封軍玲
摘 要:在高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,定語(yǔ)從句是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),同時(shí)也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。在教學(xué)時(shí),首先應(yīng)讓學(xué)生明確定語(yǔ)從句的定義和關(guān)系詞的功能,其次要讓學(xué)生正確區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞(that / which)與關(guān)系副詞(when / where / why)的不同用法,注意主謂語(yǔ)的一致性及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題。
關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ);教學(xué);定語(yǔ)從句
中圖分類號(hào):G633.41 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-010X(2009)01-0056-02
在高中階段的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中,定語(yǔ)從句是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),同時(shí)也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)?,F(xiàn)就定語(yǔ)從句教學(xué)中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題談一些自己的看法。
首先,應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生明確定語(yǔ)從句的定義和關(guān)系詞的功能:第一,定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的用作定語(yǔ)的從句。定語(yǔ)從句在句中相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞,起“定語(yǔ)”的作用,修飾說(shuō)明名詞、代詞或主句的全部?jī)?nèi)容,通常位于被修飾的詞語(yǔ)( 即“先行詞” )之后,由關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)。第二,關(guān)系詞有兩種功能:一是引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,二是在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。例如:Do you knowthe engineerwhois speaking to our teacher?關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中替代 the engineer,并在從句中作主語(yǔ)。根據(jù)“關(guān)系詞”在定語(yǔ)從句中的功能,又分為“關(guān)系代詞”和“關(guān)系副詞”兩種,常用的關(guān)系代詞有who, whom, whose, which 和that;關(guān)系副詞有 when, where和 why。
其次,在學(xué)生對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句有了基本的認(rèn)識(shí)之后,教師應(yīng)設(shè)置相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)境,提供合適的例句及段落等,在相應(yīng)的場(chǎng)合組織形式多樣的訓(xùn)練。訓(xùn)練中注意以下幾個(gè)問(wèn)題。
一、正確區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞
關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)分是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)難點(diǎn),但也是定語(yǔ)從句學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。首先我們可以通過(guò)下面表格使學(xué)生了解都有哪些關(guān)系代詞,它們分別充當(dāng)什么句子成分:
從表中可以給學(xué)生指出,that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,其功能最強(qiáng),除不能作定語(yǔ)外,其它幾個(gè)功能都能擔(dān)當(dāng)。但是在使用時(shí),學(xué)生往往分不清什么時(shí)候用which 什么時(shí)候用 that ,需要就這兩個(gè)詞用法上的異同進(jìn)行歸納以幫助學(xué)生理解:
1. which 能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,而 that 不能:
Next year,whichyoull spend in your hometown, is coming.
( 此句中的which 不能用 that 代替 )
2. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ),即用于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),只能用which不能用that:
I have bought two ballpoint pens,B writes well.
A. none of which
B. neither of which
C. none of them
D. neither of them
3. 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo),一般不能用which:
Later my father and Mr. Smith talked for about half an hour ofthings and persons(that) they remembered in the school.(that在從句中做賓語(yǔ),可省略)
4. 當(dāng)先行詞是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much等不定代詞或先行詞為不定代詞所修飾時(shí),這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo):
Is thereanythingelse that you require?
There is stillmuchthat can be improved.
5. 當(dāng)先行詞前有最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that:
This is one ofthe bestfilms that have been shown this year.
The firstplace that we visited was the hospital.
6. 先行詞被the only, the very, the last等修飾時(shí)只能用that:
Hesthe veryperson that I want to visit.
7. 先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ),或關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)用that:
Shes no longerthe girlthat she was in her childhood.
