[摘" 要]" 目的" 探討心外膜脂肪層厚度(EFT)對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)伴左心室肥大患者射頻消融術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。方法" 選取2021年6月—2023年9月在山西省白求恩醫(yī)院收治的心房顫動(dòng)患者50例進(jìn)行回顧性分析。通過(guò)電子病歷采集患者的臨床資料,采用超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查EFT,依據(jù)患者是否實(shí)現(xiàn)逆重構(gòu)進(jìn)行分組,單因素及多因素logistic回歸模型分析術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的影響因素,ROC曲線分析EFT對(duì)其預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。結(jié)果" 28例未實(shí)現(xiàn)逆重構(gòu)者為對(duì)照組,22例實(shí)現(xiàn)逆重構(gòu)者為逆重構(gòu)組。兩組年齡、心房顫動(dòng)分型、心房顫動(dòng)病程、左房?jī)?nèi)徑(LAD)、左室舒張末期內(nèi)徑、左室舒張末期內(nèi)徑指數(shù)(LVEDI)、中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hsCRP)、血小板分布寬度(PDW)、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度、纖維蛋白原與白蛋白比值(FAR)及EFT比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);多因素logistic回歸分析顯示,EFT、LAD、LVEDI、NLR、hsCRP、PDW、FAR均為術(shù)后逆重構(gòu)的獨(dú)立影響因素(P<0.05);EFT預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的cut-off值為0.848,靈敏度為95.5%,特異度為89.3%,AUC為0.937(95%CI:0.868~0.983)。結(jié)論" EFT與心房顫動(dòng)伴左心室肥大患者術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)有較高的相關(guān)性。
[關(guān)鍵詞]" 心房顫動(dòng);左心室肥大;射頻消融;左心室逆重構(gòu);心外膜脂肪層厚度" doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-7593.2025.01.002
收稿日期:2024-03-11" 修回日期:2024-04-29" 錄用日期:2024-04-30
*國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(82172011);山西自然科學(xué)基金(202203021221275);山西省留學(xué)人員科技活動(dòng)(20230052)
**通信作者:康春松,電子郵箱kangchunsong2023@163.com
Predictive value of epicardial fat thickness for left ventricular reverse remodeling after
radiofrequency" ablation in atrial fibrillation patients with left ventricular hypertrophy
Hu Ke1,2, Wang Wenhui1, Zhen Junping1, Kang Chunsong2 **
1Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan" 030607; 2Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Taiyuan" 030001
**Corresponding author:Kang Chunsong, email:kangchunsong2023@163.com
[Abstract]" Objective" To investigate the predictive value of epicardial fat thickness (EFT) for left ventricular reverse remodeling after radiofrequency ablation in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Methods" A total of 50 patients with atrial fibrillation admitted to Shanxi Bethune Hospital from June 2021 to September 2023 were retrospectively collected.The clinical data of the patients were collected by electronic medical records.EFT was examined by echocardiography.The patients were divided into groups according to whether reverse remodeling was achieved.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the factors of postoperative left ventricular reverse remodeling.ROC curve was used to analyze the predictive value of EFT. Results" A total of 28 patients who did not achieve reverse remodeling were included in the control group, and 22 patients who achieved reverse remodeling were included in the reverse remodeling group.There were significant differences in age, atrial fibrillation classification, duration of atrial fibrillation, left atrial diameter (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter index (LVEDI), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), platelet distribution width(PDW), red cell distribution width, fibrinogen to albumin ratio (FAR) and EFT between the two groups (P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that EFT, LAD, LVEDI, NLR, hsCRP, PDW"" and FAR were independent factors for left ventricular reverse remodeling(P<0.05).The cut-off value of EFT for predicting postoperative left ventricular reverse remodeling was 0.848, sensitivity was 95.5%, specificity was 89.3%, and AUC was 0.937 (95% CI: 0.868-0.983). Conclusion" EFT has a high predictive value for postoperative left ventricular reverse remodeling in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.
