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不同質(zhì)子泵抑制劑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用時(shí)心血管安全性Meta分析

2013-04-19 05:36齊樂(lè)陳洪
關(guān)鍵詞:美拉唑埃索氯吡

齊樂(lè),陳洪

(1.東南大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,江蘇南京 210009;2.東南大學(xué)附屬中大醫(yī)院,江蘇南京 210009)

口服氯吡格雷與阿司匹林雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物是急性冠脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS),尤其是冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療術(shù)后(coronary artery interventional therapy,PCI)患者預(yù)防心源性死亡、心肌梗死、支架內(nèi)血栓、靶血管再次血運(yùn)重建等心血管事件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方案。雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療雖然降低了缺血性心血管事件的發(fā)生率,但同時(shí)增加了胃腸道損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),特別是對(duì)于老年人和既往曾有消化性潰瘍病史的患者,會(huì)明顯增加消化道出血的發(fā)生率。為了預(yù)防消化道出血的不良反應(yīng),臨床指南推薦雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥物與質(zhì)子泵抑制劑(proton pump inhibitors,PPI)聯(lián)合使用[1-3]。然而,一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與不聯(lián)合使用PPI相比,抗血小板藥物聯(lián)合使用PPI會(huì)增加心血管事件的發(fā)生;研究同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),選用不同種類的PPI時(shí)關(guān)于心血管事件的發(fā)生率的結(jié)論各有差異。因此,為了既保證氯吡格雷與阿司匹林的療效,又最大限度地減少胃腸道不良反應(yīng),如何合理選用PPI是一個(gè)具有重要意義的問(wèn)題。

1 材料與方法

1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1.1.1 納入文獻(xiàn)類型 隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)、觀察性研究及回顧性研究。

1.1.2 研究對(duì)象 (1)年齡、性別不限,符合2009年美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)/美國(guó)心臟病協(xié)會(huì)及心血管造影與介入聯(lián)合會(huì)關(guān)于ACS的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)且長(zhǎng)期使用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷的患者;(2)既往3個(gè)月內(nèi)未使用其他抗血小板藥物、PPI或其他抑酸藥物;(3)使用PPI期間無(wú)藥物更換;(4)藥物使用劑量均符合指南推薦的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用量。

1.1.3 結(jié)局指標(biāo) 主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE),包括心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、心絞痛、靶血管再次血運(yùn)重建、再次PCI或冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)。

1.2 剔除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

(1)文獻(xiàn)類型:綜述、病例報(bào)告、信件、會(huì)議記錄、動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)、基礎(chǔ)試驗(yàn)。(2)缺少干預(yù)組數(shù)據(jù)和正在進(jìn)行的研究。(3)隨訪時(shí)間少于半年。

1.3 文獻(xiàn)檢索與篩查

1.3.1 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索Cochrane圖書(shū)館、PubMed、EMbase、SSCI、Web of science數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索時(shí)間均從2010年1月至2012年9月,限制語(yǔ)言為英語(yǔ)。

1.3.2 檢索策略 關(guān)鍵詞 clopidogrel、asipirin、proton pump inhibitor、omeprazole、rabeprazole、esomeprazole、lansoprazole、pantoprazole、cardiovascular event。

1.4 質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)及資料提取

使用統(tǒng)一的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)表,由兩位研究者獨(dú)立對(duì)每篇符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)和資料提取,并交叉核對(duì),如有分歧,通過(guò)討論協(xié)助解決。方法學(xué)質(zhì)量依據(jù)Cochrane手冊(cè)4.2.6版非隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。在文獻(xiàn)的選擇性偏倚方面,主要檢查組間可比性和影響因素的分析、調(diào)整;對(duì)于實(shí)施偏倚,主要是考察干預(yù)措施的準(zhǔn)確性。失訪偏倚和測(cè)量偏倚的評(píng)價(jià)與隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的評(píng)價(jià)相同。提取資料主要包括:(1)一般資料,即文題、作者姓名、發(fā)表日期和文獻(xiàn)來(lái)源;(2)研究特征,即研究對(duì)象的一般情況、各組患者的基線可比性、干預(yù)措施;(3)結(jié)局指標(biāo),即MACE,包括心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、心絞痛、靶血管再次血運(yùn)重建、再次PCI或CABG(表1)。

表1 納入文獻(xiàn)基本情況

1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用Cochrane協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的RevMan 5.0軟件從心血管事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)結(jié)局指標(biāo)進(jìn)行Meta分析,通過(guò)計(jì)數(shù)資料計(jì)算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比(RR),并給出其95%可信區(qū)間,以Meta分析森林圖(MetaView)形式描述呈現(xiàn)。納入研究間的異質(zhì)性采用χ2檢驗(yàn),當(dāng)P<0.1和I2>50%時(shí)采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,反之則采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行合并分析。納入足夠多的研究時(shí),則進(jìn)行漏斗圖分析判斷是否存在發(fā)表偏倚。

2 結(jié) 果

14篇文獻(xiàn)納入研究,共67 131例患者,均滿足納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

