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炎癥在心房纖顫中的作用研究進(jìn)展

2013-01-25 04:20王玉紅董志軍
中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué) 2013年11期
關(guān)鍵詞:纖顫復(fù)律心房

王玉紅,董志軍,張 曄

目前心房纖顫發(fā)生的病理生理學(xué)機(jī)制仍不明確,依然是許多學(xué)者關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。多子波折返學(xué)說(shuō)一直是心房纖顫發(fā)病機(jī)制的主導(dǎo)理論,近年來(lái)有研究認(rèn)為來(lái)自肺靜脈的快速激動(dòng)也是心房纖顫發(fā)生的可能機(jī)制[1]。心房纖顫在進(jìn)展過(guò)程中能夠?qū)е滦姆恐貥?gòu),包括電重構(gòu)及結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu),進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)并維持了心房纖顫,即“心房纖顫引發(fā)心房纖顫”[2]。電重構(gòu)在心房纖顫發(fā)生后幾小時(shí)內(nèi)即可開(kāi)始,而結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)則在心房纖顫發(fā)生數(shù)周后出現(xiàn)。近幾年炎癥在心房纖顫中的作用受到越來(lái)越多的關(guān)注。心臟手術(shù)后心房纖顫發(fā)病率增高,提示心臟手術(shù)引起的炎癥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致了心房纖顫的發(fā)生。另一些研究認(rèn)為,炎癥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致了“心房肌炎”,引起的心房結(jié)構(gòu)及電學(xué)改變進(jìn)一步促使心房纖顫發(fā)生及維持[3-4]。此外還有研究觀察到左房功能障礙而無(wú)心房纖顫的患者也伴隨著C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)升高,認(rèn)為炎癥反應(yīng)影響了左房功能[5]。現(xiàn)就炎癥在心房纖顫中的作用研究進(jìn)展做一綜述。

1 炎癥與心房纖顫的相關(guān)性

機(jī)體受到炎癥刺激時(shí),單核細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞會(huì)釋放許多細(xì)胞因子,包括白介素(IL)6、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、IL-1β、干擾素(IFN)-γ、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(TGF)-β和IL-8。這些細(xì)胞因子進(jìn)一步激活炎癥瀑布反應(yīng)并誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生急性期蛋白。其中IL-6是最主要的細(xì)胞因子。急性期蛋白中CRP是目前研究最多的一種。測(cè)定CRP水平能夠反應(yīng)患者機(jī)體當(dāng)前炎癥狀態(tài)的程度[4,6-8]。許多研究已經(jīng)證明CRP水平的升高與未來(lái)發(fā)生心血管病、腦血管事件以及外周動(dòng)脈疾病密切相關(guān)[9-12]。在孤立性心房纖顫患者心房肌中發(fā)現(xiàn)大量炎性浸潤(rùn)、細(xì)胞壞死及纖維化可以證明升高的CRP和IL-6同樣可能作用于心房纖顫的發(fā)生及維持[4-5,7-8,13]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)的激活也與心房纖顫有著密切關(guān)系。一項(xiàng)包括1 011例患者隨訪4年的隊(duì)列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基線時(shí)僅有高CRP水平而無(wú)高補(bǔ)體C3、C4水平并不能預(yù)示未來(lái)發(fā)生心房纖顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增高[14]。炎癥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致心房纖顫患者心房組織改變的確切機(jī)制并不清楚??赡苁切姆坷w顫時(shí)發(fā)生心房肌細(xì)胞鈣超載,誘導(dǎo)了心房肌細(xì)胞凋亡,而CRP參與清除凋亡細(xì)胞進(jìn)而引起局部炎癥反應(yīng)和補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)激活,組織損失和纖維化隨之發(fā)生[4,12,15]。也有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)在鈣離子存在的條件下,炎癥過(guò)程產(chǎn)生的CRP可特異性地與磷脂酰膽堿結(jié)合,磷脂酰膽堿可形成長(zhǎng)鏈?;岫『腿苎字D憠A,兩者均可抑制肌質(zhì)網(wǎng)鈉鈣交換,影響膜的功能,引起鈣離子超載。以上最終導(dǎo)致了心房纖顫的維持[4,12,14]。

