趙彥濤

摘要：中學(xué)英語里有許多用動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義的例子，其中有很多是固定用法，還有一些有規(guī)律可循，在被動(dòng)語態(tài)和主動(dòng)語態(tài)中都會(huì)出現(xiàn)，旨在提高學(xué)生的綜合運(yùn)用能力，是中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。

關(guān)鍵詞：動(dòng)詞不定式固定結(jié)構(gòu)

英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但在英語中有許多用動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)含義的例子。中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語時(shí)對這一點(diǎn)往往感到十分茫然。其實(shí)用動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)意義也不乏那么幾類，只要總結(jié)到一起也就不難了?，F(xiàn)將高中英語中用動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式來表示被動(dòng)含義的幾種情況總結(jié)如下：

一、動(dòng)詞不定式作定語時(shí)分為兩種情況：

1.不定式修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。

Have you got a key to unlock the door?

I have no one to help me, for I am a new comer here.

2.不定式和它前面修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又和該句主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)形式。

The students have a lot of homework to do every day.

I have a letter to write.

注意：在這種情況下，不定式和所修飾的詞要構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。這個(gè)不定式的動(dòng)詞必須是及物動(dòng)詞，否則應(yīng)加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。

The old man only has a cold room to live in and a dog to talk to.

I have no paper to write on.

I need a chair to sit on.

如果這個(gè)不定式和被修飾的詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但和該句的主語不能構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)形式。

——Manager, do you have something to be typed at this moment?

——No, thanks. I will call you if any.

I am going to Beijing. Do you have anything to be taken to Beijing?

二、動(dòng)詞不定式作表語形容詞的狀語，和句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式多用主動(dòng)形式。

English is easy to learn.

He is hard to get along with.

The room is comfortable to live in.

That question is not difficult to answer if we change the word poetry to songs.

三、在“疑問詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。

How to solve the problem is very important.

My question is when to start.

I do not know what to do next.

四、need, want, requir, deserve, be worth 后的V-ing形式作賓語。

Your method needs improving.

The book is worth reading.

五、有些不及物動(dòng)詞可用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義，這類動(dòng)詞常見的有：clean, wash, wear, read, write, sell等。以上這些動(dòng)詞大多有“……起來”之意，句子的主語常是物，且此“物”常具有某種內(nèi)在的特點(diǎn)，使動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作得以或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)。使用時(shí)與副詞搭配構(gòu)成如下結(jié)構(gòu)：sth.+v.+adv.

The cloth washes easily.

The books sell well.

The floor cleans easily.

六、feel, sound, look, smell, taste+adj.有“……起來”之意； prove/turn out (to be)+adj.有“證明是，結(jié)果是”之意。

The blackboard feels smooth.

The food tastes delicious.

What he said proved (to be) true.

七、在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，如：generally speaking, judging from, considering等, 其邏輯主語為說話者，與句子的主語無被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

Judging from his accent, he is from Hebei Province.

Frankly speaking, I am not interested in English.

Considering he has only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.

八、固定短語：be to blame/be to let 用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。

The parents are to blame for the spoiled child.

The car is to let.

近幾年來，動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義的用法已成為英語高考的熱點(diǎn)，現(xiàn)將相關(guān)的高考試題總結(jié)如下：

1. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area ____.

(07陜西)

A． need repairing B. needs to repair

C. needs repairing D. need to repair

2. The mother did not know ____ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.

A. who B. when C. how D. what

3. I have worked with children before, so I know what ____ in my new job.

(2000NMET19)

A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects

4. Shes having a lot of trouble with the computer, but she doesnt know whom to ____.

(07重慶)

A. turn to B. look for C. deal with D. talk about

5. Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one ____. (06安徽)

A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed

解析：AABAC。第一小題考查need當(dāng)“需要”講的用法，物作主語，sth.+need+doing/to be done; 第二，三，四小題考查的是“特殊疑問詞+不定式”的用法；第五小題考查不定式作定語，相當(dāng)于(who is) to blame。

總之，英語知識很瑣碎，我們在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要善于總結(jié)歸類，使知識條理化，發(fā)現(xiàn)他們之間的規(guī)律，便于我們學(xué)習(xí)。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

1. 全日制普通高級中學(xué)《英語教學(xué)大綱》，人民教育出版社，2000

2. 鄒為誠：《綜合英語教程》，高等教育出版社，2005

3. 《全日制普通高級中學(xué)教科書》（必修），人民教育出版社