徐晗狄根紅楊恭
1.復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院乳腺外科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海200032;
2.復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤研究所,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海200032
MAPK信號(hào)激活抑制三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲
徐晗1,2狄根紅1楊恭2
1.復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院乳腺外科,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海200032;
2.復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤研究所,復(fù)旦大學(xué)上海醫(yī)學(xué)院腫瘤學(xué)系,上海200032
背景與目的:三陰性乳腺癌具有高復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn),除了化療,臨床上無特定的靶向治療。因此,研究三陰性乳腺癌復(fù)發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制對(duì)提高患者生存率具有重要意義,本研究旨在探討絲裂原激活的蛋白激酶(MAPK)信號(hào)激活對(duì)三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲的影響。方法:首先用細(xì)胞劃痕和細(xì)胞小室(Transwell)試驗(yàn)分析和比較肺高轉(zhuǎn)移三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞系231-HM及其父代肺低轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞系231-p的體外遷移和侵襲性差異;然后用蛋白質(zhì)印跡法(Western blot)檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)蛋白和MAPK分子激活狀態(tài);最后用MAPK抑制劑處理231-p細(xì)胞,測(cè)定MAPK抑制情況下的細(xì)胞遷移、侵襲和相關(guān)蛋白變化。結(jié)果:與231-p細(xì)胞相比,231-HM細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲性明顯增強(qiáng);Western blot檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn),231-HM細(xì)胞中促細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲蛋白Caveolin-1和β-catenin升高,MAPK通路相關(guān)蛋白P38、Erk1/2和MEK的磷酸化水平明顯降低;用P38/MAPK磷酸化抑制劑(SB202190)處理231-p細(xì)胞后發(fā)現(xiàn),其細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲性明顯增強(qiáng),Caveolin-1和β-catenin表達(dá)水平上升。結(jié)論:MAPK信號(hào)激活抑制三陰性乳腺癌的遷移和侵襲。
乳腺癌;蛋白激酶;遷移;侵襲
[Key words]Triple-negative breast cancer; MAPK; Migration; Invasion
乳腺癌是婦女最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,發(fā)病率占全身各種惡性腫瘤的7%~10%,近年來發(fā)病年齡呈年輕化。其發(fā)病常與遺傳有關(guān),在40~60歲絕經(jīng)期前后的婦女中發(fā)病率較高[1]。雖然隨著篩查和早期診斷水平以及手術(shù)、放化療的綜合治療水平提高,患者生存期顯著延長(zhǎng),但是三陰性乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)依然導(dǎo)致80%以上的患者死亡[2]。因此,研究三陰性乳腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)制對(duì)于提高乳腺癌整體生存率具有重大意義。
絲裂原激活的蛋白激酶(MAPK)參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的很多生物學(xué)功能[3]。其成員有P38、Erk1/2、MEK等分子,因其在細(xì)胞內(nèi)主要是通過磷酸化調(diào)節(jié)其他蛋白的功能,因此對(duì)腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展也極為重要[4]。雖然MAPK一般被認(rèn)為促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生[5],但其成員的激活可能具有抑制乳腺癌發(fā)生和轉(zhuǎn)移的作用。Cotrim等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn),MAPK的激活可能介導(dǎo)雌激素受體beta拮抗劑誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)抑制。P38的激活也可能介導(dǎo)Activin誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)抑制[6]。Uehara等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),用伏立諾他(vorinostat)處理231細(xì)胞系產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞凋亡與P38的激活有關(guān),抑制P38的磷酸化水平,細(xì)胞凋亡率下降。由此可見,明確MAPK在乳腺癌中的功能可能對(duì)乳腺癌尤其是三陰性乳腺癌的診治具有重要意義。本研究旨在分析和比較肺高轉(zhuǎn)移三陰性乳腺癌231-HM及其父本細(xì)胞系231-p細(xì)胞中MAPK激活水平及其對(duì)體外細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲的影響。
1.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