[Key words]" Atrial fibrillation; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Radiofrequency ablation; Left ventricular reverse remodeling; Epicardial fat thickness" 目前全球心房顫動(dòng)的患病率約為1%~2%[1]。心房顫動(dòng)的主要危害在于其易發(fā)生栓塞并導(dǎo)致腦卒中、心力衰竭等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥[2-3]。對(duì)于心房顫動(dòng)患者首選射頻消融術(shù)進(jìn)行治療,通過(guò)破壞心房顫動(dòng)起源和傳導(dǎo)途徑來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)恢復(fù)竇性節(jié)律。射頻消融術(shù)后出現(xiàn)心室逆重構(gòu)主要表現(xiàn)為左心室內(nèi)徑明顯縮小伴左心室收縮功能的顯著改善[4]。心室逆重構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)不僅可以改善患者的心功能和生活質(zhì)量,還可以降低死亡率。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的研究關(guān)注于心室逆重構(gòu)的影響因素,包括臨床特征、心肌病變程度、心肌纖維化程度等。其中,心外膜脂肪層厚度(Epicardial fat thickness,EFT)作為一種新興的指標(biāo),受到了廣泛的關(guān)注,EFT是指心臟的外層脂肪沉積,可以通過(guò)超聲心動(dòng)圖等無(wú)創(chuàng)檢查方法測(cè)量[5]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EFT的增加與心房顫動(dòng)消融術(shù)后患者預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[6]。此外,EFT還可以反映心臟的炎癥狀態(tài)和代謝紊亂程度,因此被認(rèn)為是心室逆重構(gòu)的潛在預(yù)測(cè)因素之一[7]。本研究旨在探討EFT對(duì)心房顫動(dòng)伴左心室肥大患者射頻消融術(shù)后心室逆重構(gòu)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值,為更好地評(píng)估患者的心室逆重構(gòu)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提供參考和指導(dǎo)。
1" 對(duì)象與方法
1.1" 研究對(duì)象
選取2021年6月—2023年9月在山西省白求恩醫(yī)院收治的心房顫動(dòng)患者50例進(jìn)行回顧性分析。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①接受射頻消融術(shù)治療,且符合其治療指征;②超聲檢查提示左心室肥大,左室舒張末期內(nèi)徑指數(shù)(Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter index,LVEDI)gt;33 mm/m2;③心房顫動(dòng)引起的左心室肥大;④病歷資料完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①具有其他心臟手術(shù)史,如主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄、二尖瓣狹窄、先天性心臟病等;②伴冠心病、心力衰竭、心肌病等;③伴有其他原因引起的左心室肥大者,如高血壓、主動(dòng)脈狹窄等;④無(wú)法完成心臟超聲檢查者;⑤有嚴(yán)重的肝、腎功能不全或者其他嚴(yán)重器官功能障礙者;⑥有活動(dòng)性感染或感染史者;⑦合并自身免疫性疾?。虎嘤醒翰?、器質(zhì)性肺部疾病、消化系統(tǒng)疾病、惡性腫瘤等其他嚴(yán)重疾病者。
1.2" 方法
1.2.1" 資料收集" 通過(guò)電子病歷采集年齡、心房顫動(dòng)分型、心房顫動(dòng)病程、左房?jī)?nèi)徑(Left atrial diameter,LAD)、左室舒張末期內(nèi)徑(Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter,LVEDD)、LVEDI、中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(High-sensitivity C-reactive protein,hsCRP)、血小板分布寬度(Platelet distribution width,PDW)、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度(Red cell distribution width,RDW)、纖維蛋白原與白蛋白比值(Fibrinogen to albumin ratio,F(xiàn)AR)、EFT、性別、體表面積(Body surface area,BSA)、N端B型鈉尿肽前體(N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)、左室收縮功能障礙(Left ventricular systolic dysfunction,LVSD)、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(Left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)及抗凝藥物的使用。LVEDI(mm/m2)=LVED(mm)/BSA(m2)。BSA:男性=0.005 7 × 身高(cm)+ 0.012 1 × 體質(zhì)量(kg)+ 0.088 2,女性=0.007 3 × 身高(cm)+ 0.012 7 ×"" 體質(zhì)量(kg)- 0.210 6[8]。
