèi)膜轉錄組,起到維持妊娠的作用[54]。此后,奶牛仍會因孕體小導致IFNT分泌不足出現(xiàn)黃體溶解的情況,從而降低孕酮水平,增加了流產(chǎn)的風險[55]。因此,在奶牛妊娠17~42 d補充孕酮的主要作用在于維持妊娠狀態(tài)的穩(wěn)定,進而維持孕酮水平、減少流產(chǎn)風險[56-57]。

注射GnRH可以提高奶牛體內(nèi)孕酮水平,能夠進一步穩(wěn)定奶牛的妊娠狀態(tài),有效避免了奶牛因孕酮不足導致出現(xiàn)妊娠損失[58]。值得注意的是,人工合成GnRH的使用效果因氨基酸組成不同而異,比如Cystorelin提高孕酮效果比Factrel更好[59]。此外,近年來Garcia-Ispierto所在團隊研究了GnRH類似物dephereline對奶牛奶牛繁殖效率的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)GnRH和dephereline的提升奶牛的妊娠效果相似,但在提高胚胎存活率方面效果更好(胚胎丟失率降低了11.6%),進而使繁殖效率變得更高[60-62]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TAI后17 d對奶牛使用100 μg的GnRH,可提高0.6~6.9個百分點的妊娠率。相比而言,TAI后18和32 d對奶牛注射100 μg的GnRH效果更佳(表8)。

另有研究表明,為奶牛提供高營養(yǎng)飼料和適宜的環(huán)境,定期進行疫苗接種和驅蟲的工作,可提高奶牛的抗氧化、免疫能力,進而降低奶牛疾病的發(fā)生率,以此減少因疾病導致奶牛體內(nèi)孕酮水平低的現(xiàn)象[64-65]。此外,在日糧中通過補充礦物質(zhì)或硒等也可有效提高奶牛體內(nèi)孕酮水平[66-67]。因此,可以根據(jù)生產(chǎn)實際選擇相對應的方案,提高奶牛的繁殖效率。

5 結論與展望

妊娠早期是奶牛因體內(nèi)孕酮水平低導致胚胎丟失的高風險階段。奶牛發(fā)情期和妊娠早期的黃體功能需要孕酮來維持,較高的孕酮水平能夠促進胚胎正常發(fā)育,降低流產(chǎn)的風險,有效提高奶牛的繁殖效率。奶牛排卵前,通過注射GnRH、插入CIDR的方法可以增加體內(nèi)孕酮含量,促進卵泡發(fā)育和成熟,提高卵母細胞質(zhì)量,并減少雙胎妊娠的風險。AI后0~7 d,通過注射hCG、GnRH以及插入CIDR的方法,可以有效提高奶牛體內(nèi)孕酮水平,調(diào)節(jié)子宮環(huán)境并促進胚胎的健康發(fā)育。妊娠后8~17 d,通過注射GnRH和插入CIDR可促進奶牛孕體的發(fā)育,增加妊娠識別信號IFNT的分泌。妊娠17 d后,通過注射GnRH及優(yōu)化飼養(yǎng)管理可降低奶牛的妊娠損失??傮w而言,適當?shù)难a充孕酮在奶牛繁殖工作中至關重要。未來的研究可以通過監(jiān)測和調(diào)控奶牛不同時期孕酮水平,進一步探索孕酮在奶牛繁殖過程中的作用機制,為奶牛繁殖管理提供更多的科學依據(jù)和技術支持。

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(編輯 郭云雁)

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