231-p細(xì)胞是人三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞株MDAMB-231(購自ATCC),231-HM細(xì)胞由復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院乳腺癌研究所構(gòu)建[8],是將231-p細(xì)胞接種NOD/SCID裸鼠,然后從小鼠的肺轉(zhuǎn)移灶中取出腫瘤組織并重新接種裸鼠,這樣在體內(nèi)經(jīng)過4次傳代而建立的細(xì)胞系,其肺轉(zhuǎn)移能力比231-p細(xì)胞明顯增強(qiáng)。細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)用的培養(yǎng)基為含10%胎牛血清、1 mmol/L 非必需氨基酸、2 mmol/L L-谷氨酰胺、100 U/mL青霉素及100 μg/mL鏈霉素的DEME(購于Gibco公司),培養(yǎng)環(huán)境為37 ℃、CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%的恒溫培養(yǎng)箱,PBS清洗細(xì)胞,含EDTA的0.25%胰酶消化傳代。
1.2 細(xì)胞劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn)
分別將231-HM、231-p以及用DMSO和P38/ MAPK抑制劑SB202190處理MAPK通路活性較高的231-p細(xì)胞等量接種至6孔板中,每種細(xì)胞接種3個(gè)平行孔。等到細(xì)胞完全融合的時(shí)候,再用10 μL槍頭在每孔單層細(xì)胞上劃痕,每孔劃出的“傷口”寬度要保持一致。PBS清洗1次,加無血清培養(yǎng)基,37 ℃、CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),0、12、24 h分別觀察劃痕愈合情況并拍照。計(jì)算不同時(shí)間段細(xì)胞遷移的距離,以遷移距離反映細(xì)胞遷移性,實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.3 細(xì)胞侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)
實(shí)驗(yàn)采用帶有8 μm微孔聚碳酸酯膜的Transwell小室(購自美國BD公司)。首先將Matrigel (50 mg/L)膠和無血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基以1∶3比例進(jìn)行混合。在小室上室鋪100 μL混合好的Matrigel,37 ℃無菌保持過夜,確保Matrigel充分凝固。收集對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的231-HM、231-p以及分別用DMSO和P38/MAPK抑制劑SB202190處理的231-p細(xì)胞,用無血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度為1×106/mL,每孔加入100 μL細(xì)胞懸浮液于上室,每種細(xì)胞加3個(gè)復(fù)孔,下室每孔加600 μL無血清DMEM。37 ℃、CO2體積分?jǐn)?shù)為5%的培養(yǎng)箱溫育16 h后取出小室,濾膜用4%多聚甲醛固定20 min。用棉簽小心擦去未侵襲的濾膜表面細(xì)胞,結(jié)晶紫染色,在光鏡下隨機(jī)選5個(gè)視野,計(jì)算單個(gè)視野細(xì)胞平均數(shù),以穿過Matrigel的細(xì)胞數(shù)來表示腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲性,實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.4 蛋白免疫印跡法(Western blot)檢測(cè)
將細(xì)胞用蛋白裂解緩沖液RIPA (25 mmol/L Tris-HCl,pH=7.6;150 mmol/LNaCl,1%的NP-40,1%脫氧膽酸鈉-sodium deoxycholate,0.1% SDS)及適量蛋白酶抑制劑混合物[4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF)、E-64、bestatin、leupeptin、aprotinin和EDTA]裂解后,用BCA法測(cè)定蛋白濃度(試劑盒購自碧云天),然后用6×的SDS加樣緩沖液(125 mmol/L Tris-HCl pH=6.8、2% SDS、20%甘油、0.2%的溴酚藍(lán))制備成適當(dāng)濃度的樣品。樣品分離前,用100 ℃水浴處理樣品3~5 min。然后用10%的SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳分離裂解的蛋白樣品。之后將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移到聚偏二氟乙烯膜(PVDF membrane)上,并用10%的脫脂奶粉(Bio-Rad)在室溫下封閉2 h。此后依次加入一抗和HRP(辣根氧化物酶)-偶聯(lián)的二抗(依一抗而定)。轉(zhuǎn)移的膜上的蛋白用化學(xué)發(fā)光底物(ECL購自Millipore公司)進(jìn)行顯色后,LAS4000化學(xué)發(fā)光成像分析儀曝光顯出條帶。
1.5 P38/MAPK抑制劑處理細(xì)胞
用低濃度(10 μmmol/L)的P38/MAPK抑制劑SB202190處理231-p細(xì)胞,溶劑DMSO處理的231-p細(xì)胞作為對(duì)照,24 h后收取細(xì)胞,分別進(jìn)行細(xì)胞遷移、侵襲和Western blot檢測(cè)分析。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)用x±s表示,采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理,實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組比較用t檢驗(yàn),兩組以上數(shù)據(jù)比較用方差分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 肺高轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞具有高體外遷移和侵襲性
231-p是一株三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞系,本實(shí)驗(yàn)室曾經(jīng)用其接種NOD/SCID小鼠,從肺組織中分離和建立了肺高轉(zhuǎn)移的乳腺癌細(xì)胞系231-HM[8]。細(xì)胞劃痕檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,12 h后231-HM細(xì)胞中“傷口”已有明顯的縮小,而231-p細(xì)胞遷移距離較短,24 h后231-HM細(xì)胞劃痕已基本愈合,而231-p細(xì)胞仍有一段距離未閉合。說明231-HM細(xì)胞的遷移性比231-p細(xì)胞強(qiáng)(圖1)。
圖 1 231-HM和231-p細(xì)胞體外遷移性的差別Fig. 1 The difference in the migration between 231-HM and 231-p cells