1.2.2" EFT檢測(cè)" 由兩名超聲科專(zhuān)業(yè)醫(yī)生判讀結(jié)果,若存在歧義則遵循盲法原則。超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查,頻率1~5 MHz。測(cè)量舒張期胸骨旁左心室長(zhǎng)軸切面冠狀溝與心尖切跡中間的右室前壁前、左心室后壁后、心尖切跡處的EFT,取檢測(cè)3次的平均值。
1.2.3" 逆重構(gòu)判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)" ①術(shù)后6個(gè)月LVEDI較術(shù)前下降至少10%或LVEDI數(shù)值低于33 mm/m2;②術(shù)后LVEF數(shù)值≥50%。
1.3" 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS27.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料采用x±s表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn);多因素logistic回歸模型分析影響術(shù)后逆重構(gòu)的因素;ROC曲線分析EFT對(duì)術(shù)后逆重構(gòu)的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值;檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。
2" 結(jié)果
2.1" 50例心房顫動(dòng)患者臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸情況
經(jīng)超聲心動(dòng)圖評(píng)估發(fā)現(xiàn),心房顫動(dòng)患者射頻消融術(shù)后22例實(shí)現(xiàn)逆重構(gòu)(逆重構(gòu)組),28例未實(shí)現(xiàn)逆重構(gòu)(對(duì)照組)。
2.2" 伴左心室肥大患者射頻消融術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的單因素分析
兩組年齡、心房顫動(dòng)分型、心房顫動(dòng)病程、LAD、LVEDD、LVEDI、NLR、hsCRP、RDW、PDW、FAR、EFT比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.3" 伴左心室肥大患者射頻消融術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的多因素logistic回歸分析
以是否完全逆重構(gòu)為因變量(否=0,是=1),將心房顫動(dòng)分型(陣發(fā)=0,持續(xù)=1)及年齡、心房顫動(dòng)病程、LAD、LVEDD、LVEDI、NLR、hsCRP、RDW、PDW、FAR、EFT(連續(xù)型變量,原值代入)進(jìn)行多因素logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示,EFT、LAD、LVEDI、NLR、hsCRP、PDW、FAR均為術(shù)后逆重構(gòu)獨(dú)立影響因素(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.4" ROC曲線分析EFT預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的價(jià)值
EFT預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的cut-off值為0.848,靈敏度為95.5%,特異度為89.3%,AUC為0.937(95%CI:0.868~0.983),見(jiàn)圖1。
3" 討論
心外膜脂肪組織位于心臟外壁和心包之間,是人體內(nèi)最活躍的脂肪組織之一。有研究稱(chēng),心外膜脂肪組織可以分泌促炎及趨化因子,對(duì)心肌存在旁分泌作用[9]。EFT與心外膜脂肪組織具有較好的相關(guān)性,與心外膜脂肪組織比,EFT檢測(cè)更為精準(zhǔn),可準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估心外膜脂肪情況。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EFT為射頻消融術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的影響因素,EFT水平的增加可以誘導(dǎo)炎癥反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致心血管疾病的發(fā)生和進(jìn)展,而EFT較低則可能意味著患者更健康的代謝水平、更少的脂肪存儲(chǔ)和更輕的炎癥反應(yīng),從而有利于減少心血管疾病的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[10]。對(duì)于心房顫動(dòng)患者,EFT較低的患者更容易實(shí)現(xiàn)左心室逆重構(gòu)。EFT增加可能會(huì)增加心室壁的負(fù)荷和阻礙心室壁的正常收縮,因此,EFT較低可能意味著心室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)和機(jī)械功能較好,有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)左心室逆重構(gòu)。較低的EFT可能與更好的心肌纖維排列有關(guān),這有助于心室壁的收縮和恢復(fù)正常的收縮功能;相反,較高的EFT可能與心肌纖維排列的紊亂和瘢痕化有關(guān),可能影響心室壁的收縮能力,增加逆重構(gòu)的困難。逆重構(gòu)要求恢復(fù)左心室的正常形態(tài),而較低的EFT可能意味著心室擴(kuò)張程度較小,更有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)心室形態(tài)的恢復(fù)[11]。EFT較低可能意味著心室內(nèi)腔的空間較小,對(duì)于逆重構(gòu)手術(shù)而言更容易實(shí)現(xiàn)形態(tài)的恢復(fù)和調(diào)整。