2.1 奧美拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用對(duì)心血管事件發(fā)生影響

共納入研究 10 篇[5-7,9-10,12-16],各研究間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(I2=83%),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模式進(jìn)行Meta分析(表2)。結(jié)果顯示,奧美拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用較單獨(dú)使用抗血小板藥物可增加心血管事件發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) [RR=1.32,95%CI(1.01,1.71)]。

表2 奧美拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用對(duì)心血管事件發(fā)生影響的Meta分析

2.2 雷貝拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用對(duì)心血管事件發(fā)生影響

共納入研究 6 篇[4-5,9-10,12-13],各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(I2=5%),故采用固定效應(yīng)模式進(jìn)行Meta分析(表3)。結(jié)果顯示,雷貝拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用較單獨(dú)使用抗血小板藥物可增加心血管事件發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[RR=1.57,95%CI(1.12,2.19)]。

表3 雷貝拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用對(duì)心血管事件發(fā)生影響的Meta分析

2.3 蘭索拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用對(duì)心血管事件發(fā)生影響

共納入研究 6 篇[5,7,9-10,13,16],各研究間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(I2=41%),故采用固定效應(yīng)模式進(jìn)行Meta分析(表4)。結(jié)果顯示,蘭索拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用較單獨(dú)使用抗血小板藥物在心血管事件發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[RR=1.11,95%CI(0.93,1.32)]。

表4 蘭索拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用對(duì)心血管事件發(fā)生影響的Meta分析

2.4 泮托拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用對(duì)心血管事件發(fā)生影響

共納入研究 7 篇[5,7,9-10,12-13,16],各研究間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(I2=86%),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模式進(jìn)行Meta分析(表5)。結(jié)果顯示,泮托拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用較單獨(dú)使用抗血小板藥物在心血管事件發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[RR=1.24,95%CI(0.91,1.68)]。

表5 泮托拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用對(duì)心血管事件發(fā)生影響的Meta分析

2.5 埃索美拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用對(duì)心血管事件發(fā)生影響

共納入研究 6 篇[5,9-10,12-13,16],各研究間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)異質(zhì)性(I2=88%),故采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模式進(jìn)行Meta分析(表6)。結(jié)果顯示,埃索美拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用較單獨(dú)使用抗血小板藥物在心血管事件發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[RR=1.34,95%CI(0.93,1.92)]。

3 討 論

本研究以抗血小板藥物與PPI聯(lián)用對(duì)比單用抗血小板藥物的心血管事件發(fā)生指標(biāo),采用Cochrane系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)方法對(duì)符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的14篇原始研究進(jìn)行Meta分析,涵蓋病例67 131例,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)奧美拉唑和雷貝拉唑可明顯增加心血管事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而其余3種PPI對(duì)于臨床上心血管事件的發(fā)生均無(wú)明顯影響。

表6 埃索美拉唑與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)用對(duì)心血管事件發(fā)生影響的Meta分析

當(dāng)前冠心病作為一種嚴(yán)重危害人們健康的常見(jiàn)病、多發(fā)病,每年約有百萬(wàn)患者因發(fā)生心肌梗死或接受冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療術(shù)。而阿司匹林與氯吡格雷雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療對(duì)具有冠心病危險(xiǎn)因素患者心血管事件的二級(jí)預(yù)防及PCI術(shù)后血栓的預(yù)防有重要作用,尤其是ACS患者和支架置入術(shù)后的患者,更加強(qiáng)調(diào)雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療的重要性。2009年美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)/美國(guó)心臟病協(xié)會(huì)及心血管造影與介入聯(lián)合推薦應(yīng)用雙聯(lián)抗血小板藥至少12個(gè)月[1]。一些臨床指南推薦,雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療與PPI聯(lián)合使用來(lái)預(yù)防消化道出血不良反應(yīng)[1-2]。然而,最近發(fā)表的研究顯示,合用PPI在有效減少消化道出血發(fā)生率的同時(shí),可能影響氯吡格雷的血小板聚集抑制效應(yīng),進(jìn)而削弱其心血管保護(hù)作用[18-22]。但進(jìn)一步的研究認(rèn)為,不同類型的PPI與抗血小板藥物聯(lián)合使用時(shí),心血管事件的發(fā)生幾率各不相同[23-29,31-33,35]。