用帶有Matrigel的Transwell小室檢測(cè)231-HM和231-p細(xì)胞侵襲能力,結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)過16 h體外培養(yǎng),231-HM細(xì)胞穿過Matrigel的個(gè)數(shù)為1 254±143(單個(gè)視野的平均數(shù)),而231-p細(xì)胞穿過Matrigel的個(gè)數(shù)僅為521±38(單個(gè)視野的平均數(shù)),兩者差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,圖2)。說明231-HM細(xì)胞的體外侵襲性比231-p細(xì)胞強(qiáng)。
2.2 肺高轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞中MAPK磷酸化降低,促轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)升高
Western blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,231-HM細(xì)胞中促轉(zhuǎn)移蛋白Caveolin-1和β-catenin表達(dá)比231-p細(xì)胞中高,但P38、Erk1/2和MEK的磷酸化水平降低(圖3)。說明MAPK信號(hào)激活可能抑制三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲。
2.3 p38/MAPK抑制劑處理細(xì)胞顯著降低促轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)
圖 2 231-HM和231-p細(xì)胞體外侵襲性的差別Fig. 2 The difference in the invasion between 231-HM and 231-p cells
圖 3 231-HM和231-p細(xì)胞中促轉(zhuǎn)移蛋白Caveolin-1和β-catenin表達(dá)的差別以及MAPK通路激活的不同F(xiàn)ig. 3 The difference in the expression of metastasis-promoting proteins Caveolin-1 and β-catenin and activation of MAPK pathways between 231-HM and 231-p cells
Western blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,與用溶劑DMSO處理的細(xì)胞相比,用P38/MAPK抑制劑處理231-p細(xì)胞后P38的表達(dá)無明顯變化,但磷酸化的P38水平明顯降低,促轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)蛋白Caveolin-1和β-catenin表達(dá)水平顯著上升,進(jìn)一步說明P38/MAPK信號(hào)的激活抑制三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲(圖4)。
圖 4 p38/MAPK抑制劑SB202190處理231-p細(xì)胞后轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)蛋白Caveolin-1和β-catenin表達(dá)的變化Fig. 4 Changes in the expression of metastasis-related proteins Caveolin-1 and β-catenin in the 231-p cells with P38/MAPK inhibitor SB202190
2.4 p38/MAPK抑制劑處理細(xì)胞促進(jìn)231-p細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲
再次用細(xì)胞劃痕和小室(Transwell)試驗(yàn)檢測(cè)用SB202190處理的231-p細(xì)胞,結(jié)果顯示劃痕12 h后,處理的細(xì)胞中“傷口”明顯縮小,而用溶劑處理的231-p細(xì)胞遷移距離相對(duì)短,24 h時(shí)抑制劑處理的細(xì)胞劃痕接近愈合,而溶劑處理的細(xì)胞仍有部分未閉合(圖5A)。同時(shí),侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)過16 h體外培養(yǎng),抑制劑處理的細(xì)胞穿過Matrigel的個(gè)數(shù)為521±61, 而溶劑處理的231-p對(duì)照細(xì)胞穿過Matrigel的個(gè)數(shù)僅為219±32,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(圖5B)。說明抑制P38/MAPK可明顯促進(jìn)三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞系231-p的體外侵襲。
圖 5 p38/MAPK抑制劑處理的231-p細(xì)胞體外遷移和侵襲性的變化Fig. 5 Changes of the migration and invasion in 231-p cells with P38/MAPK inhibitor
本研究采用體外細(xì)胞劃痕、侵襲實(shí)驗(yàn)和Western blot檢測(cè)證明MAPK信號(hào)通路的激活抑制促轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)蛋白β-catenin和Caveolin-1表達(dá),從而抑制三陰性乳腺癌系231體外遷移和侵襲。
腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移是個(gè)多因素、多步驟、多階段過程,一般受到多個(gè)通路和信號(hào)分子的調(diào)控,而且涉及機(jī)制非常復(fù)雜。同一種蛋白分子對(duì)不同的腫瘤甚至對(duì)同一腫瘤在不同環(huán)境下有著不同調(diào)節(jié)作用。MAPK信號(hào)通路參與調(diào)控多種細(xì)胞功能,尤其是對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖、分化起關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)作用[3]。此外,各種生長(zhǎng)因子及細(xì)胞因子的信號(hào)傳遞大多通過MAPK信號(hào)通路來進(jìn)行[9]。細(xì)胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(ERK)及其上游激酶(MEK)是該通路中兩個(gè)重要的信號(hào)分子。MEK具有酪/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶的活性,可活化其下游分子ERK,后者為絲/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,可進(jìn)一步活化下游底物,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)某些基因的表達(dá)啟動(dòng),導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞增殖[10]。