Maron等[12]研究顯示年齡可作為結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)的預(yù)測(cè)因素。但本研究多因素分析并未發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡是影響術(shù)后逆重構(gòu)的因素。任訾娟[13]研究顯示,心房顫動(dòng)病程越長(zhǎng),射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高。本研究單因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)心房顫動(dòng)病程在兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,該指標(biāo)并未進(jìn)入方程,可能與樣本差異有關(guān)。心功能方面,單因素分析顯示LAD、LVED、LVEDI在兩組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且多因素分析顯示,LAD、LVEDI為術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的獨(dú)立影響因素,心房顫動(dòng)引起左心室充盈不全,導(dǎo)致左心室收縮末期容積和內(nèi)徑增大。較小的LAD有助于逆重構(gòu),而較大LAD則使逆重構(gòu)更困難。LVEDI低說(shuō)明左心室功能較好,更易適應(yīng)心房顫動(dòng)應(yīng)激,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)逆重構(gòu)。Zhuang等[14]研究顯示,與射頻消融術(shù)后未復(fù)發(fā)的患者比較,復(fù)發(fā)者基線LAD明顯更高。Wei等[15]研究顯示,與射頻消融術(shù)治療失敗患者比較,治療成功患者LAD水平明顯更低。左心室肥大是心房顫動(dòng)患者的常見(jiàn)表現(xiàn),且與左心室逆重構(gòu)密切相關(guān)。Shao等[16]研究表示,NLR水平與心房顫動(dòng)發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,NLR、hsCRP指標(biāo)越低越有利于患者術(shù)后左心室的逆重構(gòu),說(shuō)明機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)不利于逆重構(gòu)進(jìn)程。PDW是指血小板體積分布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,用于評(píng)估血小板體積分布的均勻性。PDW越高可能反映患者血小板體積分布不均,從而引發(fā)血栓形成和心血管事件。在心房顫動(dòng)患者中,PDW越高可能預(yù)示著更嚴(yán)重的炎癥反應(yīng)和心血管損傷,進(jìn)一步損害左心室的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,實(shí)現(xiàn)左心室逆重構(gòu)更加困難。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),PDW可作為術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的獨(dú)立影響因素進(jìn)一步證明了這一點(diǎn)。FAR指血液中的纖維蛋白原水平與白蛋白水平的比值,是評(píng)估炎癥和營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)的指標(biāo)之一。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)AR為術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的影響因素,F(xiàn)AR水平更低更易實(shí)現(xiàn)術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)。左心室逆重構(gòu)需足夠的心室壁張力。心室擴(kuò)張降低張力,而較低的FAR水平意味著心室擴(kuò)張較小,保持較高的壁張力,有助于逆重構(gòu)。低FAR水平還可能反映心室舒張功能改善,促進(jìn)舒張期有效充盈,支持逆重構(gòu)過(guò)程。另外,Li等[17]和Berra等[18]研究稱(chēng),F(xiàn)AR可作為心血管疾病嚴(yán)重程度的預(yù)測(cè)因素,與本研究結(jié)果具有一致性。
ROC曲線分析顯示,EFT預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后左心室逆重構(gòu)的cut-off值為0.848,靈敏度為0.955,特異度為0.893,AUC為0.937(95%CI:0.868~0.983),該結(jié)果表明,EFT作為一種簡(jiǎn)單、非侵入性和經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠的生物標(biāo)志物,在評(píng)估心房顫動(dòng)患者左心室逆重構(gòu)上具有較高的價(jià)值,可進(jìn)一步展開(kāi)研究加以驗(yàn)證。
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