二、正確區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞(that / which)與關(guān)系副詞(when / where / why)
講解這類題時(shí),要從定語(yǔ)從句中所缺成分著手來(lái)使學(xué)生確定使用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,一定要讓學(xué)生明白不能因?yàn)橄刃性~是表時(shí)間的名詞就用when,是表地點(diǎn)的名詞就用where,先行詞是reason就用why,我們可以讓學(xué)生比較下面的正誤句:
1.This is the mountain village where I visited last year.(誤)
2.This is the mountain village(that/which)I visited last year.(正)
3.This is the mountain village where I lived last year.(正)
4.I'll never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.(誤)
5.I'll never forget the days(that/which)I spent in the countryside.(正)
6. I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.(正)
由以上例句引導(dǎo)學(xué)生歸納出,用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如果動(dòng)詞是及物的,后面又無(wú)賓語(yǔ),就用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。因此,能否正確區(qū)分及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞是問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵,教學(xué)可就此問(wèn)題強(qiáng)調(diào)注意詞性的重要性。
三、主謂一致及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題
當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí),主謂語(yǔ)的一致性及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題也是一個(gè)使學(xué)生容易困惑的問(wèn)題,我們?nèi)匀豢梢酝ㄟ^(guò)例句分析讓學(xué)生明白。
讓學(xué)生看下面的正誤句,尋找規(guī)律:
1.He is one ofthe studentswho was praised at the meeting. (誤)
2.He isthe only oneof the students who were praised at the meeting.(誤)
3.He is one ofthe studentswho were praised at the meeting.(正)
4.He isthe only oneof the students who was praised at the meeting.(正)
借上面的例句可以引導(dǎo)學(xué)生總結(jié)出:例1定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是the students,關(guān)系代詞 who應(yīng)與 the students 保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致,故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)were;例2定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是 the only one,關(guān)系代詞 who 應(yīng)與the only one保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致,故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)was。
四、學(xué)生經(jīng)常出錯(cuò)的地方
在定語(yǔ)從句中,不能重復(fù)使用被關(guān)系詞替代的名詞、代詞或副詞,這是定語(yǔ)從句運(yùn)用中學(xué)生經(jīng)常出錯(cuò)的地方,一定要詳細(xì)講解和練習(xí)。
1.Do you know the man whothe manis talking to our teacher?
2.Last week we visited the factory where my father workedtherethree years ago.
通過(guò)上面的例句可以使學(xué)生們了解到:在例1中,關(guān)系代詞who已經(jīng)替代了the man,并在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ),第二個(gè)the man是多余的,故應(yīng)去掉;在例2中,關(guān)系副詞where已經(jīng)替代了副詞there,即前面提到的the factory,并在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),故 there是多余的,應(yīng)去掉。
五、關(guān)系代詞as的用法
學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)系代詞as的用法時(shí),可從以下幾方面展開(kāi):
1. as用作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),既可以指人又可以指物,在the same或such 所修飾的名詞后,通常用as作關(guān)系詞引出定語(yǔ)從句。如:
I have got into the same trouble as you have.
I have never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.
2. as也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,代表整個(gè)主句,常常有“正如”的含義,這種從句位置比較靈活,可以位于主句之前、之間,也可位于主句之后。而作此用法時(shí)一般只位于主句之后。
As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.
Smoking is harmful to ones health, as we know.
Smoking,as is known to all, is harmful to ones health.
It began to rain, which was exactly what we wanted.
學(xué)習(xí)as 的用法時(shí)要讓學(xué)生記一些短語(yǔ),比如such…as…, the same…as…和一些習(xí)慣用法as is known to all, as we know, etc.以幫助學(xué)生理解﹑應(yīng)用。
六、關(guān)系代詞that的又一用法
關(guān)系代詞that有時(shí)可以用作關(guān)系副詞,代替名詞the reason后面的關(guān)系副詞why for which或the way后面的in which,在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中關(guān)系詞that還可以省略??梢酝ㄟ^(guò)下面的幾個(gè)例句讓學(xué)生練習(xí),使學(xué)生明白that 這一特殊用法。
1.He refused to explainthe reasonwhy hat he did it.
2.He refused to explainthe reasonfor which he did it.
3.He refused to explainthe reasonhe did it.
4.The wayin which you think is wrong.
5.The waythat you think is wrong.
6.The wayyou think is wrong.
通過(guò)對(duì)上面幾個(gè)例句的分析我們可以看出1,2,3例句中,先行詞the reason在從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)既可以用關(guān)系詞why或for which,也可以用that(that也可省略);而4,5例句中the way為狀語(yǔ)既可以用關(guān)系詞in which,也可以用that(或省略)。也就是要看先行詞是什么、充當(dāng)什么成分,這是理解that 這一特殊用法的關(guān)鍵。
【責(zé)任編輯 閆會(huì)學(xué)】