本研究比較和分析了肺高轉(zhuǎn)231-HM細(xì)胞和231-p細(xì)胞中MAPK的激活水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)P38、Erk1/2、MEK的磷酸化水平在231-p細(xì)胞中明顯增高,而促轉(zhuǎn)移蛋白β-catenin和Caveolin-1的表達(dá)明顯降低,用其特異性抑制劑SB202190處理231-p細(xì)胞系,P38的磷酸化水平明顯受到抑制,但促轉(zhuǎn)移蛋白β-catenin和Caveolin-1的表達(dá)增加,進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)其體外遷移和侵襲性加強(qiáng)。MAPK通路活化促進(jìn)乳腺癌的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移已有報(bào)道[11-12]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MAPK可以阻滯Caveolin-1的表達(dá),并抑制細(xì)胞的體外轉(zhuǎn)化[13]。
總之,通過體外的初步研究,結(jié)果證明MAPK磷酸化水平可能通過阻滯癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá),抑制三陰性乳腺癌細(xì)胞的體外遷移和侵襲,在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)和人體組織中是否如此,尚需要更多的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)證實(shí)。但是本研究的結(jié)果揭示,在三陰性乳腺癌化療中,必需謹(jǐn)慎使用MAPK抑制劑,此結(jié)果對(duì)于三陰性乳腺癌的個(gè)體化治療具有一定的借鑒意義。
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《抗癌》雜志2013年征訂啟事
《抗癌》雜志于1988年創(chuàng)刊,主管單位為上海市科學(xué)技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì),主辦單位為上海市抗癌協(xié)會(huì)?!犊拱冯s志是供癌癥患者及其家屬閱讀的公益性科普期刊,樹立了為科研服務(wù)的思想意識(shí),堅(jiān)持以讀者為導(dǎo)向,架起讀者和醫(yī)院之間的橋梁。雜志刊號(hào):CN31-1664/R ISSN 1008-3065。歡迎廣大讀者訂閱。
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Activation of MAPK signaling is associated with migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells
XU Han1,2, DI Gen-hong1, YANG Gong2(1.Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; 2. Department of Cancer Research Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China)
YANG Gong E-mail: yanggong@fudan.edu.cn
Background and purpose: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) possesses high risk of relapse and metastasis. Clinically, there are no specific targeted-therapies to TNBC except chemotherapy. Therefore, studying the mechanism of relapse and metastasis has significance to improve the patients’ survival rate. This experiment aimed to study the effect of MAPK activation on migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Methods: Difference of migration and invasion between lung-high metastasis breast cancer cell line 231-HM and its parental cell line 231-p were first examined by cell scratch and transwell; Then, metastasis-associated proteins and MAPK-associated molecules were detected by Western blot; Last, 231-p cells were treated with P38/MAPK inhibitor and used to determine cell migration, invasion, and metastasis-associated proteins thereafter. Results: Compared with the parental cell line 231-p, 231-HM cells displayed obviously higher ability of migration and invasion. With the increased expression of Caveolin-1and β-catenin, the phosphorylation of MAPK-associated molecules including P38, Erk1/2, and MEK was highly decreased. Treatment of 231-p cells with low concentration (10 μmol/L) of the P38/MAPK inhibitor SB202190 increased the migration and invasion of 231-p cells, and the expression of Caveolin-1 and β-catenin. Conclusion: Activation of MAPK signaling inhibits the migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer.
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2013.11.004
R737.9
:A
:1007-3639(2013)11-0874-06
2013-07-29
2013-09-10)
2011年上海市衛(wèi)生局課題項(xiàng)目(No:JG1101)。
楊恭 E-mail:yanggong@fudan.edu.cn
[關(guān)鍵詞]三陰性乳腺癌;蛋白激酶;遷移;侵襲