田國紅 賈楠 江漢秋 盧寧 張曉君
·神經(jīng)眼科專題·
非動脈炎性前部缺血性視神經(jīng)病變患者腦白質(zhì)病變風險因素分析
田國紅 賈楠*江漢秋*盧寧**張曉君*
目的通過對非動脈炎性前部缺血性視神經(jīng)病變(NAION)患者腦白質(zhì)高信號(WMH)進行分級評估,發(fā)現(xiàn)其與血管風險因素的相關性。方法臨床病歷回顧性分析。入組2006年1月~2009年12月確診NAION且完成了顱腦磁共振成像(MRI)檢查的患者,使用年齡相關腦白質(zhì)評分(ARWMC)半定量分析腦白質(zhì)病變程度,將腦部顯示有WMH患者與無WMH患者進行血管風險因素比較。結(jié)果入組127例NAION患者中,平均年齡(51.97±8.97)歲,男性占72%。86例患者存在WMH(67.7%),其中72.1%的損害位于腦白質(zhì),僅16.3%位于深部灰質(zhì)。絕大多數(shù)WMH(91.7%)為1級損害。Logistic回歸分析顯示,年齡、高膽固醇血癥、心電圖非特異性ST-T改變與腦白質(zhì)病變相關。結(jié)論NAION患者顱腦MRI常見腦白質(zhì)病變,這些病變程度較輕,多分布于腦室周圍白質(zhì)。除了年齡,WMH與高膽固醇血癥密切相關。他汀類降血脂藥物有望作為NAION患者減少腦白質(zhì)病變的預防性治療。(中國眼耳鼻喉科雜志,2013,13:226-228,232)
非動脈炎性前部缺血性視神經(jīng)病變; 白質(zhì)高信號; 磁共振成像; 腦白質(zhì)疏松
腦白質(zhì)高信號(whitematter hyperintensities,WMH)是顱腦磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)中常見的一種白質(zhì)脫髓鞘改變,表現(xiàn)為T2加權(quán)和(或)水抑制反轉(zhuǎn)成像加權(quán)序列(fluid attenuated inverse recovery,F(xiàn)LAIR)的信號強化,并且可以用半定量法或精確的體積測量法定量分析[1-2]。WMH在腦內(nèi)的累積與認知功能障礙、癡呆、抑郁、精神行為異常、步態(tài)失衡關系密切,并且增加腦卒中的風險[3-5]。斑片狀損害的病理改變是缺血后神經(jīng)元脫髓鞘及膠質(zhì)細胞增生??梢园闊o臨床癥狀的腦卒中。尸檢結(jié)果也證實MRI上的WMH與腦穿支小動脈硬化密切相關[6]。非動脈炎性前部缺血性視神經(jīng)病變(nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy,NAION)是中老年中常見的視神經(jīng)病變[7-8]。以往Arnold等[9]的研究顯示,NAION患者中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)白質(zhì)損害較正常對照多,但僅納入了13例患者。我們對127例住院NAION患者進行了臨床資料的回顧性分析,將腦內(nèi)存在WMH的患者與無WMH的患者間血管病風險因素進行了對比,現(xiàn)報告如下。
1.1 資料 回顧性分析2006年1月~2009年12月北京同仁醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科和眼科中心診斷NAION并收入院的患者。所有患者入院時均簽署知情同意書,同意資料可匿名用于臨床研究。共納入研究127例患者,且在發(fā)病后均完成了顱腦MRI檢查。NAION納入標準包括:①突發(fā)單眼無痛性視力下降,常為晨起安靜狀態(tài)發(fā)?。虎诓∈酚涗浿屑毙云诖嬖趩窝垡暠P水腫、色淡、盤周輕微火焰狀出血等相關記錄;③相應的視野損害;④血沉、C-反應蛋白、HIV、HBV、ANA、VDRL排除感染及自身免疫視神經(jīng)炎;⑤顱腦MRI排除壓迫性視神經(jīng)病變[10]。
1.2 方法 收集所有患者的人口學資料及血管病風險因素,如高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、冠心病、房顫。實驗室檢查包括血糖及糖化血紅蛋白、血脂全套。常規(guī)心電圖結(jié)果亦納入統(tǒng)計。
影像學分析:127例患者中96例在北京同仁醫(yī)院影像中心使用1.5-T GE公司MRI完成了檢查。使用Twinspeed掃描系統(tǒng),包括T1,T2,F(xiàn)LAIR軸位、冠狀位及T1增強掃描。31例患者顱腦MRI在外院完成,但均包括軸位T2和FLAIR序列的高質(zhì)量光盤或膠片。
年齡相關性白質(zhì)病變的分級(age-relate white matter change,ARWMC)用于白質(zhì)腦病的半定量分析[1]。WMH定義為界限不清的≥5mm的T2或FlAIR加權(quán)高信號損害。與腔梗(定義為界限清晰的≥2 mm的高信號)鑒別?;坠?jié)區(qū)病變分級同腦白質(zhì)區(qū)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學處理 計量資料經(jīng)正態(tài)性檢驗,使用均數(shù)±標準差。兩組百分比資料進行卡方檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。Logistic多因素回歸用于分析兩組血管病風險因素之間的差異。使用統(tǒng)計學軟件SPSS 13.0。