大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心臟術(shù)后炎癥反應(yīng)與術(shù)后心房纖顫的發(fā)生有著密切關(guān)系。術(shù)后炎癥瀑布反應(yīng)和兒茶酚胺水平增高可能在心臟術(shù)后房性心律失常的發(fā)生中起著重要作用。冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)后約40%的患者會(huì)發(fā)生房性心律失常,這一比例在心臟瓣膜手術(shù)后的患者中更是到達(dá)50%[1-2]。心臟術(shù)后,補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng)激活,促炎細(xì)胞因子大量釋放。Bruins等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-6在術(shù)后首先升高并在6 h達(dá)到高峰,CRP水平在術(shù)后第2天達(dá)到高峰,CRP-補(bǔ)體復(fù)合物在術(shù)后2~3 d達(dá)到高峰。房性心律失常的出現(xiàn)也在術(shù)后2~3 d達(dá)到高峰。另一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心臟術(shù)后患者白細(xì)胞增多與心房纖顫的發(fā)生密切相關(guān)[15]。在分子水平,Burzotta等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后心房纖顫的發(fā)生與IL-6啟動(dòng)基因174G/C多態(tài)性有關(guān)。作者觀察了110例接受冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)的患者,GG基因型與高IL-6水平有關(guān),提示存在更高的炎癥負(fù)荷。Gaudino等[17]也在基因水平發(fā)現(xiàn)了炎癥與心房纖顫的關(guān)聯(lián),認(rèn)為GG基因型是術(shù)后發(fā)生心房纖顫的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子。

目前的證據(jù)顯示,炎癥也在非術(shù)后心房纖顫的發(fā)生及維持中起著重要作用。Sata等[18]對(duì)炎癥與心房纖顫的因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究,觀察15例陣發(fā)心房纖顫患者,分別在復(fù)律前、復(fù)律后24 h以及復(fù)律后2周測(cè)定CRP、IL-6和TNF-α水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)律前CRP、IL-6和TNF-α水平均高于對(duì)照組,且在復(fù)律前、復(fù)律后24 h、復(fù)律后2周這3個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)CRP、IL-6和TNF-α水平的變化無(wú)顯著差異。因此認(rèn)為如果炎癥是由心房纖顫所致那么在復(fù)律2周后炎癥因子水平應(yīng)該下降,而得到的結(jié)果顯示并非如此,由此提出炎癥參與了心房纖顫的發(fā)生。心血管健康研究(Cardiovascular Health Study,CHS)[19]入選了5 806例年齡超過(guò)65歲的患者,隨訪(6.9±1.6)年,顯示基線時(shí)CRP水平與未來(lái)發(fā)生心房纖顫呈獨(dú)立相關(guān)。這提示炎癥水平可能與心房纖顫的發(fā)生有關(guān)。Chung等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),心房纖顫患者CRP水平較竇性心律者高出2倍,持續(xù)性心房纖顫又高于陣發(fā)性心房纖顫,提示炎癥在心房纖顫的維持中起著重要作用。與此同時(shí),Dernellis等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),胺碘酮轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)失敗的陣發(fā)心房纖顫患者CRP水平高于轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)成功的患者。這也提示了炎癥在心房纖顫的維持中起著重要作用。持續(xù)心房纖顫患者CRP水平高于陣發(fā)心房纖顫患者,而無(wú)論是陣發(fā)心房纖顫還是持續(xù)心房纖顫又均高于竇性心律者[4,12],并且低CRP水平還預(yù)示著電轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)的成功和竇性心律的維持[12,19-20]。Dernellis等[20]還發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組相比血清CRP水平每升高1 mg/dl,心房纖顫復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加7倍,轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛谰眯姆坷w顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加12倍。盡管這些研究樣本量有限,也未能明確炎癥究竟是心房纖顫發(fā)生的原因還是結(jié)果,但均證明了炎癥反應(yīng)在心房纖顫中的重要作用,提示了炎癥可能是心房纖顫的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。