藥物相互作用機(jī)制的研究表明,PPI會(huì)干擾氯吡格雷的代謝。氯吡格雷是一種新型噻吩吡啶類衍生物,本身不具有抗血小板活性,在體內(nèi)須經(jīng)過(guò)肝臟細(xì)胞色素P450氧化酶(cytochrome P450,CYP450)氧化水解成活性代謝產(chǎn)物后才能選擇性地、不可逆地與血小板表面二磷酸腺苷(ADP)受體P2Y12結(jié)合,抑制纖維蛋白原與血小板糖蛋白GPⅡb/Ⅲa受體結(jié)合及繼發(fā)的ADP介導(dǎo)糖蛋白GPⅡb/Ⅲa復(fù)合物的活化,進(jìn)而抑制血小板的聚集[30,34,36]。CYP450 的同工酶 CYP2C19、CYP3A4、CYP1A2、CYP2C9、CYP3A5、CYP2B6 等參與氯吡格雷的代謝過(guò)程,其中CYP2C19是氯吡格雷生物活性轉(zhuǎn)化的主要代謝酶,其活性對(duì)氯吡格雷生物的活性轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程起決定性作用[37-38]。另一方面,PPI也是主要由肝臟中CYP450同工酶催化完成氧化代謝。奧美拉唑、蘭索拉唑、泮托拉唑、埃索美拉唑代謝的主要途徑是通過(guò) CYP2C19,次要途徑為 CYP3A4[39]。雷貝拉唑主要經(jīng)還原消除,且無(wú)需代謝酶介導(dǎo),受 CYP2C19和CYP3A4影響較少。故PPI與氯吡格雷合用時(shí)可能會(huì)因共同競(jìng)爭(zhēng)CYP2C19的同一結(jié)合位點(diǎn)而影響各自的藥物作用,其受影響程度和結(jié)果取決于與CYP450同工酶相對(duì)親合力的大小,高親和力化合物將與酶結(jié)合并抑制低親和力化合物的生物轉(zhuǎn)化。Li等[40]使用人類肝臟微粒體制備物和重組CYP2C19(rCYP2C19)來(lái)研究奧美拉唑、埃索美拉唑、蘭索拉唑、泮托拉唑、雷貝拉唑?qū)YP2C19活性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制的效力強(qiáng)度和特異性,結(jié)果顯示蘭索拉唑>奧美拉唑>埃索美拉唑>雷貝拉唑>泮托拉唑。Blume等[41]研究亦得到同樣的結(jié)果。但在實(shí)際臨床應(yīng)用中,對(duì)于5種PPI與氯吡格雷聯(lián)用是否與心血管事件發(fā)生相關(guān)聯(lián)尚未有統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論。

本研究結(jié)果證實(shí),奧美拉唑或雷貝拉唑增加心血管事件發(fā)生,而蘭索拉唑、埃索美拉唑及泮托拉唑則不增加。可能的機(jī)制有:(1)奧美拉唑代謝主要依賴CYP2C19,故可明顯降低氯吡格雷的抗血小板作用。(2)雷貝拉唑雖無(wú)需代謝酶介導(dǎo),受 CYP2C19和CYP3A4影響較少,但其代謝產(chǎn)物雷貝拉唑硫醚對(duì)CYP2C19具有較強(qiáng)的抑制效力[42],可能會(huì)影響氯吡格雷的抗血小板作用。(3)埃索美拉唑?yàn)閵W美拉唑的左旋異構(gòu)體,其抑酸作用更強(qiáng),體內(nèi)個(gè)體差異較小,療效較穩(wěn)定,但肝內(nèi)代謝中埃索美拉唑主要依賴CYP3A4代謝[43]。當(dāng)氯吡格雷通過(guò)CYP2C19的代謝時(shí),對(duì)氯吡格雷的抗血小板作用抑制較小。(4)泮托拉唑則具有獨(dú)特的硫酸化代謝旁路,當(dāng)有氯吡格雷通過(guò)CYP2C19代謝時(shí),它可通過(guò)旁路代謝[44],因此對(duì)氯吡格雷抗血小板作用影響較小。

本研究雖通過(guò)Meta分析得出了一定的結(jié)論,但這些結(jié)論也存在著一定的局限性:(1)目前以不同的質(zhì)子泵抑制劑作為的臨床試驗(yàn)的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)目較少,而且文獻(xiàn)之間存在高度異質(zhì)性,對(duì)氯吡格雷與PPI如何聯(lián)用還需更多臨床試驗(yàn)的證實(shí)。(2)雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療過(guò)程中,氯吡格雷和阿司匹林共同維持機(jī)體總體抗血小板效應(yīng)的平衡,當(dāng)氯吡格雷的抗血小板效應(yīng)因某種因素受到抑制時(shí),阿司匹林抗血小板作用途徑可能會(huì)發(fā)生適應(yīng)性代償,對(duì)這些影響仍需進(jìn)一步研究。

綜上所述,臨床中根據(jù)患者年齡、既往有無(wú)消化性潰瘍或出血病史、有無(wú)血液系統(tǒng)疾病等,充分評(píng)估心血管危險(xiǎn)因素和消化系統(tǒng)對(duì)抗血小板治療的耐受性后,對(duì)需要使用PPI的心血管事件高危患者,應(yīng)當(dāng)避免使用奧美拉唑和雷貝拉唑,可選擇泮托拉唑、埃索美拉唑及蘭索拉唑。同時(shí),對(duì)所有接受PPI聯(lián)合抗血小板藥物治療者,都須進(jìn)行心血管事件監(jiān)測(cè),以便及早發(fā)現(xiàn)、積極處理。

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