国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

談高校英語教學中科技英語教學的重要性

2012-04-29 22:12謝麗敏
科教導刊 2012年5期
關鍵詞:科技英語句法結構詞匯

謝麗敏

摘 要 在大學英語的學習過程中,許多同學遇到科技英語文章時,感到非常困惑,不知如何分析。本文闡述了科技英語的特點,指導學生如何進行科技英語的閱讀與翻譯。

關鍵詞 科技英語 詞匯 句法結構

中圖分類號:H319.3 文獻標識碼:A

Talking about the Importance of Scientific English

Teaching in College English Teaching

XIE Limin

(Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024)

Abstract Many college students feel confused when reading English for science and technology. The writer gives a detailed analysis of the features of English for science and technology, offering some help for students in reading English for science and technology.

Key words EST; vocabulary; sentence structure

在多年的高校英語教學中,發(fā)現(xiàn)學生在閱讀翻譯科技英語(English for science and technology)方面有很大的欠缺,有的學生反映一遇到科技英語文章就頭疼,就想放棄,不知從何下手,有的學生翻譯科技英語文章,由于方法不當,出了很大的笑話。之所以出現(xiàn)這種情況,是由于學生對科技英語的特點不了解,缺乏科技英語的相關知識。因此在高校英語教學中,科技英語知識的講授是非常重要的一環(huán)。在當今各種英語考試中,大都會出現(xiàn)一些科技英語文章,或考察學生的閱讀理解能力,或考察學生的翻譯水平,這就需要學生掌握科技英語的相關知識。學生若想在專業(yè)上有較大的發(fā)展,需閱讀大量國外先進的技術資料,以了解本學科國際新動態(tài),若學生科技英語基礎扎實會受益匪淺?!半S著我國改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設的縱深推進、科學技術的高速發(fā)展、新興交叉學科的涌現(xiàn)、人文文化和科學技術之間的相互滲透和融合,我國英語人才教育中單一培養(yǎng)模式暴露的問題越來越明顯?!雹倏傊v授科技英語知識是高校英語教學不可或缺的一部分。

1 科技英語的詞匯

科技英語文章中的詞匯有其特定的含義,我們不能把日常生活英語詞匯的含義生搬硬套在科技英語文章中,科技英語詞匯的含義既和日常生活英語詞匯含義有關聯(lián),但又不等同于日常生活的詞匯含義。比如:

option 選擇——備用件;envelope 信封——包絡線;pitch 聲調——節(jié)距;

block街區(qū)——滑輪;saddle 車座、鞍——座板;knee膝蓋——升降臺;

flute長笛——溝槽;stickout 伸出——懸臂;channel海峽、河床——槽鋼;

stock 股票——備料;stress 壓力——應力;

以上詞匯所給出的漢語含義,前面的是日常生活中的含義,后面的是科技英語中

的含義,應加以區(qū)別,否則在翻譯科技英語文章時譯文不準確,甚至出笑話。

隨著科技的發(fā)展,科技英語中出現(xiàn)大量的新詞匯,而新詞匯有許多是合成詞或縮略詞,分析其構詞法而掌握其含義,例如。

through貫穿進刀; counterboring鏜孔; open-die 開式模具

DNC=distributed numericalcontrol 直接數(shù)控

NOS=networkOperatingSystem網(wǎng)絡操作系統(tǒng)

LAN=Local Area Networks 局域網(wǎng)

DBMS=Database Management System數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)

2 科技英語的句式特點

2.1 被動語態(tài)

科技英語中出現(xiàn)大量的被動語態(tài),這是因為科技英語要客觀地描述事物的規(guī)律或過程,與動作發(fā)出者無關系,故多用被動語態(tài),例如:

(1).The handles should be gripped as far as possible from the blades.The cutting blades should be held at right angles to the workpiece.The blades stool should bealigned with the cutting line.The shears should not be completely closed in any one cut.