2.1 基本資料 127例患者平均(51.97±8.97)歲,男性占71.7%。86例患者(67.7%)腦內(nèi)至少存在1個白質(zhì)病變,41例(32.3%)患者未發(fā)現(xiàn)WMH。WMH組患者較無WMH組年齡大(P=0.001);兩組性別、吸煙、高血壓、糖尿病比例差異無統(tǒng)計學意義;WMH組患者高膽固醇血癥的比例高于無WMH組;心電圖ST-T改變的患者在WMH組增高(表1)。
表1 WMH組患者與無WMH患者人口學及臨床特征比較
2.2 腦白質(zhì)病變的分布及分級 存在腦白質(zhì)病變的86例患者中,62例位于腦室旁周圍白質(zhì)(brain white matter,WM),14例位于深部基底節(jié)區(qū)(basal ganglia,BG),另外10例患者周圍白質(zhì)與深部腦區(qū)均存在WMH(圖1),病變程度分級顯示1級病變的比例在腦室周圍和基底節(jié)區(qū)分別為66/72和9/24。腦室周圍無3級病灶,基底節(jié)區(qū)僅1例3級病灶,該患者為重癥腦梗死。2級病灶的比例(14/24)在基底節(jié)區(qū)較高。
2.3 Logistic多因素分析 單因素分析顯示年齡(P= 0.001),高膽固醇血癥(P=0.02)和心電圖ST-T改變(P=0.007)與WMH相關。除外年齡因素,高膽固醇血癥與WMH相關。
NAION是年齡>50歲患者中最常見的缺血性視神經(jīng)病變,發(fā)病率為2.3/100 000~10.2/100 000[8-9]。國內(nèi)基于人群的流行病學調(diào)查[11]顯示NAION的年發(fā)生率為1/3 200,與國外接近。NAION發(fā)病機制不明,推測為睫狀后短動脈的缺血導致視神經(jīng)前部梗死。這類患者常伴有系統(tǒng)性高血壓、糖尿病及血脂異常[12-13]。
圖1. 腦室旁及深部基底節(jié)區(qū)WMHA:雙側(cè)額葉散在白質(zhì)脫髓鞘改變,為1級;B:基底節(jié)區(qū)1級白質(zhì)病變;C:矢狀位Flair加權(quán)可見散在病灶
WMH作為影像學上小動脈缺血梗死的標志,可以發(fā)生在70%年齡>65歲的無癥狀人群[14-16]。尸檢發(fā)現(xiàn)小動脈硬化性膠質(zhì)瘢痕增生與顱腦MRI上白質(zhì)高信號相吻合。歐洲著名多中心橫向聯(lián)合的LADIS研究,針對腦白質(zhì)病變的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,納入年齡>65歲的老年人群,歷經(jīng)10年,顯示W(wǎng)MH不僅與腔隙性腦梗死的發(fā)生密切相關,且與認知功能的減退、運動失衡、心腦血管疾病的發(fā)生呈正相關[17-18]。
Arnold等[9]首次發(fā)現(xiàn)NAION患者腦內(nèi)白質(zhì)病變較正常年齡對照增加。我們的研究也顯示NAION患者的發(fā)病平均年齡僅51.97歲,較LADIS研究明顯年輕,但67.7%卻存在WMH,不過我們的研究缺乏相應的正常對照組。WMH的分布及嚴重程度分析表明,大部分病灶位于腦室周圍白質(zhì),少數(shù)位于基底節(jié)區(qū)等深部腦區(qū),且所有病變程度均較輕。
NAION患者腦內(nèi)WMH表明小動脈硬化的高風險。盡管Hayreh等[19]提出NAION的發(fā)病是與腦梗死截然不同的機制。我們的結(jié)果并不排斥其低灌注的理論,相反小動脈硬化基礎上夜間鼾癥更易發(fā)生睫狀動脈缺血,也表明NAION是有別于大、中動脈硬化的疾病,后者通常導致視網(wǎng)膜栓塞性疾病而不是NAION[20]。
本研究沒有顯示高血壓、糖尿病與白質(zhì)病變有密切關系,可能與該部分患者已經(jīng)給予了相關治療有關。有趣的是心電圖ST-T改變與WMH關系密切,但不能排除是高血壓、糖尿病等系統(tǒng)性疾病造成,不過也提示該群患者中存在心臟小動脈硬化情況。
我們的研究顯示高膽固醇血癥是唯一可控的與腦白質(zhì)病變相關的風險因素。他汀類調(diào)整血脂類藥物目前是卒中二級預防中除阿司匹林外最重要的減低復發(fā)風險的藥物,NAION有望從他汀類藥物的使用中獲益。進一步的前瞻性及年齡對照研究將對明確NAION患者腦內(nèi)白質(zhì)病變的確切機制及他汀藥物治療提供證據(jù)。
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Whitematter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging in patientsw ith nonarteritic anterior ischem ic optic neuropathy