炎癥反應(yīng)不僅參與了心房纖顫的發(fā)生及維持,還可以促進(jìn)血栓形成。研究顯示,在左房擴(kuò)大的患者中炎癥標(biāo)志物CRP和IL-6顯著升高[21]。經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查可以發(fā)現(xiàn)這部分患者更易出現(xiàn)自發(fā)性顯影(SEC)或左心耳血栓[20]。炎癥可能通過(guò)增強(qiáng)血小板活性[20],促進(jìn)內(nèi)皮損傷以及增加血小板與中性粒細(xì)胞的相互作用這一血栓形成的完整途徑促進(jìn)了自發(fā)性顯影現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生[22]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),陣發(fā)心房纖顫患者心房纖顫發(fā)作12 h內(nèi)血小板激活標(biāo)志物可溶性P選擇素即可升高,并隨著竇性心律的恢復(fù)而降至正常[17]。Yamashita等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),給予大鼠心房快速刺激數(shù)小時(shí)后在心房?jī)?nèi)膜內(nèi)源性抗凝物血栓調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(TM)和組織因子途徑抑制物(TFPI)的基因表達(dá)下調(diào)。這些蛋白可以在心房?jī)?nèi)膜表面發(fā)揮抗凝作用并抑制高凝狀態(tài)而減少心房?jī)?nèi)血栓形成。另一項(xiàng)研究顯示,升高的IL-6水平是卒中和卒中或死亡聯(lián)合終點(diǎn)的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子,卒中患者有著較高CRP水平,但無(wú)顯著差異[22-24]。

2 他汀類(lèi)藥物在心房纖顫中的應(yīng)用

已經(jīng)證明他汀類(lèi)藥物的功能具有多效性,由此帶來(lái)的心血管保護(hù)作用已被臨床廣泛應(yīng)用。他汀類(lèi)藥物如何發(fā)揮多效性功能的確切機(jī)制尚不明確[25]。離體實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞可能是其非常重要的一個(gè)作用。在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化早期細(xì)胞因子介導(dǎo)了白細(xì)胞與內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的黏附。他汀類(lèi)藥物可以選擇性地抑制白細(xì)胞黏附蛋白抗體-1(LFA-1)和細(xì)胞間黏附分子-1(ICAM-1),從而阻止了炎性細(xì)胞與內(nèi)皮的黏附過(guò)程[26]。還有研究顯示,他汀類(lèi)藥物能夠減少白細(xì)胞向內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞膜的遷移和增殖,以及平滑肌細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞的凋亡,同時(shí)抑制了CRP和IL-6而減輕了炎癥反應(yīng)[25-28]。他汀類(lèi)藥物主要通過(guò)抑制甲羥戊酸生成從而減少了膽固醇的合成。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制甲羥戊酸生成還能夠減少類(lèi)異戊二烯產(chǎn)物的生成,阻止了一系列信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)蛋白的異戊烯化過(guò)程,包括G蛋白、Rho和Ras,因而阻斷了炎性反應(yīng)的啟動(dòng)[25-28]。

在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中觀察到了他汀類(lèi)藥物這種抗炎功能可能對(duì)心房纖顫的治療有益。在犬無(wú)菌性心包炎模型中給予阿托伐他汀進(jìn)行抗炎治療后,CRP水平明顯降低,心房ERP延長(zhǎng),心房傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間縮短,心房纖顫持續(xù)時(shí)間減少[29]。在犬心房快速刺激誘發(fā)心房纖顫模型中,辛伐他汀同樣延長(zhǎng)了心房ERP并降低了心房纖顫持續(xù)時(shí)間[30]。

大量臨床研究對(duì)他汀類(lèi)藥物在心房纖顫中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià)。Dernellis等[31]對(duì)80例陣發(fā)心房纖顫患者進(jìn)行觀察,隨機(jī)分為阿托伐他汀組和安慰劑組,隨訪6個(gè)月結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),阿托伐他汀治療組CRP水平明顯低于安慰劑組(P=0.01),同時(shí),最后1次48 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖顯示無(wú)一例心房纖顫發(fā)作,隨訪期間陣發(fā)性心房纖顫完全緩解率明顯高于安慰劑組(65%與10%,P<0.01),CRP為心房纖顫發(fā)作的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因子。進(jìn)一步提示,他汀類(lèi)藥物通過(guò)減輕炎癥反應(yīng)發(fā)揮了對(duì)心房纖顫的有益作用。Young-Xu等[32]對(duì)449例竇性心律的冠心病患者觀察5年發(fā)現(xiàn),規(guī)律他汀治療者、間斷他汀治療者和未接受他汀治療者心房纖顫的發(fā)生率分別為8%(P=0.01)、10%和15%。