應在離剪刀口盡可能遠的地方握緊剪刀把,讓剪刀口同工件成直角,同時對準剪切線,不應在一次剪切中把剪刀完全合攏。

(2). Across a wide variety of fields,data are being collected and accumulated at a dramatic pace.There is an urgent need for a new generation of computational theories and tools to assist humans in extracting useful information from the rapidly growing volumes of digital data.Those theories and tools are the subject of the emerging field ofknowledge discovery in database.

跨越多個不同的領域,數(shù)據(jù)以驚人的速度被收集和積累,這急需新一代的計算理論和工具幫助人們從快速增長的大量數(shù)字數(shù)據(jù)中提取有用的信息,這些理論和工具是正在出現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)庫知識發(fā)掘領域中的主題。

(3). The final step of water purification involves testing the water to see how acidic or alkaline it is.The water is then neutralizedby adding certain amounts of alkalis or acids to it. If the water is hard (contains amounts of dissolved calcium or magnesium),this also may be corrected at the plant.

凈化水過程的最后步驟是檢測水的酸堿度,往水中加入堿或酸進行中和,若水的硬度大(含有溶于水的鈣或鎂)再做進一步處理。

(4).Nitrogenous componds are formed in several ways. Some nitrogen is removed from the air by certain bacteria and algae in a process called nitrogen fixation. Some is removed from the air by lightening.The sudden burst of electricity causes some nitrogen and oxygen in the air to combine, forming nitrogen oxides.When these nitrogen oxides are dissolved in water, they can combine with other elements to form nitrogenous compounds.

形成氮化合物有以下方式,在某些細菌和水藻的作用下,氮被從空氣中分離,即氮的固定。閃電也可分離空氣中的氮,閃電可將空氣中的氮和氧形成氧化氮,氧化氮溶于水后和其它元素形成氮化合物。

在以上幾個例句中,多次出現(xiàn)了被動語態(tài),被動語態(tài)排除了主觀因素,強調了過程的客觀性,因而在科技英語中被動語態(tài)是常用結構,但在翻譯成漢語時,可根據(jù)漢語的表達習慣翻譯成漢語的被動句,主動句或無主句。

2.2 科技英語長句子的應用

科技英語中還多出現(xiàn)長句結構,或帶有多層從句,或帶有較多定語或狀語。這是因為科技英語要表達事物內在邏輯關系,而事物之間的聯(lián)系是復雜的,故科技英語句子結構較復雜,例如:

(1). Activity Based Costing (ABC) is an accounting technique that allows an organization to determine the actual cost associated with each product and service produced by the organization without regard to the organizational structure.

這是一個較長的句子,為了理解其準確含義,我們從句子結構分析入手。本句為一主從復合句,“that”后是一定語從句,而在“cost”和“service”后又分別帶有過去分詞構成的定語,同時“without”這一介詞又引出方式狀語,結構分析清楚后,該句的含義就清晰可見了,“基于活動成本法(ABC)是一個會計技術,它讓組織決定該組織提供的每個產品和每項服務的實際成本,而無需考慮組織的結構?!?/p>

(2).Artificial Intelligence is a relatively young branch of science , new enough that we can still trace the development of the field from its inception in 1956 to the present. About six years ago,when we were planning the handbook of Artificial Intelligence, we thought it would be possible to present AI comprehensively in three volumes.In retrospect, that seems to have been a good guess, although , inevitably, the outline was changed many times to reflect changes in the emphasis and methods of AI.

第一句含有一個“that” 引導的狀語從句,第二句”it”是形式賓語,真正的賓語是后面的動詞不定式,第三句中“although”引導一讓步狀語從句。“人工智能是一個年輕的科學分支,這個領域很新,其發(fā)展歷史可以追溯到1956年。大約六年前,在準備編寫人工智能手冊時,我們計劃用三卷來綜合敘述人工智能?,F(xiàn)在看來該計劃很合理,盡管為了反映人工智能的重點和方法,其大綱不可避免地改變了許多次。

2.3 科技英語中否定句的理解與翻譯

為了準確地理解科技英文的含義,需要謹慎處理科技英語中的否定句,特別需要注意三個方面的問題:英文未出現(xiàn)否定詞,但原文中暗含否定含義;英文含有否定詞,翻譯成漢語時未必帶有否定詞;英文中出現(xiàn)否定詞,但否定的內容發(fā)生了改變。例如:

(1).The obvious advantage of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) is to organize the computer to make sense from a human perspective, rather than to force users to adapt to the pecularities of computersand software.