TIAN Guo-hong,JIA Nan*,JIANG Han-qiu*,LU Ning**,ZHANG Xiao-jun*.Department of Ophthalmology,Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University,Shanghai 200031,China Corresponding author:ZHANG Xiao-jun,Email:xjzhang@gmail.com
Objective To evaluate white matter lesions in brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and to investigate the relationship between vascular risk factors and whitematter hyperintensities(WMH)in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy(NAION)patients.Methods Data of patients with NAION who had undergone brain MRI after the optic nerve ischemic attack were analyzed retrospectively.A semiquantitative visual grading scale-age-related whitematter change(ARWMC)was used to evaluate the distribution and severity of whitematter lesion in brain MRI.Logistic congress statistic methods were used to assess the relationship between multiple underlying vascular risk factors and WMH.Results One hundred and twenty seven NAION patientswere included,with themean age being(51.97± 8.97)years and the males covering 71.7%.WMH was seen in 86 subjects of NAION(67.7%).Among WMH individuals,72.1%showed lesions in brain white matter(WM)versus 16.3%in basal ganglia.Percentage of ARWMC scale 1 lesion was 91.7%in WM.Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed age,hypercholesterolemia and ST-T changes on electrocardiography(ECG)were correlated with WMH.Conclusions Brain whitematter lesions were very common in NAION patients,which weremild and prone to locate in brain whitematter areas rather than deep brain areas.Besides advancing age,there was direct relationship between WMH and hypercholesterolemia.NAION patients with WMH might be a potential target population likely to benefit from secondary stroke prevention therapies as stains.(Chin JOphthalmol and Otorhinolaryngol,2013,13:226-228,232)
Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy;Whitematter hyperintensities;Magnetic resonance imaging;Leukoaraiosis
2013-06-03)
(本文編輯 諸靜英)
復旦大學附屬眼耳鼻喉科醫(yī)院眼科 上海 200031;*首都醫(yī)科大學附屬北京同仁醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科**眼科中心 北京 100730
張曉君(Email:xjzhang@gmail.com)