許多臨床試驗(yàn)觀察了他汀類(lèi)藥物在心房纖顫轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)或消融術(shù)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。Siu[33]等回顧分析了62例持續(xù)心房纖顫患者行直流電轉(zhuǎn)復(fù),接受他汀治療的心房纖顫患者在電轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)后隨訪的44個(gè)月內(nèi)心房纖顫復(fù)發(fā)率較低(P=0.07)。Ozaydin等[34]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)前瞻性的觀察,對(duì)48例心房纖顫(>48 h)患者進(jìn)行電轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)研究,電轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)前48 h給予阿托伐他汀10 mg/d口服,隨訪3個(gè)月發(fā)現(xiàn)阿托伐他汀組心房纖顫復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯降低(RR=0.19,P=0.01),提示阿托伐他汀能夠減少心房纖顫患者電轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)后心房纖顫的復(fù)發(fā)。Colivicchi等[35]觀察了851例伴高血壓的心房纖顫患者,在電轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)或藥物轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)后給予他汀治療,降低了復(fù)律后1年內(nèi)的心房纖顫復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR=0.72,P=0.01)。但Humphries等[36]的研究中并未觀察到他汀治療對(duì)復(fù)律后心房纖顫復(fù)發(fā)的影響。 Richter等[37]對(duì)接受心房纖顫消融術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行回顧性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),消融術(shù)后無(wú)心房纖顫復(fù)發(fā)與CRP、纖維蛋白原水平以及白細(xì)胞總數(shù)的下降有關(guān),而與他汀治療無(wú)關(guān)。心房纖顫消融術(shù)前3個(gè)月開(kāi)始服用他汀類(lèi)藥物并不能改善術(shù)后心房纖顫的復(fù)發(fā)。但筆者認(rèn)為在該研究中的心房纖顫患者均有著較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的心房纖顫病史及多種藥物療效不佳,這可能影響了他汀類(lèi)藥物的有益作用。目前對(duì)于他汀類(lèi)藥物是否有利于減少心房纖顫轉(zhuǎn)復(fù)或消融后的復(fù)發(fā)仍存有爭(zhēng)議,需進(jìn)一步研究。

目前的研究結(jié)果提示,應(yīng)用他汀類(lèi)藥物對(duì)預(yù)防心臟手術(shù)后的心房纖顫有益。他汀類(lèi)藥物可以減輕冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)后患者的炎癥反應(yīng)[38-39]。Dotani等[40]報(bào)道,CABG前3 d給予他汀治療可以顯著降低術(shù)后60 d及1年的心房纖顫發(fā)生率。 Ozaydin等[41]觀察了362例行CABG的患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)他汀治療可以顯著降低術(shù)后1周心房纖顫的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR=0.47,P=0.02)。Auer等[42]也觀察到未接受他汀治療的患者術(shù)后心房纖顫發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯高于他汀治療者(45.9%與32.8%,P<0.05)。在另一項(xiàng)前瞻性隨機(jī)雙盲對(duì)照研究,觀察了200例接受心肺血管分流術(shù)的患者,在術(shù)前隨機(jī)分為阿托伐他汀組(40 mg/d)和安慰劑組,結(jié)果顯示給予阿托伐他汀40 mg/d治療的患者,術(shù)后發(fā)生心房纖顫的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯降低(OR=0.39,P=0.017),同時(shí)術(shù)后未發(fā)生心房纖顫的患者CRP水平以及CRP高峰水平均低于發(fā)生心房纖顫的患者[43]。

大量文獻(xiàn)表明,炎癥反應(yīng)在心房纖顫的發(fā)生及維持中起著重要作用,許多關(guān)于心房纖顫藥物治療的研究也都以此為靶點(diǎn)。除了他汀類(lèi)藥物之外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑/血管緊張素Ⅱ受體阻滯劑類(lèi)藥物也可以通過(guò)抗炎作用而有益于心房纖顫的治療。心房纖顫發(fā)生的病理生理學(xué)機(jī)制仍在不斷深入地研究,氧化應(yīng)激、腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)以及自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)都在心房纖顫的發(fā)生及維持中發(fā)揮著作用,它們之間又有著極其復(fù)雜的相互作用,這些都需要進(jìn)一步的研究加以明確。

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