圖形用戶界面的明顯優(yōu)勢是組織計算機使它適應人,而不是讓人適應計算機和軟件的特點。

(2).There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force.

在壓力作用下,任何物體都會或多或少發(fā)生變形。

(3).The car didnt break down because the condition of the road is too poor.

汽車不是由于路況差而拋錨的。

在例句(1)中并沒有出現(xiàn)明顯的否定詞,但原句含有否定含義,故翻譯成漢語的否定句。例句(2)中出現(xiàn)了否定詞 “no”,但根據(jù)漢語的表達習慣翻譯成肯定句。

例句(3)在英文主句中出現(xiàn)了否定詞 “not”, 但根據(jù)其邏輯關系,實際否定的是后面從句的內容,故譯文將否定詞進行了調整。

3 科技英語答題技巧

在考試中遇到科技英語文章時,由于考試一般不允許查字典或其它資料,有的考生就放棄了這類考題,使考試成績大打折扣。此時考生應運用平時所學的科技英語知識,在不查字典,不參考其它資料的情況下,分析考題,得出準確答案。例如:

The scientific name of koala is Phascolarctos cinereus,from the Greek for “pouched bear” and “ash gray”. The koala lives in trees, specifically some 35 of the more than 600 species of the genus eucalyptus that grow in Australia. The diet of the adult koala is almost exclusively eucalyptus leaves , and since the oils of eucalyptus leaves are toxic to most other mammals,one wonders what adaptions enable the koala to thrive on them. A koalas fur is thick and woolly, its limbs are long and its toes are strongly clawed.On each front foot the two innermost digits can be opposed to the others like two thumbs, as can the innermost digits on each rear foot. It is this articulation, or moveable joint , that makes the koala a good climber.

(1)According to the passage, how many species of eucalyptus does the mature koala feed on?

A. exactly 634 B. approximately 600

C. approximately 40D. less than 20

(2)According to the passage ,which of the following statements is tr

ue about the adult koalas food?

A. It is difficult to obtain.

B. It consists both leaves and barks.

C. It is almost completely restricted to eucalyptus leaves.

D. It varies according to the season.

(3)According to the passage, koalas are able to climb well because o

f______

A. the structure of their feet

B. the sharpness of their claws

C. their fur

D.their weight

在閱讀此文時,雖然遇到一些生詞,但考生可分析原文得出準確答案。第一題可根據(jù) “some 35 of the more than 600 species of the genus eucalyptus that grow in Australia ”可得出答案為C;第二題可根據(jù) “The diet of the adult koala is almost exclusively eucalyptus leaves ”分析得出答案為C; 第三題可根據(jù) “On each front foot the two innermost digits can be opposed to the others like two thumbs,as can the innermost digits on each rear foot. It is this articulation, or moveable joint , that makes the koala a good climber.”分析得出答案為A.

注釋

① 徐錦鳳,申娜娜.科技英語閱讀教程[M].北京:國防工業(yè)出版社,2004.

猜你喜歡
科技英語句法結構詞匯
本刊可直接用縮寫的常用詞匯
一些常用詞匯可直接用縮寫
本刊可直接用縮寫的常用詞匯
現(xiàn)代漢語句法結構解讀
《基本句法結構:無特征句法》評介
科技英語詞義的選擇和引申
淺議科技英語的特點及翻譯
淺談科技英語教學
科技英語翻譯中的功能對等分析
本刊一些常用詞匯可直接用縮寫